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English GrammarParts of Speech
Eight parts of speech
Nouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Pronouns
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections
Noun: Word that namesA person
Ex: Tom, Jane, Nick, Jessica
A placeEx: Ottawa, Toronto, store, park
A thingEx: stove, car, lamp, key
An ideaEx: hope, faith
Kinds of NounsCommon nouns (e.g. boy, girl)
Proper nouns (e.g. John, Susan)
Singular nouns ( e.g. boy, girl)
Plural nouns (e.g. boys, girls)
Singular possessive (e.g. boy’s, girl’s)
Plural possessive (e.g. boys’, girls’)
VerbsA word that expresses action, helps to
make a statement, or expresses a state of being.
The verb or compound verb (e.g. was looking) is the critical element of the predicate of a sentence.
Every sentence must have a verb!
Kinds of verbsTransitive verb - can be used in the active or passive
voice (e.g. John drives a car. OR A car is driven by John)
Intransitive verb- The verb is not followed by an object.(e.g. He plays the piano.)
Linking verb- used to connect the subject to two kinds of complements: 1) An adjective that describes the subject; 2)a noun or noun equivalent that means the same as the subject.(e.g. She is beautiful.)
AdjectivesModifies or describes a noun or pronoun
Ex: The big dog.
Answers these questions: Which? What kind? How many?
AdverbModifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or
another adverb.
Interrogative adverbs introduce questions. (e.g. How, when, how often, where.)
Answers these questions: How? (e.g. He ran quickly.) When? (e.g. She left yesterday.) Where? (e.g. We went there.) To what degree? (e.g. It was too hot.)
Pronouns
A pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns.
A pronoun may stand for a person, place, thing, or idea.
Kinds of pronounsPersonal pronouns: I, me, mine, you, your, yours,
she, her, hers, it, its, we, us, our, ours, they, them, their, theirs, myself, yourself.
Indefinite pronouns: anybody, each, either, none, someone, one.
Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those.
Interrogative pronouns: who, whom, what, which, whose.
PrepositionIntroduces a noun, pronoun, phrase or clause
functioning as a noun.
The word or word group that the preposition introduces is its object. (e.g. They received a postcard from Bobby telling about his trip to the United States.)
Common prepositionsAboardAboutAboveAcrossAfterAgainstAlongAmongAroundAtBefore
BehindBelowBeneathBesideBetweenByDownDuringExceptForFrom
InIntoLikeOfOffOnOverPastSinceThroughThroughout
ToTowardUnderUnderneathUntilUpUponWithWithinwithout
Conjunction and InterjectionA conjunction is a word that joins words or
groups of words (e.g. Jamie and Sarah went to the store.)
Conjunctions include: And, but, either/or, neither/nor.
An interjection is an exclamatory word that expresses emotion. (e.g. Wow! Look at that sunset!)
Punctuation (1/3)Use a question mark at the end of a question.
Ex: Did you take out the garbage?
Use a colon to introduce a list. Ex: You need the following items for class: pencil, paper,
ruler, and glue.
Use a period at the end of a sentence. Ex: John went to the store.
Use an exclamation point at the end of a sentence to indicate strong emotion.
Ex: I love her so much!
Punctuation (2/3)
Use a semicolon to… join two independent clauses. (eliminates the need
for a comma or conjuction) Ex: Casey read a book; then he did a book report.
separate items in a series when those items contain punctuation such as a comma.
Ex: We went on a trip to Toronto, Ontario; Montreal, Quebec; and New York, New York.
Punctuation (3/3)Use a comma when…
there is a series of at least three items. Ex: I dislike spinach, broccoli, and cauliflower.
There is an interruption in the main thought of a sentence. Ex: Rosa, of course, will bring her folding chairs.
There are two adjectives that equally modify the same noun. Ex: Jill was having problems with unruly, disruptive children.
A dependent clause begins a new sentence. Ex: If Mr. Wilson complains, we will invite him for a snack.
There is a mild interjection, such as oh or well.