PART 10 SELECTED APPLICATIONS IN HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICSrtksa.com/library1/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/571.pdf · · 2015-11-19human factors and ergonomics (HFE) standardization

PART 10SELECTED APPLICATIONS INHUMAN FACTORS ANDERGONOMICS

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CHAPTER 57HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICSSTANDARDS

Bohdana Sherehiy, Waldemar Karwowski, and David Rodrick∗University of LouisvilleLouisville, Kentucky

1 INTRODUCTION 1487

2 ISO STANDARDS FOR ERGONOMICS 1488

2.1 Ergonomics Guiding Principles 1489

2.2 Anthropometry and Biomechanics 1489

2.3 Ergonomics of Human–System Interaction 1490

2.4 Ergonomics of the Physical Environment 1492

3 CEN STANDARDS FOR ERGONOMICS 1494

3.1 Other International Standards Related toErgonomics 1499

4 ILO GUIDELINES FOR OCCUPATIONALSAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENTSYSTEMS 1499

5 U.S. STANDARDS FOR HUMAN FACTORSAND ERGONOMICS 1500

5.1 U.S. Government Standards 1500

5.2 OSHA Standards 1509

5.3 Other Standards for Occupational Safetyand Health 1511

5.4 ANSI Standards 1511

5.5 State-Mandated Occupational Safetyand Health Standards 1513

5.6 Other Standardization Efforts 1513

6 ISO 9000-2000: QUALITY MANAGEMENTSTANDARDS 1513

7 CONCLUSIONS 1515

REFERENCES 1515

1 INTRODUCTIONA standard is a documented agreement contain-ing technical specifications or other precise crite-ria, to be used consistently as rules, guidelines, ordefinitions of characteristics, to ensure that mate-rials, products, processes and services are fit forthe purpose served by those making reference to thestandard (ISO, 2004). Three main levels of the stan-dardization process can be distinguished: national,regional, and international (see Figure 1). At thehighest and broadest level of applicability are theinternational standards. The basis for worldwidestandardization in all areas is provided primarilyby three organizations: the International Organiza-tion for Standardization (ISO), International Elec-trotechnical Commission (IEC), and InternationalTelecommunications Union (ITU). Standards relatedto human factors and ergonomics are developedby the International Organization for Standardiza-tion (ISO).

In Europe, there are three standardization bodies:the European Committee for Standardization (CEN),European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardiza-tion (CENELEC) and European TelecommunicationsStandards Institute (ETSI). Their mission is to developand achieve a coherent set of voluntary standards

∗Present address: Florida State University, Tallahassee,Florida.

as a basis for a Single European Market/EuropeanEconomic Area (Wetting, 2002). At the national levelalmost every nation has its own national body forstandards development. Examples of the nationalstandardization organizations include the AmericanNational Standards Institute (ANSI), British StandardsInstitution (BSI), Deutsches Institut fur Normung(DIN), and Association Francaise de Normalisation(AFNOR). Standards can also be prepared by technicalsocieties, labor organizations, consumer organizations,trade associations, and governmental agencies.

International, regional, and national standards aredistinguished by documented standards developmentprocedures. These procedures have been designed toensure that all interested parties that can be affectedby a particular standard will have an opportunity torepresent their interest and participate in the standardsdevelopment process. For example, ISO standards aredeveloped by technical committees, which consist ofexperts from the industrial, technical, and businesssectors that are in need of standards. Many ISOnational members apply public review procedures inorder to consult draft standards with the interestedparties, including representatives of government agen-cies, industrial and commercial organizations, profes-sional and consumer associations, and the general pub-lic (ISO, 2004). The ISO national bodies are expectedto take into account any feedback they receive and topresent a consensus position to appropriate technicalcommittees.

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Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics, Third Edition. Edited by Gavriel SalvendyCopyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

1488 SELECTED APPLICATIONS IN HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS

InternationalLevel

ISO IEC ITU ILO

Regional Level CEN CENELEC IEC

National Level

GovernmentalStandards

U.S. Standards

NongovernmentalStandards

DoD NASA FAA OSHA ANSI HFES

Figure 1 Hierarchy of standards levels.

