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patologia del cancer de mama
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5/16/2015 Pathologyofbreastcancer
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathologyofbreastcancer?topicKey=ONC%2F783&elapsedTimeMs=1&source=search_result&searchTerm=cancer+de 1/22
OfficialreprintfromUpToDate www.uptodate.com2015UpToDate
AuthorIraJBleiweiss,MD
SectionEditorAneesBChagpar,MD,MSc,MA,MPH,MBA,FACS,FRCS(C)
DeputyEditorDonSDizon,MD,FACP
Pathologyofbreastcancer
Alltopicsareupdatedasnewevidencebecomesavailableandourpeerreviewprocessiscomplete.Literaturereviewcurrentthrough:Apr2015.|Thistopiclastupdated:Dec19,2013.
INTRODUCTIONMostbreastmalignanciesarisefromepithelialelementsandarecategorizedascarcinomas.Breastcarcinomasareadiversegroupoflesionsthatdifferinmicroscopicappearanceandbiologicbehavior,althoughthesedisordersareoftendiscussedasasingledisease.
Theinsitucarcinomasofthebreastareeitherductal(alsoknownasintraductalcarcinoma)orlobular.Thisdistinctionisprimarilybaseduponthegrowthpatternandcytologicfeaturesofthelesions,ratherthantheiranatomiclocationwithinthemammaryductallobularsystem.
Theinvasivebreastcarcinomasconsistofseveralhistologicsubtypestheestimatedpercentagesarefromacontemporarypopulationbasedseriesof135,157womenwithbreastcancerreportedtotheSurveillanceEpidemiologyandEndResults(SEER)databaseoftheNationalCancerInstitutebetween1992and2001[1]:
Infiltratingductal76percent
Othersubtypes,includingmetaplasticbreastcancerandinvasivemicropapillarybreastcancer,allaccountforfewerthan5percentofcases[2].
Thistopicwillreviewthehistologyofductalcarcinomainsituandinvasivebreastcarcinoma.Thepathologiesofatypicalhyperplasia,lobularcarcinomainsitu,andothersubtypesofbreastcancerarediscussedseparately.
DUCTALCARCINOMAINSITUThetermductalcarcinomainsitu(DCIS)encompassesaheterogeneousgroupoflesionsthatdifferintheirclinicalpresentation,histologicappearance,andbiologicalpotential.DCISischaracterizedbyproliferationofpresumablymalignantepithelialcellswithinthemammaryductalsystem,withnoevidenceofinvasionintothesurroundingstromaonroutinelightmicroscopicexamination[3].Ductalcarcinomainsitudiffersfromlobularcarcinomainsituwithregardtoradiologicfeatures,morphology,biologicbehavior,andanatomicdistributioninthebreast(table1).Lobularcarcinomainsituisdiscussedindetailelsewhere.(See"Atypiaandlobularcarcinomainsitu:Highrisklesionsofthebreast".)
ClassificationschemesthatdivideDCIShistologicallyintoavarietyofsubtypesemphasizearchitecturalfeaturesorgrowthpatternoftheneoplasticcells,cytologicfeatures,andcellnecrosis,bothsinglyandincombination.ThetraditionalmethodforclassifyingDCISlesionsisprimarilybaseduponthegrowthpattern(architecturalfeatures)of
Invasivelobular8percentDuctal/lobular7percentMucinous(colloid)2.4percentTubular1.5percentMedullary1.2percentPapillary1percent
(See"Atypiaandlobularcarcinomainsitu:Highrisklesionsofthebreast".)(See"Breastsarcoma:Epidemiology,riskfactors,clinicalpresentation,diagnosis,andstaging".)(See"Pagetdiseaseofthebreast".)
(See"Breastlymphoma".)(See"Prognosticandpredictivefactorsinearly,nonmetastaticbreastcancer".)
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thetumorandrecognizesfivemajortypes[47]:
LesscommonvariantsofDCISincludethe"clinging"carcinoma[4],intraductalsignetringcellcarcinoma[12],andcystichypersecretoryductcarcinoma[13,14].Similartothecomedotype,thesevariantsmayshowcalcificationsthatcanbedetectedmammographically.However,themammographicappearanceofthesemicrocalcificationsislessdistinctivethanthepatternseenincomedolesionsandcanresembleanumberofbenignprocesses.
