Group MembersNameM.Zubair MunazarM.Zubair SaeedYasir AsadMalik Hamza AwanRegistration #L1S14MBAM1075L1S14MBAM1077L1S14MBAM1076L1S14MBAM1150

What is Personality?The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others; measurable traits a person exhibits.Understanding personalities, national culture and personal values can help managers increase organizational outcomes and better predict behaviour

Personality Traits

Characteristics that describe an individuals behaviour which are exhibited in a large number of situations.OB studies personality traits to help managers select appropriate employees and better match workers to jobs.

Personality Determinants

HeredityEnvironmentSituationPhysical

Heredity FactorsThe ones that are determined at the time of conception. These factors not only affect the physical features of a person, but the intelligence level, attentiveness, gender, temperament, various inherited diseases and energy level, all get affected by them.Many children behave exactly how their parents do. Similarly, twin siblings also have a lot of things in common.

Environmental Factors The environment that an individual lives in has a major impact on his personality. The culture and environment establish attitudes, values, norms and perceptions in an individual. Based on the cultures and traditions, different senses of right and wrong are formed in individualsThese environmental factors also include the neighborhood a person lives in, his school, college, university and workplace

Situational FactorsThe situational factors can be commonly observed when a person behaves contrastingly and exhibits different traits and characteristics

A persons behavior will be totally different when he is in his office, in front of his boss, when compared to his hangout with old friends .

Physical Factors These physical factors include the overall physical structure of a person: his height, weight, colour, gender, beauty and body language, etc.

Most of the physical structures change from time to time, and so does the personality.

Measuring Personality

Self-report surveysObserver-rating surveysProjective measures Rorschach Inkblot Test Thematic Apperception TestPersonality is Measured By

The Myers-Briggs Type IndicatorPersonality Types

Extroverted vs. IntrovertedSensing vs. Intuitive Thinking vs. FeelingJudging vs. PerceivingMyers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)A personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types.

Meyers-Briggs, Continued

A Meyers-Briggs scoreCan be a valuable too for self-awareness and career guidanceBUTShould not be used as a selection tool because it has not been related to job performance!!!

The Big Five Model of Personality DimensionsExtroversion Sociable, gregarious, and assertiveAgreeableness Good-natured, cooperative, and trusting.Conscientiousness Responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.Openness to Experience Curious, imaginative, artistic, and sensitiveEmotional Stability Calm, self-confident, secure under stress (positive), versus nervous, depressed, and insecure under stress (negative).

Yasir Asad

Major Personality Attributes Influencing OBCore Self-evaluationSelf-esteemLocus of ControlMachiavellianismNarcissismSelf-monitoringRisk takingType A vs. Type B personalityProactive Personality

Core Self-Evaluation: Two Main Components

Self Esteem Individuals degree of liking or disliking themselves. Locus of ControlThe degree to which people believe they are masters of their own fate.Internals (Internal locus of control) Individuals who believe that they control what happens to them. Externals (External locus of control) Individuals who believe that what happens to them is controlled by outside forces such as luck or chance.

MachiavellianismConditions Favoring High MachsDirect interaction with othersMinimal rules and regulationsEmotions distract for othersMachiavellianism (Mach)Degree to which an individual is practical, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means.

Narcissism

A Narcissistic Person Has impressive sense of self-importanceRequires excessive admirationHas a sense of entitlementIs arrogantTends to be rated as less effective

Self-MonitoringSelf-MonitoringA personality trait that measures an individuals ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors. High Self-MonitorsReceive better performance ratingsLikely to emerge as leadersShow less commitment to their organizations

Risk-TakingHigh Risk-taking ManagersMake quicker decisionsUse less information to make decisionsOperate in smaller and more entrepreneurial organizationsLow Risk-taking ManagersAre slower to make decisionsRequire more information before making decisionsExist in larger organizations with stable environmentsRisk PropensityAligning managers risk-taking propensity to job requirements should be beneficial to organizations.

Personality TypesType AsThey are always moving, walking, and eating rapidly.They feel impatient with the rate at which most events take place;.They strive to think or do two or more things at once.They cannot cope with ease time.They are obsessed with numbers, measuring their success in terms of how many or how much of everything they acquire

Type BsThey never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its accompanying impatience;They feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements or accomplishments;They play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their superiority at any cost;They can relax without guilt.

Personality Types

Personality TypesProactive PersonalityIdentifies opportunities, shows initiative, takes action, and perseveres until meaningful change occurs. Creates positive change in the environment, regardless or even in spite of constraints or obstacles.

Which of the following is not a typical personality trait considered to be organizationally relevant?