Standards are necessary to provide quality controland to support legislation and regulations to ensurean equal-opportunity and fairly operating internationalmarket. The main purpose of standardization is toachieve uniformity and interchangeability. Standard-ization limits the diversity of sizes, shapes, or compo-nent designs and prevents the generation of unneededvariation of products which do not provide uniqueservices. Standardization is also the means by whichsociety gathers and disseminates technical informa-tion (Spivak and Brenner, 2001). Harmonization ofstandards reduces trade barriers; promotes safety;allows interoperability of products, systems, and ser-vices; and promotes common technical understand-ing (Wetting, 2002).

The need for standardization from the humanfactors and ergonomics viewpoints can be illustratedby many “horror stories” following World War II.The war required that pilots fly on different types ofaircraft which had no standard control arrangement inthe cockpits (McDaniel, 1996). Many planes crashedbecause the pilots used wrong controls based onerroneously applied behavioral patterns. The humanfactors solutions included standardization of a singlearrangement for engine controls and development ofdistinct shapes for the control handles (McDaniel,1996). In this chapter we provide an overview of thehuman factors and ergonomics (HFE) standardizationefforts around the world. It should be noted thatstandards focusing mainly on the safety engineeringarea are not covered.

2 ISO STANDARDS FOR ERGONOMICSThe International Organization for Standardization(ISO) was created in 1947 to coordinate the devel-opment of international standards. ISO is a worldwidefederation of national standards bodies from 148 coun-tries, one from each country. ISO is a nongovernmentalorganization that considers the interests of users, pro-ducers, consumers, governments, and the scientificcommunity. The mission of ISO is to promote thedevelopment of standardization and related activitiesin the world in order to facilitate the internationalexchange of goods and services and to develop coop-eration in the spheres of intellectual, scientific, tech-nological, and economic activity (ISO, 2004).

In 1975, the International Organization for Stan-dardization formed technical committee TC 159 todevelop standards in the field of ergonomics (Parsonset al., 1995). The scope of the ISO/TC 159 activityhas been described as standardization in the field ofergonomics, including terminology, methodology, andhuman factors data. According to the agreed scope, theISO Technical Committee 159 (through standardiza-tion and coordination of related activities) promotes theadaptation of working and living conditions to humananatomical, psychological, and physiological charac-teristics in relation to the physical, sociological, andtechnological environment. Among the main objec-tives of such efforts are safety, health, well-being, andeffectiveness (Parsons, 1995c). It should be noted thatbecause of historical and organizational factors, manystandards in the field of ergonomics are not developedby the ISO TC 159.

At present, the ISO TC 159 organizational structureis administrated by the German Standards Association

HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS STANDARDS 1489

(DIN). The ergonomics standardization group consistsof four subcommittees: SC 1, SC 3, SC 4, andSC 5. The subject areas of subcommittees and theirorganizational structure are presented in the Table 1.Before any of the ISO documents can become astandard, they have to undergo several stages:

• Stage 1: Approved Work Item (AWI); WorkItem (WI)

• Stage 2: Working Draft (WD)• Stage 3: Committee Draft (CD); Committee

Draft Technical Report (CD TR); CommitteeDraft Technical Specification (CD TS)

• Stage 4: Committee Draft for Vote (CDV);Draft International Standard (DIS); Final Com-mittee Draft (FCD); Draft Technical Report(DTR); Draft Technical Specification (DTS)

• Stage 5: Final Draft International Standard(FDIS)

• Stage 6: International Standard (ISO); Techni-cal Report (ISO TR); Technical Specification(ISO TS)

Table 1 Organizational Structure of ISO TC 159

Committee Title

TC 159/SC 1: Ergonomic guiding principlesTC 159/SC 1/WG 1 Principles of the design of work

systemsTC 159/SC 1/WG 2 Ergonomic principles related to

mental workTC 159/SC 1/WG 4 Usability of everyday products

TC 159/SC 3: Anthropometry and biomechanicsTC 159/SC 3/WG 1 AnthropometryTC 159/SC 3/WG 2 Evaluation of working posturesTC 159/SC 3/WG 4 Human physical strength:

manual handling and forcelimits

TC 159/SC 3/WG 5 Ergonomic procedures forapplying anthropometry andbiomechanics standards