AnumberofauthorshaveproposedalternativeclassificationsystemsforDCIS(table2)[1518].Althoughtheyusedifferentterminology,allareprimarilybaseduponnucleargradeand/orthepresenceorabsenceofnecrosis,andhaveincommontherecognitionofthreemaincategoriesofDCIS(eg,high,intermediate,andlowgrade).
Theseclassificationsystemsappeartocorrelatewithbiologicalprognosticmarkersandpredictgroupsofpatientswhoarelikelytohavearecurrenceofcancerfollowingbreastconservationtherapy[15,1830].(See"Breastductalcarcinomainsitu:Epidemiology,clinicalmanifestations,anddiagnosis".)
In1997,aconsensusconferencewasconvenedinanattempttoreachagreementontheclassificationofDCIS[31].Althoughthepaneldidnotendorseanysingleclassificationsystem,theyrecommendedthatcertainfeaturesberoutinelydocumentedinthepathologyreportforDCISlesions,includingnucleargrade,thepresenceofnecrosis,cellpolarization,andarchitecturalpattern(s).
Thecomedotypeischaracterizedbyprominentnecrosisinthecenteroftheinvolvedspaces.Thenecroticmaterialfrequentlybecomescalcifiedthecalcificationsmaybedetectedmammographically,characteristicallyaslinear,branching("casting")calcifications.Thetumorcellsarelargeandshownuclearpleomorphismmitoticactivitymaybeprominent(picture1).Thecomedotypeismoreoftenassociatedwithinvasion[8,9],andthedegreeofcomedonecrosisinpatientswithDCISappearstobeastrongpredictorfortheriskofipsilateralbreastrecurrenceaftertreatment[10].
Thecribriformtypeischaracterizedbytheformationofbacktobackglandswithoutinterveningstroma.Thecellscomprisingthissubtypearetypicallysmalltomediumsizedandhaverelativelyuniformhyperchromaticnuclei.Mitosesareinfrequentandnecrosisislimitedtosinglecellsorsmallcellclusters(picture2).
Themicropapillarytypefeaturessmalltuftsofcellsthatareorientedperpendiculartothebasementmembraneoftheinvolvedspacesandprojectintothelumina.Theapicalregionofthesesmallpapillationsisfrequentlybroaderthanthebase,impartingaclubshapedappearance.Themicropapillaelackfibrovascularcores.ThecellscomprisingthistypeofDCISareusuallysmalltomediuminsize,andthenucleishowdiffusehyperchromasiamitosesareinfrequent(picture3).
Thepapillarytypeshowsintraluminalprojectionsoftumorcellsthat,incontrasttothemicropapillaryvariant,demonstratefibrovascularcoresandtherebyconstitutetruepapillations.AvariantofpapillaryDCIS,intracysticpapillarycarcinoma,ischaracterizedbytumorcellsthatareprimarilyorexclusivelypresentinasinglecysticallydilatedspace[11].
Thesolidtypeisnotaswelldefinedastheothersubtypes.Itfeaturestumorcellsthatfillanddistendtheinvolvedspacesandlacksignificantnecrosis,fenestrations,orpapillations.Thetumorcellsmaybelarge,medium,orsmall.
Highgradelesionstypicallyexhibitaneuploidy,lackestrogenandprogesteronereceptors,andhaveahighproliferativerate,overexpressionoftheHER2oncogene,mutationsofthep53tumorsuppressorgenewithaccumulationofitsproteinproduct,andangiogenesisinthesurroundingstroma.
Lowgradelesionsaretypicallydiploid,estrogenandprogesteronereceptorpositive,havealowproliferativerate,andrarely(ifever)showabnormalitiesoftheHER2/neuorp53oncogenes.
Lesionscategorizedhistologicallyasintermediategradearealsointermediatebetweenthehighgradeandlowgradelesionswithregardtothefrequencyofalterationsinthesebiologicalmarkers.
