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Mansa Musa and IslamMansa Musa and Islam Ghana, Mali, and Songhai Ghana, Mali, and Songhai
Objectives and State Objectives and State Standards Standards
I can explain the importance of I can explain the importance of Mansa Musa and his pilgrimage to Mansa Musa and his pilgrimage to Mecca. (7.17)Mecca. (7.17)
I can analyze the growth of Ghana, I can analyze the growth of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai kingdoms. (7.13)Mali, and Songhai kingdoms. (7.13)
What is this a picture of? What is this a picture of? How would it be a major How would it be a major
indictor of wealth?indictor of wealth?
Sundiata: The Lion KingSundiata: The Lion King Prince of the Mandinka Prince of the Mandinka
people, who were people, who were conquered by cruel conquered by cruel SusuSusu
In 1230, he conquered In 1230, he conquered the Susu peoplethe Susu people
Under Sundiata, Mali Under Sundiata, Mali prosperedprospered
Died in 1255Died in 1255
Mansa MusaMansa Musa Several kings ruled Several kings ruled
after Sundiata’s deathafter Sundiata’s death
Mansa Musa was Mansa Musa was grandson of Sundiata’s grandson of Sundiata’s half brotherhalf brother
He became the He became the greatest king of Mali in greatest king of Mali in 13121312
Under Mansa Musa, Under Mansa Musa, Mali became a great Mali became a great trading centertrading center
MiniFactMiniFact: Mansa means : Mansa means Emperor or KingEmperor or King
The HajjThe Hajj Mansa Musa was a devout MuslimMansa Musa was a devout Muslim
Muslims must make a journey to Mecca called a Muslims must make a journey to Mecca called a ‘hajj’‘hajj’
Mansa Musa crossed Africa to reach MeccaMansa Musa crossed Africa to reach Mecca
He took a huge caravan with him in 1324He took a huge caravan with him in 1324
After that, everyone knew aboutAfter that, everyone knew about the wealth of Mali (Is this a good or bad?)the wealth of Mali (Is this a good or bad?)
A Muslim church is called a Mosque
This is the mosque at Djenne in Mali. It’s built of mud! Click for a movie
Just how wealthy was Mansa Just how wealthy was Mansa Musa?Musa?
The Emergence of States The Emergence of States in Africain Africa
African Trading Kingdoms
BackgroundThe African Trading Kingdoms consist of three main cultures, Ghana, Mali, and Songhai, all located in West Africa. All three kingdoms maintained vast trading networks across the Sahara desert and into the Middle East and North Africa. The main export was gold, which made each kingdom wealthy and strong, and provided them with the conditions necessary for cultural and intellectual achievement Islamic InfluencesGhana, Mali, and Songhai were all influenced by Islam to different degrees. The kings of Ghana often had Islamic advisors, while Mali and Songhai established Islamic Empires after converting. In Mali, the emperor Mansa Musa was famous for his pilgrimage to Mecca, one of the Five Pillars of Islam. This pilgrimage gained Mali closer ties with the Islamic world, and increased trade and cultural diffusion between Mali and the Muslim Empire.Spread of IdeasDuring the 1400s, Timbuktu became a center of learning under the leadership of Mali emperor, Mansa Musa. Again, this is the influence of Islam, with Islamic scholars traveling from around the Muslim world to study and teach and the University of Timbuktu. This interaction helped to spread ideas about Africa to the outside world.CommerceGhana, Mali, and Songhai established trade routes that were in use for centuries. Early trade networks were setup inside of Africa. As these networks grew and became more prosperous, they expanded to include the Mediterranean and then eventually Europe. Trade goods included gold, salt, cooper, iron, various minerals, and agricultural products. A negative effect of this interaction was the start of the slave trade, when Europeans needed a cheap, reliable labor source for their New World colonies.
Ghana Empire : Ghana Empire : 300-1200 A.D. 300-1200 A.D.
Ghana Empire Ghana Empire
The Ghana Empire was the best known and most powerful of the medieval trading empires in West AfricaGhana became very rich as a result of the “salt-gold trade” between West and North Africa. This trade was very important, and Ghana came to control not only gold and salt but also the trade routes that went through their land.
The States of West AfricaThe States of West Africa Expansion of Islam has impact on political systemExpansion of Islam has impact on political system Introduction of Arabic for a writing systemIntroduction of Arabic for a writing system GhanaGhana
Majority of people were farmersMajority of people were farmers Primary reason for Ghana’s growth was goldPrimary reason for Ghana’s growth was gold Trans-Saharan trade with Ghana becomes very importantTrans-Saharan trade with Ghana becomes very important Divine right monarchy assisted by hereditary aristocracyDivine right monarchy assisted by hereditary aristocracy Kings did not convert to Islam, but many of their subjects didKings did not convert to Islam, but many of their subjects did
MaliMali Ruinous wars by the twelfth century in GhanaRuinous wars by the twelfth century in Ghana
New states of Mali, Songhai, Kanem-Bornu, and Hausa statesNew states of Mali, Songhai, Kanem-Bornu, and Hausa states Greatest state was MaliGreatest state was Mali
Gold tradeGold trade Farming in the savanna regionFarming in the savanna region Mansa Musa (1312-1337), king, encouraged IslamMansa Musa (1312-1337), king, encouraged Islam Timbuktu becomes center of trade, religion and learningTimbuktu becomes center of trade, religion and learning
Mali Empire :Mali Empire :1200- 15001200- 1500
Land of Gold & Land of Gold & GriotsGriots
A griot of today
gold earrings
mudclot
h
What did Mali trade?What did Mali trade?