TC 159/SC 4: Ergonomics of human–system interactionTC 159/SC 4/WG 1 Fundamentals of controls and

signaling methodsTC 159/SC 4/WG 2 Visual display requirementsTC 159/SC 4/WG 3 Control, workplace, and

environmental requirementsTC 159/SC 4/WG 5 Software ergonomics and

human–computer dialoguesTC 159/SC 4/WG 6 Human-centered design

processes for interactivesystems

TC 159/SC 4/WG 8 Ergonomic design of controlcenters

TC 159/SC 5: Ergonomics of the physical environmentTC 159/SC 5/WG 1 Thermal environmentsTC 159/SC 5/WG 2 Lighting environmentsTC 159/SC 5/WG 3 Danger signals and

communication in noisyenvironments

Table 2 ISO Standards for Ergonomic GuidingPrinciples

Reference Number Title

ISO 6385:2004 Ergonomic principles in thedesign of work systems

ISO 10075:1991 Ergonomic principles related tomental workload: Generalterms and definitions

ISO 10075-2:1996 Ergonomic principles related tomental workload, part 2:Design principles

ISO/FDIS 10075-3 Ergonomic principles related tomental workload, part 3:Principles and requirementsconcerning methods formeasuring and assessingmental workload

ISO/CD 20282-1 Ease of operation of everydayproducts, part 1: Context ofuse and user characteristics

ISO/CD TS 20282-2 Ease of operation of everydayproducts, part 2: Test method

2.1 Ergonomics Guiding PrinciplesThe standards concerned with the ergonomics basicprinciples are elaborated by the TC 159/SC 1 sub-committee. The list of the published standards andstandards in development for the ergonomics guidingprinciples are provided in Table 2. ISO 6385:2004is a basic standard that states the objectives of theergonomics system design and provides definitions ofbasic terms and concepts in ergonomics (HFE). Thisstandard establishes ergonomics principles of the worksystem design as basic guidelines. Such guidelinesshould be applied for the design of optimal workingconditions with regard to human well-being, safety,and health, with consideration of technological andeconomic efficiency (Parsons, 1995a).

The ISO 10075 standard dealing with mentalworkload is comprised of three parts. The first partpresents terminology and main concepts. Part 2 coversguidelines on the design of work systems, includingtask, equipment, workspace, and work conditions withreference to the mental workload. Part 3, whichprovides guidelines on measurement and assessmentof mental workload, is currently at the stage of a FinalDraft International Standard. The third part specifiesthe requirements for the measurement instruments tobe met at different levels of precision in measuringmental workload. In these standards it was stated thatany human activity, even those that are consideredprimarily as physical activities, includes a mentalworkload (Nachreiner, 1995). Therefore, the describedstandards on mental workload are relevant to all kindsof work design.

2.2 Anthropometry and BiomechanicsThe standards related to anthropometry and biome-chanics are developed by the TC 159/SC 3 sub-committee. This subcommittee consists of four work-ing groups: Anthropometry (WG 1), Evaluation of


Table 3 Published ISO Standards and Standardsunder Development for Anthropometry andBiomechanics

ReferenceNumber Title

ISO 7250:1996 Basic human bodymeasurements fortechnological design

ISO 11226:2000 Ergonomics: Evaluation of staticworking postures

ISO 11228-1:2003 Ergonomics: Manual handling,part 1: Lifting and carrying

ISO 14738:2002 Safety of machinery:Anthropometric requirementsfor the design of workstationsat machinery

ISO 14738:2002/Cor1:2003

Corrigendum

ISO 15534-1:2000 Ergonomic design for the safetyof machinery, part 1: Principlesfor determining the dimensionsrequired for openings forwhole-body access intomachinery

ISO 15534-2:2000 Ergonomic design for the safetyof machinery, part 2: Principlesfor determining the dimensionsrequired for access openings

ISO 15534-3:2000 Ergonomic design for the safetyof machinery, part 3:Anthropometric data

ISO 15535:2003 General requirements forestablishing anthropometricdatabases

ISO/TS 20646-1:2004 Ergonomic procedures for theimprovement of local muscularworkloads, part 1: Guidelinesfor reducing local muscularworkloads

ISO/CD 11228-2 Ergonomics: Manual handling,part 2: Pushing and pulling

ISO/CD 11228-3 Ergonomics: Manual handling,part 3: Handling of low loads athigh frequency

ISO/DIS 15536-1 Ergonomics: Computer manikinsand body templates, part 1:General requirements

ISO/CD 15536-2 Ergonomics: Computer manikinsand body templates, part 2:Structures and dimensions

ISO/FDIS 15537 Principles for selecting and usingtest persons for testinganthropometric aspects ofindustrial products and designs

ISO/DIS 20685 Three-dimensional scanningmethodologies forinternationally compatibleanthropometric databases

working postures (WG 2), Human physical strength(WG 3), and Manual handling and heavy weights(WG 4). The list of the published standards and

standards in development for anthropometry andbiomechanics are presented in Table 3. The descriptionof anthropometric measurements, which can be usedas a basis for definition and comparison of populationgroups, is provided in the ISO 7250:1996 standard.In addition to the lists of the basic anthropometricmeasurements, this document contains definitions andmeasuring conditions.