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INFILTRATINGDUCTALCARCINOMAInfiltratingductalcarcinomaisthemostcommontypeofinvasivebreastcancer,accountingfor70to80percentofinvasivelesions.Itisalsotermedinfiltratingcarcinomaofnospecialtypeorinfiltratingcarcinomanototherwisespecified(NOS).
Ongrosspathologicevaluation,theselesionsaretypicallyhard,graywhite,grittymasseswhichinvadethesurroundingtissueinahaphazardfashiontocreatethecharacteristicirregular,stellateshape.Theyarecharacterizedmicroscopicallybycordsandnestsoftumorcellswithvaryingamountsofglandformation,andcytologicfeaturesthatrangefromblandtohighlymalignant.Themalignantcellsinduceafibrousresponseastheyinfiltratethebreastparenchyma,andthisreactionis,inlargepart,responsiblefortheclinicallyandgrosslypalpablemass,theradiologicdensity,andsolidsonographiccharacteristicsoftypicalinvasivecarcinomas.
Infiltratingductalcarcinomasaredividedintothreegradesbaseduponacombinationofarchitecturalandcytologicfeatures,usuallyassessedutilizingascoringsystembasedonthreeparameters[32]:
Avariableamountofassociatedductalcarcinomainsitu(DCIS)ispresentinmostcasestheextentofDCISbutnotlobularcarcinomainsitu(LCIS)isanimportantprognosticfactorinpatientstreatedwithbreastconservingtherapyinwhomthesurgicalgoaliscompleteexcisionofbothintraductalandinvasivecarcinoma[33].
INFILTRATINGLOBULARCARCINOMAInfiltratinglobularcarcinomasarethesecondmostcommontypeofinvasivebreastcancer,accountingforabout5to10percentofinvasivelesions.
IncidenceratesoflobularcancerarerisingfasterthantheratesofductalcarcinomaintheUnitedStates,andpostmenopausalhormonetherapymaybemorestronglyrelatedtolobularcancerriskthantoductalcancerrisk.(See"Menopausalhormonetherapyandtheriskofbreastcancer",sectionon'Prognosis'and"Factorsthatmodifybreastcancerriskinwomen".)
Someinfiltratinglobularcarcinomashaveamacroscopicappearanceidenticaltothatofinfiltratingductalcancers.However,inmanycasesnomasslesionisgrosslyevident,andtheexcisedbreasttissuemayhaveanormaloronlyslightlyfirmconsistency.Thus,themicroscopicsizeofinvasivelobularcarcinomamaybesignificantlygreaterthanthatmeasuredgrossly.SomepathologistshaveusedlackofimmunohistochemicalstainingforEcadherintodistinguishinvasivelobularcarcinomafrominvasiveductcarcinoma.Whileitappearstobeareasonablyaccuratetest,itisforthemostpartunnecessaryinpractice.
Thesetumorsarecharacterizedmicroscopicallybysmallcellsthatinsidiouslyinfiltratethemammarystromaandadiposetissueindividuallyandinasinglefilepattern,oftengrowinginatargetlikeconfigurationaroundnormalbreastducts,frequentlyinducingonlyminimalfibrousreaction(picture7).Associatedlobularcarcinomainsitu(LCIS)ispresentinapproximatelytwothirdsofcaseshowever,DCISmayalsoaccompanyinvasivelobularcarcinoma.
Inadditiontotheirdifferenthistologicappearanceandmammographiccharacteristics,therearedistinctprognosticandbiologicdifferencesbetweeninfiltratinglobularandductalcancers:
Welldifferentiated(grade1)Welldifferentiatedtumorshavecellsthatinfiltratethestromaassolidnestsofglands.Thenucleiarerelativelyuniformwithlittleornoevidenceofmitoticactivity(picture4).
Moderatelydifferentiated(grade2)Moderatelydifferentiatedtumorshavecellsthatinfiltrateassolidnestswithsomeglandulardifferentiation.Thereissomenuclearpleomorphismandamoderatemitoticrate(picture5).