Locus of controlSelf-monitoringSelf-enhancingSelf esteemMachiavellianism

Check-Up: Personality

Julia is known for being a go-getter. She never leaves a task incomplete, and is involved in a number of activities. Moreover, shes at the top of her class. Shes so busy that sometimes, she forgets to stop and eat lunch. Julia can be easily characterized as someone that has/is a Type ____ Personality.

Check-Up: PersonalityA

Julia is also likely to not be very Happy? Fun? Creative? Stressed?

Check-Up: Personality

M.Zubair Saeed

ValuesDefinition: Mode of conduct or end state is personally or socially preferable (i.e., what is right & good)Terminal ValuesDesirable End StatesInstrumental ValuesThe ways/means for achieving ones terminal values

Value System: A hierarchy based on a ranking of an individuals values in terms of their intensity.

Importance of ValuesProvide understanding of the attitudes, motivation, and behaviors of individuals and cultures.Influence our perception of the world around us.Represent interpretations of right and wrong.Imply that some behaviors or outcomes are preferred over others.

Types of Values - Rokeach Value SurveyTerminal ValuesDesirable end-states of existence; the goals that a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime.Instrumental ValuesPreferable modes of behavior or means of achieving ones terminal values.

Values in the RokeachSurvey

Values in the Rokeach Survey(contd)

Society valuesHofstede found different patterns in different societies.Society can be characterized as being oriented towards centralized decision making, high tolerance for ambiguity, collectivism rather than individualism, strong tendency to show off give importance to material things.

Loyalty in workplaceMost organizations have some kind of policy or code of conduct that defines behaviors that are acceptable and unacceptable.Loyal behavior in the workplace means the extent to which individuals and groups in organizations abide by consistent and rational ethical standards.These standards could include: Not taking money or stock from the company Not spending an excessive amount of work time on personal phone calls Not taking excessive leave of absence from workOther positive standards could include Turning in work of a consistently high standard Behaving in a professional manner with clients and fellow-staff members preferably no backbiting, no suggestive comments or rude jokes etc.

Ethical behaviorEthics refers to well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues.Ethical behavior is characterized by honesty, fairness and equity in interpersonal, professional and academic relationships and in research and scholarly activities.Ethical behavior respects the dignity, diversity and rights of individuals and groups of people.

Cont.Ethical behavior is the standards that you hold for yourself of the attributes of honesty, responsibility, and how you treat others in all facets of your life. The same standards are applicable to whatever position you hold in commerce, in your community, and even behind your own doors where only you know what you do. Ethical behavior is applying these standards even when it is inconvenient to do so.

Values, Loyalty, and Ethical BehaviorEthical Climate in the OrganizationEthical Values and Behaviors of Leaders

Malik Hamza Awan

Power DistanceIndividualism vs. CollectivismMasculinity vs. FemininityUncertainty AvoidanceLong-term and Short-term orientation Values across Cultures: Hofstedes Framework

Hofstedes Framework for Assessing CulturesPower DistanceThe extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.Low distance: relatively equal power between those with status/wealth and those without status/wealthHigh distance: extremely unequal power distribution between those with status/wealth and those without status/wealth

Hofstedes Framework (contd) CollectivismA tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them. Individualism The degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather than a member of groups.Vs.

Hofstedes Framework (contd) MasculinityThe extent to which the society values work roles of achievement, power, and control, and where assertiveness and materialism are also valued. FemininityThe extent to which there is little differentiation between roles for men and women. Vs.

Hofstedes Framework (contd)Uncertainty AvoidanceThe extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them.High Uncertainty Avoidance: Society does not like ambiguous situations & tries to avoid them.

Low Uncertainty Avoidance: Society does not mind ambiguous situations & embraces them.

Hofstedes Framework (contd) Long-term OrientationA national culture attribute that emphasizes the future, thrift, and persistence. Short-term OrientationA national culture attribute that emphasizes the present and the here and now. Vs.

Achieving Person-Job FitPersonality TypesRealisticInvestigativeSocialConventionalEnterprisingArtisticPersonality-Job Fit Theory (Holland)Identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover.

Hollands Typology of PersonalityandCongruent Occupations

Organizational Culture Profile (OCP)Useful for determining person-organization fitSurvey that forces choices/rankings of ones personal valuesHelpful for identifying most important values to look for in an organization (in efforts to create a good fit)

In Country J most of the top management team meets employees at the local bar for a beer on Fridays, and there are no reserved parking spaces. Everyone is on a first name basis with each other. Country J, according to Hofstedes Framework, is probably low on what dimension?

Check-Up: ValuesCollectivismLong Term OrientationUncertainty AvoidancePower Distance

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