The three-part standards for the safety of machinery(ISO 15534) provides guidelines for determiningthe dimensions required for openings for accessfor machinery. The first part of this standard (ISO15534-1:2000) presents principles for determiningthe dimensions for opening for whole-body accessto machinery; the second part (ISO 15534-2:2000)specifies dimensions for the access openings. The thirdpart of the safety of machinery standards (ISO 15534-3:2000) provides the requirements for the human bodymeasurements (anthropometric data) that are neededfor the calculation of access opening dimensions formachinery specified in the two previous parts of thisstandard (Parsons, 1995c). The anthropometric dataare based on static measurements on nude people andrepresentative of the European population of men andwomen.

ISO 14738:2002 describes principles for derivingdimensions from anthropometric measurements andapplying them to the design of workstations atnonmobile machinery. This standard also specifiesthe body space requirements for equipment duringnormal operation in sitting and standing positions.ISO 15535:2003 specifies general requirements foranthropometric databases and their associated reportsthat contain measurements taken in accordance withISO 7250. This standard presents such informationas characteristics of the user population, samplingmethods, and measurement items and statistics, tomake international comparison possible among variouspopulation segments.

ISO 11228-1:2003 describes limits for manuallifting and carrying with consideration, respectively,the intensity, frequency, and duration of the task. Thelimits recommended can be used in the assessment ofseveral task variables and the health risk evaluationof the working population (Dickinson, 1995). Thisstandard does not include holding of objects (withoutwalking), pushing or pulling of objects, lifting withone hand, manual handling while seated, and liftingby two or more people. Holding, pushing, and pullingobjects are included in other parts of ISO 11228, whichare currently at the stage of committee drafts. ISO/TS20646-1:2004 present guidelines for application ofvarious ergonomics standards related to local muscularworkload (LMWL) and specify activities to reduceLMWL in workplaces.

2.3 Ergonomics of Human–System Interaction

The TC 159/SC 4 subcommittee develops the standardsrelated to ergonomics of human–system interaction.The subcommittee are divided into six working groups,which consider the standards related to the follow-ing topics: controls and signaling methods, visual


display requirements, control, workplace and envi-ronmental requirements, software ergonomics andhuman–computer dialogue, human-centered designprocesses for interactive systems, and ergonomicsdesign of control centers.

2.3.1 Controls and Signaling MethodsISO 9355, Ergonomic Requirements for the Design ofDisplays and Control Actuators, provides guidelinesfor the design of displays and control actuators onwork equipment, especially machines (see Table 4). Alist of all parts of the standard ISO 9355 is presented inTable 4. Part 1 describes general principles of humaninteractions with display and controls. The othertwo parts provides recommendation on the selection,design, and location of information displays (part 2)and control actuators (part 3). Part 4 covers generalprinciples for the location and arrangement of displayand actuators.

2.3.2 Visual Display RequirementsThe multipart standard ISO 9241, Ergonomic Require-ments for Office Work with Visual Display Terminals(VDTs), is believed to be the most important andknown standard for ergonomic design (Stewart, 1995;Eibl, 2005). This standard presents general guidanceand specific principles that need to be consideredin the design of equipment, software, and tasks foroffice work with VDTs. All parts of the standardISO 9241, Ergonomic Requirements for Office Workwith Visual Display Terminals (VDTs), are presented inTable 5.

ISO 9241 standard describes the basic underlin-ing principles of the user performance approach (part1). Part 2 describes how task requirements may beidentified and specified in organizations and how taskrequirements can be incorporated into the systemdesign and implementation process. Parts 3 through

Table 4 ISO Standards for Controls and SignalingMethods


ISO 9355-1:1999 Ergonomic requirements for thedesign of displays and controlactuators, part 1: Humaninteractions with displays andcontrol actuators

ISO 9355-2:1999 Ergonomic requirements for thedesign of displays and controlactuators, part 2: Displays

ISO/DIS 9355-3 Safety of machinery: Ergonomicrequirements for the design ofsignals and control actuators, part3: Control actuators

ISO/DIS 9355-4 Safety of machinery: Ergonomicrequirements for the design ofdisplays and control actuators,part 4: Location and arrangementof displays and control actuators