Poorlydifferentiated(grade3)Poorlydifferentiatedtumorsarecomposedofsolidnestsofneoplasticcellswithoutevidenceofglandformation.Thereismarkednuclearatypiaandconsiderablemitoticactivity(picture6).
Infiltratinglobularcarcinomashaveahigherfrequencyofbilateralityandmulticentricitythaninfiltratingductalcarcinomas[34,35].
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Thereisanassociationbetweenmutationsinthecadherin(CDH1)geneandinvasivelobularbreastcancers.Lobularbreastcancershavebeenobservedtooccurin20to54percentofwomenfromfamilieswithhereditarydiffusegastriccancerwhocarrygermlinemutationsintheCDH1gene.However,germlineCDH1mutationscanalsobecosegregatedwithinvasivelobularbreastcancerintheabsenceofdiffusegastriccancer,suggestingthatgastriccancerisnotanobligatoryhallmarkoffamilieswithCDH1mutations.Furthermore,approximately50percentofsporadiclobularbreastcancerscontainEcadherinmutations[40,41].(See"Hereditarydiffusegastriccancer",sectionon'Riskofothercancers'and"BRCA1andBRCA2:Prevalenceandrisksforbreastandovariancancer".)
OTHERHISTOLOGICTYPESAnumberofotherhistologictypesaccountfortheremaininginvasivebreastcancers.Theseincludetubularcarcinoma,mucinouscarcinoma,medullarycarcinoma,invasivemicropapillarycarcinoma,metaplasticcarcinoma,adenoidcysticcarcinoma,andothers.Tumorsofotherhistologiesarisinginthebreast(lymphomas,sarcomas,phyllodestumors)arediscussedelsewhere.(See"Breastsarcoma:Epidemiology,riskfactors,clinicalpresentation,diagnosis,andstaging"and"Breastlymphoma".)
Specialclinicalpresentationsofbreastcarcinomas,includingPagetdiseaseandinflammatorycarcinoma,arediscussedelsewhere.(See"Pagetdiseaseofthebreast"and"Inflammatorybreastcancer:Pathologyandmolecularpathogenesis".)
TubularcarcinomaTubularcarcinomaswererelativelyinfrequentinthepremammographyera,accountingfor2percentorlessofinvasivebreastcancers.However,insomeseriesofmammographicallyscreenedpopulationstheincidenceishigher,accountingfor10to20percentofinvasivecancers.
Tubularcarcinomaischaracterizedbythepresenceofwellformedtubularorglandularstructuresinfiltratingthestroma(picture8).
Theselesionshavearelativelyfavorableprognosiscomparedwithinfiltratingductalcarcinomasthenaturalhistoryisfavorable,andmetastasesarerare[1,37,4244].
Mucinous(colloid)carcinomaMucinouscarcinomasaccountforbetween1and2percentofinvasivebreastcancersandappeartobemorecommoninolderpatients.Theselesionsusuallyhaveasoftgelatinousappearanceongrossexamination,andtheytendtobewellcircumscribed.Mucinouscarcinomasarecharacterizedmicroscopicallybynestsoftumorcellsdispersedinlargepoolsofextracellularmucusthecellstendtohaveuniform,lowgradenuclei(picture9).Similartotubularcarcinomas,theselesionsalsorepresentaprognosticallyfavorablevariantofinvasivebreastcarcinoma[1,37,43,45].
MedullarycarcinomaMedullarycarcinomasaccountforanywherefrom1to10percentofinvasivebreast
Infiltratinglobularcarcinomasariseinolderwomenandarelargerandbetterdifferentiatedtumors[34,36].Asarule,invasivelobularcarcinomasareERpositive,withvariantlesionsshowingoccasionalvariableexpression.
Whileolderseriesreportasimilarprognosisforinfiltratinglobularcancersandinvasiveductallesions,morerecentreportssuggestthatoutcomes(atleastintheshortterm)maybemorefavorableforlobularcancersandimprovingovertime[37,38].However,variantsofinfiltratinglobularcarcinomaexist,someofwhichhaveapoorerprognosis[34].
Asagroup,invasivelobularcarcinomastendtometastasizelaterthaninvasiveductcarcinomasandspreadtounusuallocationssuchasperitoneum,meninges,andthegastrointestinaltract[39].
