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Causes

There are many possible causes of

kidney damage. They include:

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

Autoimmune kidney disease, including:Acute nephritic syndrome

Interstitial nephritis

Decreased blood flow due to very low

blood pressure, which can result from:

Burns

Dehydration

HemorrhageInjury

Septic shock

Serious illness

Surgery

Disorders that cause clotting within the

kidney's blood vessels:

Hemolytic-uremic syndrome

Idiopathic thrombocytopenicthrombotic purpura (ITTP)

Malignant hypertension

Transfusion reaction

Scleroderma

Infections that directly injure the kidney,

such as:

Acute pyelonephritisSepticemia

Pregnancy complications, including:

Placenta abruptio

Placenta previa

Urinary tract obstruction

Acute kidney failure

Acute (sudden) kidney failure is the sudden loss of the ability of the kidneys to

remove waste and concentrate urine without losing electrolytes.

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000512.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000495.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000030.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000982.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000668.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000535.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000535.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000491.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001303.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000429.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001355.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000901.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000900.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000485.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002350.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002350.htmhttp://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?v=250&username=medlineplus&ui_508_compliant=true&ui_language=enhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000485.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000900.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000900.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000901.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000901.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001355.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000429.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001303.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000491.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000535.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000535.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000535.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000535.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000535.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000668.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000982.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000030.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000495.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000512.htm

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Symptoms Bloody stools

Breath odor

Bruising easily

Changes in mental statusor mood

Decreased appetite Decreased sensation, especially in the hands or feet

Fatigue

Flank pain(between the ribs and hips)

Hand tremor

High blood pressure

Metallic taste in mouth

Nausea or vomiting, may last for days

Nosebleeds

Persistent hiccups

Prolonged bleeding

Seizures

Slow, sluggish movements

Swelling - generalized(fluid retention)

Swelling of the ankle, foot, and leg

Urination changes:

Decrease in amount of urine

Excessive urination at nightUrination stops completely

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003058.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003205.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003206.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003113.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003192.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003104.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003141.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003141.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003104.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003104.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003192.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003192.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003113.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003113.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003206.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003206.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003205.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003205.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003058.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003058.htm

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Exams and Tests

Many patients have generalized swelling caused by fluid retention. The doctor may

hear a heart murmur, crackles in the lungs, or signs of inflammation of the lining of

the heart when listening to the heart and lungs with a stethoscope.

The results of laboratory tests may change suddenly (within a few days to 2 weeks).

Such tests may include:

- BUN

- Creatinine clearance

- Serum creatinine

- Serum potassium

- Urinalysis

A kidney or abdominal ultrasoundis the preferred test for diagnosing kidney failure,

but abdominal x-ray, abdominal CT scan, or abdominal MRI can tell if there is ablockage in the urinary tract.

Blood tests may help reveal the underlying cause of kidney failure. Arterial blood gas

and blood chemistriesmay show metabolic acidosis.

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003474.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003611.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003475.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003484.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003579.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003777.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003815.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003789.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003796.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003468.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000335.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000335.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003468.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003796.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003796.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003796.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003789.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003789.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003789.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003789.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003789.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003815.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003815.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003815.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003815.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003815.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003777.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003777.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003777.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003579.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003579.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003579.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003484.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003484.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003484.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003475.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003475.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003475.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003475.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003611.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003611.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003611.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003611.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003611.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003474.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003474.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003474.htm

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Treatment

Once the cause is found, the goal of treatment is to restore kidney function and

prevent fluid and waste from building up in the body while the kidneys heal.

Usually, you have to stay overnight in the hospital for treatment.

The amount of liquid you eat (such as soup) or drink will be limited to the amount

of urine you can produce. You will be told what you may and may not eat to reduce

the buildup of toxins normally handled by the kidneys.

Your diet may need to be high in carbohydrates and low in protein, salt, and

potassium.

You may need antibiotics to treat or prevent infection. Diuretics ("water pills") may be

used to help the kidneys lose fluid.

Calcium or glucose/insulin will be given through a vein to help avoid dangerousincreases in blood potassium levels.

Dialysis may be needed, and can make you feel better. It is not always necessary,

but it can save your life if your potassium levels are dangerously high.

Dialysis will also be used if your mental status changes, you stop urinating, develop

pericarditis, retain too much fluid, or cannot eliminate nitrogen waste products

from your body.

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002469.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002467.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000182.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000182.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002467.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002469.htm

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Outlook (Prognosis)

Acute kidney failure is potentially life-threatening and may require intensive

treatment. However, the kidneys usually start working again within several weeks to

months after the underlying cause has been treated.

In some cases, chronic renal failureor end-stage renal diseasemay develop.

Death is most common when kidney failure is caused by surgery, trauma, or severe

infection in someone with heart disease, lung disease, or recent stroke.

Old age, infection, loss of blood from the intestinal tract, and progression of kidney

failure also increase the risk of death.

Possible Complications

- Chronic (long-term) kidney failure

- Damage to the heart or nervous system

- End-stage kidney disease

- High blood pressure

- Loss of blood in the intestines

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000471.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000500.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000147.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000066.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000726.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000726.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000066.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000066.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000066.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000147.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000147.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000147.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000500.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000500.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000500.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000471.htm

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Ginjal yang Rusak

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