Table 5 ISO 9241: Ergonomic Requirements forOffice Work with Visual Display Terminals


ISO 9241-1:1997 Part 1: General introductionISO 9241-2:1992 Part 2: Guidance on task

requirementsISO 9241-3:1992 Part 3: Visual display requirementsISO 9241-4:1998 Part 4: Keyboard requirementsISO 9241-5:1998 Part 5: Workstation layout and

postural requirementsISO 9241-6:1999 Part 6: Guidance on the work

environmentISO 9241-7:1998 Part 7: Requirements for display

with reflectionsISO 9241-8:1997 Part 8: Requirements for displayed

colorsISO 9241-9:2000 Part 9: Requirements for

nonkeyboard input devicesISO 9241-10:1996 Part 10: Dialogue principlesISO 9241-11:199 Part 11: Guidance on usabilityISO 9241-12:1998 Part 12: Presentation of informationISO 9241-13:1998 Part 13: User guidanceISO 9241-14:1997 Part 14: Menu dialoguesISO 9241-15:1997 Part 15: Command dialoguesISO 9241-16:1999 Part 16: Direct manipulation

dialoguesISO 9241-17:1998 Part 17: Form filling dialogues

9 provide assistance in the procurement and speci-fication of the hardware and environmental compo-nents. Three parts presents image quality requirements(performance specification) for different types of dis-plays: white-and-black display (part 3), color dis-plays (part 8), and display with reflections (part 7).Part 4 provides criteria for the keyboard and part 9for nonkeyboard input devices. Parts 5 and 6 estab-lish ergonomic principles for the appropriate designand procurement of workstation, workstation equip-ment, and work environment for office work withVDTs (Eibl, 2005). Those two parts includes suchissues as technical design of furniture and equipmentfor the workplace, space organization and workplacelayout, physical characteristics of office work environ-ment: lighting, noise, and vibrations. Part 10 presentscore ergonomics principles that should be applied tothe design of dialogues between humans and informa-tion systems. These principles were intended for usein specifications, design, and evaluation of dialoguesfor office work with visual display terminals (VDTs).Part 11 defines usability and specifies the usabilityevaluation in terms of the user performance and sat-isfaction measures (Dzida, 1995). Part 12 providesergonomic recommendations for information presen-tation on the text-based displays and graphical userinterfaces. Part 13 presents recommendations for dif-ferent types of user guidance attributes of softwareinterfaces, such as feedback, status, help, and errorhandling. Parts 14 to 17 deal with particular kinds ofdialogue styles: menus, commands, direct manipula-tion, and form filling.


The ISO 13406 standard provides recommendationsadditional to those of ISO 9241 in respect to visualdisplays based on flat panels. Two parts of this standardcover image quality requirements for the ergonomicdesign and evaluation of flat panel displays. ISO 14915provides additional recommendations to ISO 9241concerning multimedia presentations.

2.3.3 Software ErgonomicsISO 14915, Software Ergonomics for Multimedia UserInterfaces, specifies recommendations and principlesfor the design of interactive multimedia user inter-faces that integrate various media, such as static text,graphics, and images, and dynamic media such as:audio, animation, and video. This standard focuses onissues related to integration of different media; hard-ware issues and multimodal input are not considered.The standard consist of three parts (see Table 6), whichaddress general design principles (part 1), multime-dia navigation and control (Part 2), and media selec-tion and combination (part 3). The Committee draftISO/CD 23973 considers ergonomics design principlesfor World Wide Web user interfaces.

2.3.4 Ergonomic Design of Control CentersISO 11064, Ergonomic Design of Control Centers,specifies requirements and presents principles for the

Table 6 ISO Standards for Software Ergonomics


ISO 14915-1:2002 Software ergonomics for multimediauser interfaces, part 1: Designprinciples and framework

ISO 14915-2:2003 Software ergonomics for multimediauser interfaces, part 2: Multimedianavigation and control

ISO 14915-3:2002 Software ergonomics for multimediauser interfaces, part 3: Mediaselection and combination

ISO/CD 23973 Software ergonomics for World WideWeb user interfaces

Table 7 ISO 11064: Ergonomic Design of ControlCenters


ISO 11064-1:2000 Part 1: Principles for the design ofcontrol centers

ISO 11064-2:2000 Part 2: Principles for thearrangement of control suites

ISO 11064-3:1999 Part 3: Control room layoutISO 11064-4:2004 Part 4: Layout and dimensions of

workstationsISO/DIS 11064-6 Part 6: Environmental requirements

for control centersISO/CD 11064-7 Part 7: Principles for the evaluation

of control centers

ergonomic design of control centers. The list of allparts of ISO 11064 is provided in Table 7. The sixparts of this standard are concerned with the followingissues: principles for the design of control centers,principles of control suite arrangements, control roomand workstation layout and dimensions, displaysand controls, environmental requirements, evaluationof control rooms, and ergonomic requirements forspecific applications.

