MATERI 1

Widha K Ningdyah, ST., MT

KONSEP DASAR TEORI EKONOMI

SEJARAH ILMU EKONOMI

SebelumAdam Smith

PeriodeAdam Smith

MasaModern

HISTORY OF ECONOMICS

ECONOMICS << Ancient Greek

Oikonomia : Management of a household or estate

Oikos : Household

Nomos : Law

ARISTOTLE, XENOPHAN, CHANAKYA, QIN SHI HUANG,

THOMAS AQUINAS, IBN KHALDUN (14th – 17th centuries)

ADAM SMITH (1776)

>> "an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations“

KEYNES (1936)

>> The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money

Adam Smith

John Maynard Keynes

(right)

Economics is the study of how individuals

and societies choose to use the scarce

resources that nature and previous generations

have provided. The key word in this definition

is choose. Economics is a behavioral, or social,

science. In large measure, it is the study of how

people make choices. The choices that people

make, when added up, translate into societal

choices. (Case, et al. 2010)

FAKTOR PENGGERAK KEGIATAN EKONOMI

Kebutuhan Ekonomi

• sifatnya tidak terbatas

Kelangkaan (Scarcity)

• ketersediaannya terbatas

Pilihan (Alternatif)/ Opportunity cost

• penggunaan sumberdaya untuk tujuan tertentu

Konsep Ekonomi

• dibedakan antara kebutuhan (need) dan Keinginan (want)

WHY STUDY ECONOMICS?

TO LEARN A WAY OF THINKING

Opportunity Cost

• The best alternative that we forgo, or give up, when we make a choice or a decision.

Marginalism

• The process of analyzing the additional or incremental costs or benefits arising from a choice or decision.

Efficient Markets—No Free Lunch

• A market in which profit opportunities are eliminated almost instantaneously.

TO UNDERSTAND SOCIETY

The study of economics is an essential

part of the study of society.

TO UNDERSTAND GLOBAL AFFAIRS

An understanding of economics is essential

to an understanding of global affairs.

TO BE AN INFORMED CITIZEN

To be an informed citizen requires a

basic understanding of economics

RUANG LINGKUP EKONOMI

MICROECONOMICS

• The branch of economics that examines the functioning of individual industries and the behavior of individual decision-making units—that is, firms and households.

MACROECONOMICS

• The branch of economics that examines the economic behavior of aggregates—income, employment, output, and so on—on a national scale.

METODE EKONOMI

POSITIVE ECONOMICS

• Memahami perilaku, tanpa menilai

NORMATIVE ECONOMICS

• Memahami perilaku, dengan menilai(baik atau buruk, atau dapat diperbaiki)

POSITIVE ECONOMICS

• Simply compile data that describe facts and economics phenomenon

• Statement about economics causal-relationship

MODEL

Model is a formal statement of

a theory

Variable is a measure that can

change from time to time or

from observation to observation

OCKHAM’S RAZOR

The principle that irrelevant detail

should be cut away.

CETERIS PARIBUS

Or ALL ELSE EQUAL

A device used to analyze the

relationship between two

variables while the values of

other variables are held

unchanged.

PERHATIAN!!

The Post Hoc Fallacy

• post hoc, ergo propter hoc (or “after this, therefore because of this”) fallacy

The Fallacy of Composition

• The erroneous belief that what is true for a part is necessarily true for the whole.

Empirical economics

involves the collection and use of data to test economic theories.

In principle, the best model is the one that yields the most accurate predictions.

ECONOMIC POLICY

criteria are used most often

Efficiency

Equity

Growth

stability.

Efficiency

•An efficient economy is one that produces what people want at the least possible cost.

Equity

• fairness implies a more equal distribution of income and wealth

Growth

•Economic growth is an increase in the total output of an economy

Stability

•A condition in which national output is growing steadily, with low inflation and full employment of resources.

BAHAN BACAAN Case, K., Fair, R., & Oster, Sharon M. (2010). Principles of

Economics, 10th Editions, Prentice Hall Business Publishing

Eunike, Agustina. 2012. Power Point Mata Kuliah Pengantar

Ekonomika, PSTI-UB.

Rosydi, Suherman. 1996. Pengantar Teori Ekonomi. Raja

Grafindo Persyada, Jakarta.