Thetubulestendtobeelongated,andmanyhavepointedendsThecellscomposingthetubulesarecuboidaltocolumnarandoftenhaveapicalcytoplasmicprotrusionsor"snouts"
ThetumorcellsarecytologicallylowgradeAssociatedDCIS,typicallyofthelowgradetype,ispresentinaboutthreequartersofthecases
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cancers.However,thereisconsiderableinterobservervariabilityinthediagnosisofthistypeofbreastcancerwhichis,atleastinpart,dependentupontheclassificationsystememployed[4648].
Medullarycarcinomasarewellcircumscribedonmacroscopicexaminationandareoftensoftandtanbrownwithareasofhemorrhageornecrosis.Circumscriptionofthelesionisalsoevidentmicroscopically.Thetumorcellsarepoorlydifferentiated(highgrade),growinasyncytialpattern,andhaveanintenseassociatedlymphoplasmacyticinfiltrate(picture10),andthistumorisactuallyquiterarewhenstrictdiagnosticcriteriaarefollowed.
Medullaryandmedullarylikecarcinomasoccurmorefrequentlyinyoungerpatientsthanothertypesofbreastcancer.TheyarealsomorefrequentinwomenwhoinheritmutationsoftheBRCA1gene(10percentofbreastcancersaremedullaryinthispopulation,ascomparedwith
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cancersaretreatedsimilarlytootherinvasivebreastcancers[5860].
AdenoidcysticcarcinomaTherareadenoidcysticcarcinomaofthebreasthasadistinctivehistologicpatternthatismorphologicallyidenticaltoadenoidcysticcarcinomafoundinthesalivaryglands(andothersites).(See"Salivaryglandtumors:Epidemiology,diagnosis,evaluation,andstaging".)Thistumortendstobeassociatedwithafavorableprognosis,evenwhentumorsizeislargethereportedincidenceofaxillarymetastasesinmostseriesislessthan5percent[61,62].
Histologicgradingbaseduponthepercentageofsolidareas(asisusedforsalivaryglandtumors)hasbeensuggestedasbeingprognosticallyuseful[63],althoughothersdisagree[62].Atleasttwoseriesinwhichoutcomeswerenotasfavorableasinmostreportswerepredominatedbypatientswithhighergradetumors(ie,thesolidvariant)[64,65].
SUMMARY
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GRAPHICS
Comparativefeaturesofductalcarcinomainsitu(DCIS)andlobularcarcinomainsitu(LCIS)
DCIS LCIS
Presentation Incidentalfinding,mammographicabnormality,occasionallypalpable,unifocal
Incidentalfinding,oftenmultifocal
Predominantlocation Ducts Lobules
Cellsize Mediumorlarge Small
Pattern Comedo,cribriform,micropapillary,papillary,solid
Solid
Calcifications Yesorno Usuallyno
Riskofsubsequentinvasivecancer
Higher Lower
Locationofsubsequentinvasivecancer
Ipsilateral Ipsilateralorcontraleteral
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Comedoductalcarcinomainsitu
Lightmicroscopicspecimenofcomedoductalcarcinomainsitushowsalargecentralareaofnecrosisthatisfocallycalcified.Thenucleiarepoorlydifferentiated(highgrade).
CourtesyofStuartSchnitt,MD.
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Cribriformductalcarcinomainsitu
Lightmicrographofalesionfromthebreastofawomanwithcribriformductalcarcinomainsitushowsabacktobackglandulargrowthpattern.Thenucleiarewelldifferentiated(lowgrade).Asmallcalcificationisnotednearthecenteroftheinvolvedspace(arrow).
CourtesyofStuartSchnitt,MD.
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Micropapillaryductalcarcinomainsitu
Lightmicrographofaspecimenfromthebreastofawomenwithmicropapillaryductalcarcinomainsitu.Thetumorcellsformtuftswhichprojectintothelumenoftheinvolvedspace.Thenucleiarewelldifferentiated(lowgrade).
CourtesyofStuartSchnitt,MD.
