Name: _______________________________________________________ Period: ____________ Date: _________________________CHAPTER 3: MEMBRANES and INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

3.1: Body Membranes

• Body membranes ____________________________ and ______________________________ the body’s surfaces.

• Epithelial membranes

– mucous membranes

– serous membranes

– cutaneous membranes

• Connective tissue membranes

– synovial membranes

Epithelial Membranes

• Mucous membranes

– Line cavities _______________________________________________________

– These cavities include all the hollow organs of the _______________________________, ___________________________, _______________________________, and _______________________________________.

– The mucous membranes are _______________________________________

– Mucus is a slippery solution that _______________________________ the mucous membranes and _______________________________________________________________________.

• Serous membranes

– Line cavities ____________________________________________________________

– These include:

• _________________________________________________________________________________________________

• _________________________________________________________________________________________________

• _________________________________________________________________________________________________

– Each serous membrane forms ______________________________________________________________________

• The outer lining of each body cavity is called the _________________________________________

• The inner lining that covers each organ within a body cavity is called the ______________________________________________________

– Serous membranes secrete a thin, clear fluid called ______________________________________________ between the __________________________________________________________________________________________

• Cutaneous membranes

– Forms what we know as _________________________

– The basic structure of skin is a _____________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

– Although the skin contains sweat glands, it is a ___________________________________________________

Connective Tissue Membranes

• Synovial membrane

– This is the only type of membrane in the body that is composed solely of connective tissue and includes no epithelial cells.

• lines the capsules that surround synovial joints, such as ________________________________

• _________________________________________________________________________________________

• Secretes synovial fluid which provides ____________________________________________________

3.2: The Integumentary System

Functions of the Integumentary System

• The skin forms a protective cover against

– ________________________________________________________________________________

– ________________________________________________________________________________

– ________________________________________________________________________________

– ________________________________________________________________________________

• The skin’s outermost layer contains _________________________________________, a tough protein also found in ____________________________________________________________________________.

• Regulates body temperature due to the extensive array of tiny capillaries and sweat glands that lie near the surface of the skin.

– When the body is overheated, ______________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________

– When the environment is cold, _____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________

Anatomy of the Skin

• The skin has two layers

– an outer _______________________________________________

– an underlying _________________________________________

• The epidermis and dermis are ______________________________________________________________________ and ___________________________________________________________________________________________

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• Beneath the dermis is the ______________________________________, or subcutaneous fascia, which serves as ____________________________________________________________________

• The ____________________________________________________________, but it ________________________________________ ______________________________________________. It also __________________________________________________________ against extreme external temperatures.

Layers of the Epidermis

Epidermis

– Is the __________________________ of skin that we see.

– It contains five layers of tissue: from superficial to deep (the outside going in),

• ________________________________________________

• ________________________________________________

• ________________________________________________

• ________________________________________________

• ________________________________________________

– All epidermal layers consist of cells _______________________________________________________________

– The innermost layer, the stratum Basale, absorbs nutrients from the adjacent, underlying dermis.

– Stratum Basale:

• ________________________________________________________________. As new cells germinate, they are pushed toward the surface and away from nutrients. ____________________________________________

• ____________________________________________, specialized cells that ___________________________ ____________________________________________Melanin, which ranges in color from reddish yellow to brown and black, is primarily ___________________________________________________

– Stratum spinosum / granulosum:

• Moving up through the stratum spinosum and granulosum, cells become progressively ________________________________________________________________, which _______________________________________________________________________

– Stratum Lucidum:

• This is a _______________________________________________ found only on the __________________ ________________________, ________________________, __________________________, and ______________.

– Stratum Corneum:

• This is __________________________________________________, consists of dead cells that are _____________________________________________________________________________________________

• The epidermis completely replaces itself every __________________________________________ 3

• The epidermis contains specialized cells:

– ____________________________________________________ respond to the presence of foreign bacteria or viruses.

– ________________________________________, located in the stratum Basale, function as touch receptors.

Dermis

• The dermis, or “______________________________,” is a dense, fibrous connective tissue composed of collagen and elastic fibers.

– The collagen fibers provide _______________________ and __________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________

– The ________________________________________ are what ______________________________________________, without wrinkles or sagging

• The outer layer of the dermis is the ___________________________________________

• Some of the dermal papillae contain capillaries that _____________________________________________________. Other dermal papillae _______________________________________________________________________________________

– These papillae form genetically determined, _____________________________________________________, ___________________________________________________________________________________. These papillae patterns on the fingers _____________________________________________________________________________.

• Underneath the papillary layer lies the reticular layer of the dermis. The reticular layer includes:

– _________________________________________________________________

– _________________________________________________________________

– _________________________________________________________________

– _________________________________________________________________

– _________________________________________________________________

Hypodermis

• The hypodermis, or subcutaneous fascia, includes ___________________________________________ and ______________________________ (fatty) tissue.