2.3.5 Human–System Interaction

Issues of accessibility in designing usable sys-tems are covered in two ISO Standards. ISO/AWI16071 provides guidance on accessibility in refer-ence to software, and ISO/TS 16071:2003 in refer-ence to the human–computer interfaces. The guide-lines on the human-centered design process through-out the life cycle of computer-based interactive sys-tems are described in ISO 13407:1999 and ISO/TR18529:2000.

Usability methods supporting human-centered de-sign are described in ISO/TR 16982:2002. Furtherstandards concerned with the human–system interac-tion address such issues as development and design oficons (ISO 11581), design of typical controls for multi-media functions (ISO 18035), icons for typical WWWbrowsers (ISO 18036), and definitions and metrics con-cerning software quality (ISO 9126). Table 8 showsthe list of published ISO standards and standards indevelopment for human–system interaction.

2.4 Ergonomics of the Physical Environment

The ISO TC159 SC5 document contains an interna-tional standard in the area of the ergonomics of thephysical environment. The subcommittee is dividedinto three working groups: thermal environments (WG1), lighting (WG 2), and danger signals and commu-nication in noisy environments (WG 3).

2.4.1 Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment

The standards on the ergonomics of thermal environ-ments are concerned with heat stress, cold stress, andthermal comfort as well as with the thermal proper-ties of clothing and metabolic heat production due toactivity (Olesen, 1995). Physiological measures, skinreaction to contact with hot, moderate, and cold sur-faces, and thermal comfort requirements for peoplewith special requirements are also considered. Thelist of all standards and standards in development onthermal environment ergonomics are presented in theTables 9 and 10, respectively.

The main thermal comfort standard, ISO 7730, pro-vides a method for predicting the thermal sensation andthe degree of discomfort, which can also be used tospecify acceptable environmental conditions for com-fort. This method is based on the predicted mean vote(PMV) and predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD)thermal comfort indices (Olesen and Parsons, 2002).It also provides methods for the assessment of localdiscomfort caused by draughts, asymmetric radiation,and temperature gradients. Other thermal environment


Table 8 Published ISO Standards and Standards under Development for Human–System Interaction


ISO 13407:1999 Human-centered design processes for interactive systemsISO 1503:1977 Geometrical orientation and directions of movementsISO/AWI 1503 Ergonomic requirements for design on spatial orientation and directions of movementsISO/AWI 16071 Ergonomics of human–system interaction: Guidance on software accessibilityISO/TS 16071:2003 Ergonomics of human–system interaction: Guidance on accessibility for human–computer

interfacesISO/TR 16982:2002 Ergonomics of human–system interaction: Usability methods supporting human–centered

designISO/PAS 18152:2003 Ergonomics of human–system interaction: Specification for the process assessment of

human–system issuesISO/TR 18529:2000 Ergonomics of human–system interaction: Human-centered lifecycle process descriptionsISO 13406-1:1999 Ergonomic requirements for work with visual displays based on flat panels, part 1:

IntroductionISO 13406-2:2001 Ergonomic requirements for work with visual displays based on flat panels, part 2:

Ergonomic requirements for flat panel displaysISO/CD 9241-301 Ergonomic requirements and measurement techniques for electronic visual displays, part

301: IntroductionISO/CD 9241-302 Ergonomic requirements and measurement techniques for electronic visual displays, part

302: TerminologyISO/CD 9241-303 Ergonomic requirements and measurement techniques for electronic visual displays, part

303: Ergonomic requirementsISO/AWI 9241-304 Ergonomic requirements and measurement techniques for electronic visual displays, part

304: User performance test methodISO/CD 9241-305 Ergonomic requirements and measurement techniques for electronic visual displays, part

305: Optical laboratory test methodsISO/CD 9241-306 Ergonomic requirements and measurement techniques for electronic visual displays, part

306: Field assessment methodsISO/CD 9241-307 Ergonomic requirements and measurement techniques for electronic visual displays, part

