Individual Behavior, Values, And Personality - Copy

8/3/2019 Individual Behavior, Values, And Personality - Copy

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C H A P T E R:C H A P T E R: T W OT W O

Individual

Behavior,Values, and

Personality

Individual

Behavior,Values, and

Personality


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Courtesy of Fraser Health Authority

Employee Engagement at FHA

Fraser Health Authority (FHA), the organization that overseespublic health care facilities in eastern Vancouver and the Fraser

Valley, is making employee engagement a cornerstone of its

organizational effectiveness strategy


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Courtesy of Fraser Health Authority

Employee Engagement Defined

The employees emotional and cognitive (rational)motivation, ability to perform the job, clear understandingof the organizations vision and his/her specific role in thatvision, and a belief that he/she has the resources to getthe job done


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IndividualIndividualBehaviourBehaviour

and Resultsand Results

RoleRole

PerceptionsPerceptions

SituationalSituationalFactorsFactors

MotivationMotivation

AbilityAbility

ValuesValues

PersonalityPersonality

PerceptionsPerceptions

EmotionsEmotions

AttitudesAttitudes

StressStress

MARS Model of Individual Behaviour


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MM

AA

RR

SS

BARBAR

Employee Motivation

Internal forces that affect a persons voluntary

choice of behaviour

direction

intensity

persistence


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MM

AA

RR

SS

BARBAR

Employee Ability

Natural aptitudes and learned capabilitiesrequired to successfully complete a task competencies personal characteristics that lead

to superior performance

personjob matching

select qualified people

develop employeeabilities through training

redesign job to fit

person's existing abilities


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MM

AA

RR

SS

BARBAR

Employee Role Perceptions

Beliefs about what behaviour is required to

achieve the desired results

understanding what tasks to perform

understanding relative importance of tasks

understanding preferred

behaviours to accomplish tasks


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MM

AA

RR

SS

BARBAR

Situational Factors

Environmental conditions beyond the

individuals short-term control that constrain

or facilitate behaviour

time

people

budget

work facilities


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OrganizationalOrganizational

CitizenshipCitizenship

Performance beyond the requiredjob duties

TaskTask

PerformancePerformance

Goal-directed behaviours under

persons control

more

Types of Behaviour in Organizations


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Maintaining WorkMaintaining Work

AttendanceAttendance

Performance beyond the requiredjob duties

Joining/stayingJoining/staying

with thewith the

OrganizationOrganization

Goal-directed behaviours under

persons control

Types of Behaviour in Organizations

CounterproductiveCounterproductive

Work BehavioursWork Behaviours

Voluntary behaviour thatpotentially harms the organization


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Values in the Workplace

Stable, evaluative beliefs that guide our

preferences

Define right or wrong, good or bad

Value system -- hierarchy of values

Espoused vs. enacted values:

Espoused -- the values we say we use and often think

we use Enacted -- values we actually rely on to guide our

decisions and actions


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Schwartzs Values Model

Conservation

Self-enhancement

Self-transcendence

Openness

to Change


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Values Congruence

Values congruence -- where two or more entitieshave similar value systems

Consequences of incongruence

Incompatible decisions Lower satisfaction and commitment

Increased stress and turnover

Benefits of incongruence Better decision making (diverse values)

Enhanced problem definition

Prevents corporate cults


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Hyundai Crosses Cultures in Alabama

When Korean automobile giant Hyundai Motor

Company recently opened its manufacturing plant

in Montgomery, Alabama, local residents and

Hyundai executives alike paid close attention to

differences in Korean and American cultural

values.

AP Photo/Yonhap


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Individualism- Collectivism

PeruPeru

ChileChile

ItalyItalyPortugalPortugal

TurkeyTurkey

Canada/Canada/

U.S.A.U.S.A.