• It is within the hypodermis that lipocytes or fat cells, reside.

– Some amount of body ____________________________________________________________________________ the interior of the body.

– Fat also serves as a ______________________________________________________

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Appendages of the Skin

• Sudoriferous (sweat) glands

– _________________________________________________________________

– _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• Sebaceous glands

– _________________________________________________________________

• __________________________________________

• ___________________________________________

3.3: Injuries and Disorders of the Skin

Injuries of the Skin

• Decubitus ulcers

– These are commonly known as _________________________________

– They are caused by an area of ____________________________________________________________________ to one or more areas of the body.

– Without the normal blood supply to provide nutrients and oxygen, the skin cells die.

– ______________________________________________ is an important factor in both the prevention and healing of bedsores.

• Burns

– These are injuries that can ____________________________________________________________, ____________________________________________, electricity, or ____________________________________________

– Vary in severity:

• First-degree burns:

– affect only the __________________________________________________

– involve reddening of the skin and mild pain,

– ______________________________________________________________

– Most types of sunburn are first-degree burns.

• Second-degree burns:

– involve damage to ____________________________________________________ and the _____________________________________________________________________________

– characterized by ________________________________, fluid-filled pockets that form between the epidermal and dermal layers.

– painful and ________________________________________ than first-degree burns.

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• Third-degree burns:

– the most serious type of skin burn

– _______________________________________________________________

– initially not painful because the ____________________________________________________ _________________________________________Later, scarring and pain will occur.

– cannot heal on its own because the ________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ Treatment involves grafting skin over the damaged area.

• Clinicians use ___________________________________________ (pg. 5) to estimate the extent of burned tissue. The percentage of total body surface area covered by burns is approximated as follows:

– _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

– _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

– _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

– _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

– _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Infections of the Skin and Membranes

• Viral infections

– Produce small, ____________________________________________________

– Once a herpes infection is present, it lasts for the rest of a person’s life.

– Fortunately, herpes infections tend to _______________________________________________________

• ____________________________________________________________________

• ____________________________________________________________________

• ____________________________________________________________________

– _______________________________________________________________

– _______________________________________________________________

– Human papillomavirus (HPV)

• ____________________________________________________________________

• Fungal infections

– _________________________________________________________________________________

– They tend to be more prevalent during warm weather,

– They are more common in individuals whose work or sporting activities involve frequent periods of sweating.

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• ____________________________________________________________________

– characterized by cracked, flaky skin between the toes or on the side of the foot.

• ____________________________________________________________________

– primarily affects males around the groin and scrotum.

• ____________________________________________________________________

– does not involve any type of worm.

– red ring-shaped rash with a pale center somewhat resembles the shape of a worm.

• ____________________________________________________________________

– infection under the nails of the fingers or toes.

– It causes discoloration and thickening of the infected nail.

• Bacterial infections

– ____________________________________________________________________

• Highly contagious staphylococcus infection common in elementary school children.

• Its symptoms are pink, blister-like bumps, usually on the face around the mouth and nose, that develop a yellowish crust before they rupture.

– ____________________________________________________________________

• Staphylococcus infection, is characterized by an inflamed area of skin that is red, swollen, and painful.

• The origin of cellulitis often is an open wound or ulceration.

Inflammatory Conditions of the Skin and Membranes

• Inflammation is a general response of bodily tissue to __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________

• It is a protective response that involves ________________________________________________________, along with specialized cells that attack infectious agents and destroy dead tissue.

– Pleurisy

• ___________________________________________________, the membrane that lines the thoracic cavity and lungs.

• It can be caused by an infection, such as pneumonia or tuberculosis.

• makes smooth surface of pleura rough.

– Peritonitis

• _______________________________________________________________________

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• The membrane that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers the abdominal organs.

• Caused by the accumulation of blood, bodily fluids, or pus in the abdomen.

– Psoriasis

• _________________________________________________________________________________________________

• The condition is characterized by regions of thick, red skin with flaky, silver-white patches called scales that itch, burn, crack, and sometimes bleed

Cancers of the Skin

• Basal cell carcinoma

– the most common form of skin cancer

– It is caused by ____________________________________________________________________________ that push upward, forming dome-shaped bumps.

• Squamous cell carcinoma

– Caused by ____________________________________________________________________________________________ of the epidermis.

– Appear as a scaly, reddened patch that progresses to an ulcer-like mass with a raised border.

• malignant melanoma

– The most serious form of cancer

– ____________________________________________________________________

• ABCD rule

– The American Cancer Society advocates the ABCD rule for determining the presence of melanoma:

• ____________________________________________________________________

– The shape of the mole is irregular.

• ____________________________________________________________________

– The outside borders are not smooth.

• ____________________________________________________________________

– More than one color is present. Melanomas may contain different shades of black and brown, blues, reds, or pinks.

• ____________________________________________________________________

– The mole size is larger than about one-quarter of an inch in diameter, or larger than the diameter of a pencil.

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