307: Analysis and compliance test methodsISO/CD 9241-110 Ergonomics of human–system interaction, part 110: Dialogue principlesISO/CD 9241-400 Physical input devices: Ergonomic principlesISO/AWI 9241-410 Physical input devices: Design criteria for productsISO/AWI 9241-420 Physical input devices, part 420: Ergonomic selection proceduresISO/IEC 11581-1:2000 Information technology: User system interfaces and symbols–Icon symbols and functions,

part 1: Icons—generalISO/IEC 11581-2:2000 Information technology: User system interfaces and symbols–Icon symbols and functions,

part 2: Object iconsISO/IEC 11581-3:2000 Information technology: User system interfaces and symbols–Icon symbols and functions,

part 3: Pointer iconsISO/IEC 11581-5:2004 Information technology: User system interfaces and symbols–Icon symbols and functions,

part 5: Tool iconsISO/IEC 11581-6:1999 Information technology: User system interfaces and symbols–Icon symbols and functions,

part 6: Action iconsISO/IEC 9126-1:2001 Software engineering: Product quality, part 1: Quality modelISO/IEC TR 9126-2:2003 Software engineering: Product quality, part 2: External metricsISO/IEC TR 9126-3:2003 Software engineering: Product quality, part 3: Internal metricsISO/IEC TR 9126-4:2004 Software engineering: Product quality, part 4: Quality in use metrics

standards address such issues as thermal comfort forpeople with special requirements (ISO/TS 14415),responses on contact with surfaces at moderate tem-perature (ISO 13732, part 2), and thermal comfort invehicles (ISO 14505, parts 1–4). Standards concernedwith thermal comfort assessment specify measuringinstruments (ISO 7726), methods for estimation ofmetabolic heat production (ISO 8996), estimation ofclothing properties (ISO 9920), and subjective assess-ment methods (ISO 10551). ISO 11399:1995 pro-vides information needed for the correct and effective

application of international standards concerned withthe ergonomics of the thermal environment.

2.4.2 Communication in Noisy EnvironmentsThe standards for communication in noisy envi-ronments includes warnings, danger signals, andspeech. The list of related standards is provided inTable 11. The ISO 7731:1986 document specifies therequirements and test methods for auditory dangersignals and gives guidelines for the design of thesignals in the public and in workplaces. This doc-ument also provides definitions to guide in the use


of the standards concerned with noisy environment.Criteria for the perception of the visual danger sig-nals are provided in ISO 11428:1996. This interna-tional standard specifies the safety and ergonomicrequirements and the corresponding physical measure-ments.

ISO 11429:1996 specifies a system of danger andinformation signals in reference to various degrees ofurgency. This standard applies to all danger signalsthat have to be clearly perceived and differentiated,from extreme urgency to “all clear.” Guidance ondelectability is provided in terms of luminance,illuminance, and contrast, considering both surfaceand point sources. ISO 9921-1:1996 describes amethod for prediction of the effectiveness of speechcommunication in the presence of noise generated bymachinery as well as in any other noisy environment.The following parameters are taken into account inthis standard: the ambient noise at the speaker’sposition, the ambient noise at the listener’s position,the distance between the communication partners, anda variety of physical and personal conditions (Parsons,1995b). ISO/TR 19358:2002 deals with the testing andassessment of speech-related products and services.

2.4.3 Lighting of Indoor Work Systems

ISO 8995 (1989), Principles of Visual Ergonomics:The Lighting of Indoor Work Systems, was developedby the ISO 159 SC5 WG2 “Lighting” group in col-laboration with the International Commission on Illu-mination (CIE). This standards describes the princi-ples of the visual ergonomics, identifies factors thatinfluence visual performance, and presents criteriafor the achievement of an acceptable visual environ-ment (Parsons, 1995b).

3 CEN STANDARDS FOR ERGONOMICS

In Europe, there are three standardization organiza-tions: the European Committee for Standardisation(Comite Europeen de Normalisation, CEN), the Euro-pean Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation(CENELEC), and the European TelecommunicationsStandards Institute (ETSI). Their aim is develop-ment and achievement of a coherent set of volun-tary standards that can provide a basis for a sin-gle European market/European economic area with-out internal frontiers for goods and services insideEurope. Their work is carried out in conjunction withworldwide bodies and the national standards bodiesin Europe (Wetting, 2002). Members of the EuropeanUnion (EU) and the European Fair Trade Associa-tion (EFTA) have agreed to implement CEN standardsin their national system and to withdraw conflictingnational standards.

