Parts of SpeechNouns, Pronouns, Adjectives, Verbs, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections

Noun: names a person, place, thing, or idea• Common Nouns: names any one of a group of persons, places, things,

or ideas.• Ex: mountain, novelist, museum, ship, movie

• Proper Nouns: names a particular person, place, thing, or idea. Proper nouns are generally capitalized• Ex: Mr. McGiles, Jacksonville, JCPennys

• Compound Nouns: consists of two or more words that together name a person, a place, a thing, or an idea. It may be written as on word, as separate words, or as a hyphenated word• Ex: baseball, civil rights, sister-in-law

Concrete, Abstract, and Collective Nouns• Concrete Nouns: names a person, place, or thing that can be

perceived by one or more of the senses (sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell.)• Ex: dog, sunset, thunder, silk, Nile River

• Abstract Nouns: names an idea, a feeling, a quality, or a characteristic• Ex: liberty, beauty, kindness, success, Buddhism

• Collective Nouns: names a group of people, animals, or things.• Ex: audience, bouquet, crowd, jury, staff, swarm

Pronoun: takes the place of one or more nouns or pronouns.

• Antecedent: the word or word group that a pronoun stands for• Personal Pronouns: refers to the one(s) speaking (first person), the

one(s) spoken to (second person), or the one(s) spoken about (third person).

Singular PluralFirst Person I, me, my, mine we, us, our, oursSecond Person you, your, yours you, your, yoursThird Person he, him, his, she,

her, hers, it, itsthey, them, their, theirs

Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns

• Reflexive Pronoun: refers to the subject of a sentence and functions as a complement or as an object of a preposition.• Ex. I’m not quite myself today.

• Intensive Pronoun: emphasizes its antecedent and has no grammatical function in the sentence.• Ex: Ray painted the mural himself.

First Person Myself, ourselvesSecond Person Yourself, yourselvesThird Person Himself, herself, itself, themselves

Demonstrative, Interrogative, and Relative Pronouns• Demonstrative Pronoun: points out a person, place, thing, or idea• Ex: This is our favorite campsite.

• Interrogative Pronoun: introduces a question• Ex. What is the address of this house?

• Relative Pronoun: introduces a subordinate clause• Ex. The dog that you trained is very well behaved.

This That These Those

Who Whom Which What Whose

That Which Who Whom Whose

Indefinite Pronouns: refers to a person, place, idea, or thing that may or may not be specifically named

All Each Other Most One AnotherAnother Either Much Other

Any Everybody Neither SeveralAnybody Everyone Nobody SomeAnyone Everything None Somebody

Anything Few No One SomeoneBoth Many Nothing SomethingEach More One Such

• Ex: Everything we will need is packed in the trunk.

Adjective: modifies a noun or a pronoun• To modify means “to describe,” or “to make the meaning of a word

more specific.” An adjective is a modifier that tells what kind, which one, how many, or how much.

• Articles: A, An, and The• Indefinite Articles: A and An• Definite Article: The

What Kind? Which One? How Many? How Much?Spilled inkEnglish teaHowling winds

This parkThese papersThat house

Twenty milesTwo menSeveral apples

No saltEnough waterSome food

Verb: expresses action or a state of being• Verbs are generally classified in three ways

1. Main or Helping Verbs2. Action or Linking Verbs3. Transitive or Intransitive Verbs

• Verb Phrase: consists of on main verb and one or more helping verbs (also called auxiliary verbs).• Ex: am reading• Ex: should have been listening

Main Verbs and Helping VerbsCommonly Used Helping Verbs

Forms of Be amare

bebeen

beingis

waswere

Forms of Have had has have havingForms of Do did do doesModals can

couldmay

mightmustought

shallshouldwill

would

• Modal: a helping verb that is used to express an attitude toward the action or state of being of the main verb.

Action Verbs and Linking Verbs• Action Verb: expresses either physical or mental activity• Physical: bring, say, shout, jump, breathe• Mental: ponder, trust, review, evaluate, guess

• Linking Verb: connects the subject to a word or word group that identifies or describes the subject• Some verbs can be used as either action or linking verbs. In order to

tell the difference, replace the verb with one of the forms of be (am, is, are, was, were) and if the sentence makes sense then the verb is most likely a linking verb.• Linking: Emilia felt calm at the seashore.• Action: Emilia felt the waves washing over her feet.

Commonly Used Linking VerbsForms of Be

bebeingamisarewas

wereshall bewill behas beenhave beenhad been

shall have beenwill have beencan bemay bemight bemust be

should bewould becould beshould have beenwould have beencould have been

Othersappearbecome

feelgrow

lookremain

seemsmell

soundstay

tasteturn

Transitive Verbs and Intransitive Verbs• Transitive Verb: has an object—a word that tells who or what resolves

the action of the verb.• Ex: She trusts her friend.

• Intransitive Verb: does not have an object.• Ex: The audience applauded.

• The same verb may be transitive in one sentence and intransitive in another.• Trans: Elsa swam the channel.• Intrans: Else swam for many hours.

• Note: action verbs can be transitive or intransitive. All linking verbs are intransitive.

Adverb: modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb• An adverb tells how, when, where, or to what extent (how much, how

long, or how often).• Adverbs modifying Verbs• The bird was chirping outside.• The bird chirped loudly.

• Adverbs Modifying Adjectives• It was a fiercely competitive game.• The exceptionally brave police officer was given an award.

• Adverbs modifying other Adverbs• The guide spoke extremely slowly.• We will go to the mall later today.

Preposition: is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun, called the object of the preposition, to another word.

• In the following examples the prepositions show different relationships between the verb rode and village, the object of each preposition.• I rode past the village.• I rode through the village.• I rode toward the village.• I rode beyond the village.

• Prepositional Phrase: a preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object

Commonly Used Prepositionsaboardaboutaboveacrossafteragainstalongamidamongaroundat

beforebehindbelowbeneathbesidebetweenbeyondbut (meaning except)by

concerningdownduringexceptforfromininsideintolikenear

of offon ontooutsideoverpastsincethrough totoward

underunderneathuntilupuponwithwithinwithout

Commonly Used Compound Prepositionsaccording tobecause ofby means of

in addition toin front ofin spite of

instead ofon account ofprior to

Conjunction: joins words or word groups• Coordinating Conjunction: joins words or word groups that are used in

the same way.• Ex: The orchestra played waltzes and polkas.• Hint: just think FANBOYS

• Correlative Conjunctions: pairs of conjunctions that join words or word groups that are used in the same way.• Ex: Both the track team and the volleyball team enjoyed a winning season.

for and nor but or yet so

both…andeither…orneither…nor

not only…but alsowhether…or

Interjection: expresses emotion. An interjection has no grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence.• Ex: Well, I’m just not sure.• Ex: There must be, oh my, a dozen snakes there.

(Just think of words you say when you’re really excited…or when you stub your toe!)

ah ouch ugh wow oops hey oh