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Political Rise of Islam
SSWH5 a. Explain the origins of Islam and the growth of the Islamic Empire
c. Explain the reason for the Shia and Sunni split
Arabian Peninsula
• Semitic speaking people of the Middle East
• Nomads who moved regularly to find water and food
• Settled in the Arabian peninsula– desert land– lack of rivers and
lakes
Arabian Peninsula
Conquering of Mecca
• 630 Muhammad conquers Mecca declares the Ka’bah a holy shrine.
• He removes the tribal idols, but keeps the Black Stone.
• Muhammad becomes the religious and political leader .
Beliefs of Islam
Islam is a monotheistic religion based on the belief in one God.
Muslims believe:
• God is all-powerful and compassionate.
• People are responsible for their own actions.• Priests are not needed to mediate between man and God.
Abraham, Moses, and Jesus are seen as prophets, but Muhammad is the last and greatest prophet.
Appeal of Islam to People of Arabia• Gave them a form of monotheism
that belonged to no single tribe and transcended clan and class divisions.
• Provided an ethical system that healed many of the deep social rifts between the clans of Arabian society
• Promoted a moral code and obligation for the wealthy and strong to protect and aid the poor and weak.
• Was translated into a body of Islamic law that held followers accountable for their lives on earth and determined their fate in eternity.
Spread of Islam-
• Muhammad dies in 632 A.D.• Left no clear successor or
heir• The position of Caliph (Muslim
leader) is established• Abu Bakr (1st Caliph) – close
friend/ 1st to convert outside of family
• Sought to protect and spread Islam (Persia & Byzantine Empire)
• Weakness of adversaries, unity of faith, contribute to Arab conquest
Divisions of Islam
Rival groups begin competing for the Caliphate
The 4th Caliph (Ali) was assassinated
Ali’s rival, Mu’awiyah,begins the Umayyad dynasty as the new caliph
Capital is moved from Medina to Damascus
Umayyad
• The moving of the capital makes the empire easier to control but upset Arab Muslims.
• They were more concerned with wealth and power than religion.
Divisions of IslamSunni/Shiites
The view on the role of the rulern leads to a major split
Shias• Believed the caliph
was primarily a religious authority and should be held only by the descendants of Muhammad
• 10% of Muslims today are Shiites (most are in Iran, Iraq, & Lebanon)
Sunnis• Believed the caliph was
primarily a leader and any devout Muslim could serve in the office with the acceptance of the people
• 90% of Muslims today are Sunnis
The Abbasids
• In order to consolidate power the capital is moved to Bagdad.
• They have a strong bureaucracy.• Trade leads to a large amount of
wealth in the empire. • They also had heavy taxes in order to
support the large government.
Quick check
• On your post-it note, describe how the Shia and Sunni split occurred in less than 20 words.
Muslim Culture
SSWH5d- Identify the impact of Muslim scholars
Architecture Architecture• Buildings
commonly centered around a patio area
• Minarets – towers in which faithful received call to prayer
• Mosques – Muslims place of worship
Greek Literature• Poetic works - Arabian Nights
Taj Mahal
Science• First stage –
preservation of classical learning
• Greek logic, particularly Aristotle
• Improvement, clarification, correction and new theories
• Mathematics a. algebra, geometry, and trigonometry refined
• Science a. Navigation - Astrolabe improved - Cartographers most detailed maps in the world
b. Astronomy
Astrolabe
Ibn Sinna–Made many contributions to the
field of medicine•He writes the Canon on Medicine–This is an encyclopedia which combined his knowledge with that of the Greeks and Arabs about the diagnosing and treating of diseases