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Proposedclassificationsystemsforductalcarcinomainsitu
Lagios* VanNuys European
Lowgrade Nonhighgradewithoutnecrosis Welldifferentiated
Intermediategrade Nonhighgradewithnecrosis Intermediatelydifferentiated
Highgrade Highgrade Poorlydifferentiated
*AdaptedfromLagiosMD,MargolinFR,WestdahlPR,RoseMR.Cancer198963:618.SilversteinMJ,PollerDN,WaismanJR,etal.Lancet1995345:1154.HollandR,PeterseJL,MillisRR,etal.SeminDiagnPathol199411:167.
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GradeIinfiltratingductalcarcinomaofthebreast
(PanelA)Lowpowerviewofawelldifferentiatedinfiltratingductalcarcinomashowstumorcellswhichinfiltratethestromaassolidnestsandglands.(PanelB)Highpowerviewdemonstratesrelativelyuniformnucleiwithnoevidenceofmitoticactivity.
CourtesyofStuartSchnitt,MD.
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GradeIIinfiltratingcarcinomaofthebreast
(PanelA)Lowpowerviewofamoderatelydifferentiatedbreastcarcinomashowstumorcellsinfiltratingassolidnestswithsomeglandulardifferentiation.(PanelB)Highpowerviewdemonstratessomenuclearpleomorphisminthetumorcells.
CourtesyofStuartSchnitt,MD.
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GradeIIIinfiltratingductalcarcinomaofthebreast
(PanelA)Lowpowerviewofapoorlydifferentiatedbreastcarcinomashowsthatthetumoriscomposedofsolidnestsofneoplasticcellswithoutevidenceofglandformation.(PanelB)Thehighpowerviewdemonstratesmarkednuclearatypiainthetumorcellswithconsiderablemitoticactivity.
CourtesyofStuartSchnitt,MD.
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Infiltratinglobularcarcinomaofthebreast
(PanelA)Lowpowerviewofaninfiltratinglobularbreastcarcinomashowssmalltumorcellsthatinfiltratethestromasinglyandinasinglefilepattern.(PanelB)Highpowerviewdemonstratesthatthetumorcellsarerelativelysmallanduniforminappearance.
CourtesyofStuartSchnitt,MD.
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Tubularcarcinomaofthebreast
(PanelA)Lowpowerviewofatubularbreastcarcinomashowsthatthetumoriscomposedofwellformedglandsortubulesthatinvadethemammarystroma.(PanelB)Highpowerviewdemonstratesthatthetubulesarecomposedofcolumnarcellswithrelativelyuniformnuclei.Manyofthecellsshow"snouts"ofeosinophiliccytoplasmattheirlumenalends.
CourtesyofStuartSchnitt,MD.
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Mucinouscarcinomaofthebreast
(PanelA)Lowpowerviewofamucinousbreastcarcinomashowssmallnestsoftumorcellsdispersedinlargepoolsofextracellularmucous.(PanelB)Highpowerviewdemonstratesthatthenestsarecomposedofcellswithrelativelyuniform,lowgradenuclei.
CourtesyofStuartSchnitt,MD.
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Medullarycarcinomaofthebreast
(PanelA)Lowpowerviewofamedullarybreastcarcinomashowsthatthetumorhasawellcircumscribedborder.(PanelB)Highpowerviewdemonstratesthatthetumorcellsgrowinasyncytialpatternandhavemarkednuclearatypia.Aprominentlymphoplasmacyticinfiltrateisalsopresent.
CourtesyofStuartSchnitt,MD.
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Disclosures:IraJBleiweiss,MDNothingtodisclose.AneesBChagpar,MD,MSc,MA,MPH,MBA,FACS,FRCS(C)Nothingtodisclose.DonSDizon,MD,FACPNothingtodisclose.Contributordisclosuresarereviewedforconflictsofinterestbytheeditorialgroup.Whenfound,theseareaddressedbyvettingthroughamultilevelreviewprocess,andthroughrequirementsforreferencestobeprovidedtosupportthecontent.AppropriatelyreferencedcontentisrequiredofallauthorsandmustconformtoUpToDatestandardsofevidence.Conflictofinterestpolicy
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