GoldGold
The dotted The dotted
lines are lines are tradetrade
routes fromroutes from
Mali to otherMali to other
parts ofparts of
AfricaAfrica
What else did they trade?What else did they trade?
SaltSalt CopperCopper IvoryIvory ClothCloth
Kola NutsKola Nuts SlavesSlaves BooksBooks Shells Shells
Camels, the ships of the desert, traveled in Camels, the ships of the desert, traveled in caravans bringing to Mali:caravans bringing to Mali:
MiniFactMiniFact: This was before Columbus even : This was before Columbus even sailed to the New World!sailed to the New World!
Why was Salt Important?Why was Salt Important? Mali often traded its gold Mali often traded its gold
for saltfor salt Salt was sometimes Salt was sometimes
more valuable than gold!more valuable than gold! People’s bodies need salt People’s bodies need salt
to liveto live In the desert heat, salt In the desert heat, salt
is lost through is lost through perspirationperspiration
Salt was used to Salt was used to preserve foodpreserve food
Salt was brought in large Salt was brought in large slabs (coins)slabs (coins)
MiniFactMiniFact: The : The picture behind picture behind these words is also these words is also a slab of SALT!a slab of SALT!
The man is holding a slab of salt mined recently near Timbuktu
TimbuktuTimbuktu A very important A very important
city in Malicity in Mali Center of learning Center of learning
for Muslimsfor Muslims Universities and Universities and
schoolsschools Largest trading Largest trading
center in Malicenter in Mali On the Niger On the Niger
RiverRiver TradeTrade FoodFood WashingWashing
Timbuktu
19th century traders in Timbuktu
The GriotsThe Griots Storytellers were Storytellers were
called Griots or djelicalled Griots or djeli They were They were
important people in important people in MaliMali
They told the land’s They told the land’s historyhistory
Most of what we Most of what we know about ancient know about ancient Mali came from the Mali came from the storytellersstorytellers
They were advisors They were advisors to the kingsto the kings
This is a 19th century griot of Mali with his instrument
Mali Mali TodayToday
Songhai Empire (ca. 1375-1591)
The Songhai Empire was the largest and last of the three major pre-colonial empires to emerge in West Africa. From its capital at Gao on the Niger River, Songhai expanded in all directions until it stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to what is now Northwest Nigeria and western Niger. Gao, Songhai’s capital, which remains to this day a small Niger River trading center, was home to the famous Goa Mosque and the Tomb of Askia, the most important of the Songhai emperors. The cities of Timbuktu and Djenne were the other major cultural and commercial centers of the empire. Under the Askias, the Songhai empire reached its zenith, Timbuktu and Jenne flourished as centers of Islamic learning, and Islam was actively promoted.
Sometimes history seems to repeat itself. The rise and fall of two medieval kingdoms of West Africa is an example of this. Mali and Songhai, as well as the smaller kingdom of Ghana before them, were once great trading kingdoms famous for their gold. Yet despite their greatness, they each declined for similar reasons.The rise and fall of Mali and SonghaiThe empire of Mali, which dated from the early thirteenth century to the late fifteenth century, rose out of what was once the empire of Ghana. Mali had been a state inside of the Ghanaian empire. After Ghana fell because of invading forces and internal disputes, Mali rose to greatness under the leadership of a legendary king named Sundiata, the "Lion King." Later, another great leader named Mansa Musa extended the empire. After his death, however, his sons could not hold the empire together. The smaller states it had conquered broke off, and the empire crumbled.
As Mali's power waned, Songhai asserted its independence and rose to power in the area. Songhai had been an important trade center within Mali's empire, just as Mali had once been ruled by Ghana. Great Songhai kings such as Sunni Ali Ber and Askia Mohammed Toure extended the Songhai kingdom farther than Ghana or Mali had before it and brought an organized system of government to the area. It was the largest and most powerful kingdom in medieval West Africa. The riches of the gold and salt mines drew invaders, though, and in the late sixteenth century a Moroccan army attacked the capital. The Songhai empire, already weakened by internal political struggles, went into decline.
STOP! Collaborate and STOP! Collaborate and Answer Answer
Name the two major resources that Name the two major resources that helped Ghana, Mali, and Songhai helped Ghana, Mali, and Songhai become major empires.become major empires.
How wealth was Mansa Musa How wealth was Mansa Musa compared to Bill Gates?compared to Bill Gates?