JapanJapan

EgyptEgypt

KoreaKoreaFranceFrance

ChinaChina

ZimbabweZimbabwe

MexicoMexicoHongHong

KongKong

TaiwanTaiwan

Collectivism

High

Low

Individualism HighLow


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Power Distance

The degree that

people accept an

unequal distributionof power in society

JapanJapan

IsraelIsrael

CanadaCanada

VenezuelaVenezuela

High Power Distance

MalaysiaMalaysia

Low Power Distance


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Uncertainty Avoidance

High U. A.

Low U. A.

JapanJapan

GreeceGreece

CanadaCanada

The degree that people

tolerate ambiguity (low) or

feel threatened byambiguity and uncertainty

(high uncertainty

avoidance).

ItalyItaly

SingaporeSingapore


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Achievement-Nurturing

Achievement

Nurturing

JapanJapan

CanadaCanada

SwedenSweden

The degree that people

value assertiveness,

competitiveness, andmaterialism (achievement)

versus relationships and

well-being of others

(nurturing)

ChinaChina

ChileChile


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Canadian vs American Values

CanadianCanadian

Question authorityQuestion authority

EgalitarianEgalitarian

Moral permissivenessMoral permissiveness

Cultural mosaicCultural mosaic

Collective rights valuedCollective rights valued

AmericanAmerican

Deference to authorityDeference to authority

PatriarchalPatriarchal

Conservative, moralisticConservative, moralistic

Melting potMelting pot

I

ndividual rightsI

ndividual rightsparamountparamount


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Canadian Subcultures

Francophone values Shifted from more conservative to more liberal

than English Canadians on social issues

First Nations values Strong collectivist values

Lower power distance

Low uncertainty avoidance

Relatively nurturing values orientation


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UtilitarianismUtilitarianism

IndividualIndividualRightsRights

Greatest good for the greatestnumber of people

Fundamental entitlementsin society

DistributiveDistributive

JusticeJustice

People who are similar shouldreceive similar benefits

Three Ethical Principles


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Influences on Ethical Conduct

Moral intensity

degree that issue demands ethical principles

Ethical sensitivity ability to recognize the presence and determine

the relative importance of an ethical issue

Situational influences

competitive pressures and other conditions affect

ethical behaviour


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Supporting Ethical Behaviour

Ethical code of conduct Establishes standards of behaviour

Problem: Limited effect alone on ethical behaviour

Ethics training Awareness and clarification of ethics code

Practice resolving ethical dilemmas

Ethics officers Educate and counsel; hear about wrongdoing

Ethical leadership Demonstrate integrity and role model ethical conduct


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Defining Personality

Relatively stable pattern of

behaviours and consistent internal

states that explain a person's

behavioural tendencies


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Big Five Personality Dimensions

Outgoing, talkative

Sensitive, flexible

Careful, dependable

Courteous, caring

Anxious, hostile

ExtroversionExtroversion

Openness to ExperienceOpenness to Experience

ConscientiousnessConscientiousness

AgreeablenessAgreeableness

NeuroticismNeuroticism


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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

ExtroversionExtroversion IntroversionIntroversionvs.

SensingSensingIntuitionIntuitionvs.

ThinkingThinking FeelingFeelingvs.

JudgingJudging PerceivingPerceivingvs.


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Locus of Control and Self-Monitoring

Locus of control

Internals believe in their effort and ability

Externals believe events are mainly due to

external causes

Self-monitoring personality

Sensitivity to situational cues, and ability to adapt

your behaviour to that situation


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Hollands Occupational Choice Theory

Career success depends on fit between the person

and work environment

Holland identifies six themes

Represent work environment and personality traits/interests

A person aligned mainly with one theme is highly

differentiated

A person has high consistency when preferencesrelate to adjacent themes


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C H A P T E R:C H A P T E R: T W OT W O

Chapter Two

Extras

Chapter Two

Extras


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JapanJapan

NetherlandsNetherlands

RussiaRussia

Long-Term Orientation

Short-Term Orientation

ChinaChina

The degree that people value

thrift, savings, andpersistence (long-term)

versus past and present

issues, respect for tradition

and fulfilling social

obligations (short-term).

Long/Short-Term Orientation

CanadaCanada

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Individual Behavior, Values, And Personality - Copy