In 1987, the Comite Europeen de Normalisa-tion (CEN) established CEN/TC 122, “Ergonomics”,which is responsible for development of the Europeanergonomic standards (Dul, et al., 1996). The scope ofthe CEN/TC 122 is standardization in the field ofergonomics principles and requirements for the designof work systems and work environments, including

Table 9 Published ISO Standards for Ergonomics ofthe Thermal Environment


ISO 7243:1989 Hot environments: Estimation ofthe heat stress on workingman, based on theWBGT-index (wet bulb globetemperature)

ISO 7726:1998 Ergonomics of the thermalenvironment: Instruments formeasuring physical quantities

ISO 7730:1994 Moderate thermal environments:Determination of the PMV andPPD indices and specificationof the conditions for thermalcomfort

ISO 7933:1989 Hot environments: Analyticaldetermination andinterpretation of thermal stressusing calculation of requiredsweat rate

ISO 8996:1990 Ergonomics: Determination ofmetabolic heat production

ISO 9886:1992 Evaluation of thermal strain byphysiological measurements

ISO 9920:1995 Ergonomics of the thermalenvironment: Estimation of thethermal insulation andevaporative resistance of aclothing ensemble

ISO 10551:1995 Ergonomics of the thermalenvironment: Assessment ofthe influence of the thermalenvironment using subjectivejudgment scales

ISO/TR 11079:1993 Evaluation of cold environments:Determination of requisiteclothing insulation (IREC)

ISO 11399:1995 Ergonomics of the thermalenvironment: Principles andapplication of relevantinternational standards

ISO 12894:2001 Ergonomics of the thermalenvironment: Medicalsupervision of individualsexposed to extreme hot or coldenvironments

ISO 13731:2001 Ergonomics of the thermalenvironment: Vocabulary andsymbols

ISO/TS 13732-2:2001 Ergonomics of the thermalenvironment: Methods for theassessment of humanresponses to contact withsurfaces, part 2: Humancontact with surfaces atmoderate temperature

machinery and personal protective equipment, to pro-mote the health, safety, and well-being of the humanoperator and the effectiveness of the work (CEN,


Table 10 ISO Drafts and Standards under Development for Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment


ISO/DIS 7730 Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Analytical determination and interpretation of thermalcomfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort

ISO/FDIS 7933 Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Analytical determination and interpretation of heat stressusing calculation of the predicted heat strain

ISO/FDIS 8996 Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Determination of metabolic rateISO/CD 9920 Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Estimation of the thermal insulation and evaporative

resistance of a clothing ensembleISO/CD 11079 Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Determination and interpretation of cold stress when

using required clothing insulation (IREQ) and local cooling effectsISO/DIS 13732-1 Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Methods for the assessment of human responses to

contact with surfaces, part 1: Hot surfacesISO/DIS 13732-3 Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Touching of cold surfaces, part 3: Ergonomics data and

guidance for applicationISO/CD TS 14415 Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Application of international standards to the disabled,

the aged and other handicapped personsISO/DIS 14505-1 Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Evaluation of thermal environment in vehicles, part 1:

Principles and methods for assessment of thermal stressISO/DIS 14505-2 Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Evaluation of thermal environment in vehicles, part 2:

Determination of equivalent temperatureISO/CD 14505-3 Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Thermal environment in vehicles, part 3: Evaluation of

thermal comfort using human subjectsISO 15265 Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Risk assessment strategy for the prevention of stress or

discomfort in thermal working conditionsISO/CD 15743 Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Working practices in cold: Strategy for risk assessment

and management

Table 11 ISO Standards for Danger Signals andCommunication in Noisy Environments


ISO 7731:1986 Ergonomics: Danger signals forpublic and work areas—Auditorydanger signals

ISO 11428:1996 Ergonomics: Visual dangersignals—General requirements,design and testing

ISO 11429:1996 Ergonomics: System of auditoryand visual danger andinformation signals

ISO 9921-1:1996 Ergonomic assessment of speechcommunication, part 1: Speechinterference level andcommunication distances forpersons with normal hearingcapacity in directcommunication (SIL method)

ISO/TR 19358:2002 Ergonomics: Construction andapplication of tests for speechtechnology

2004). The organizational structure of the CEN/TC 122is presented in Table 12.

The ISO and CEN have signed a formal agreementAgreement on Technical Cooperation Between ISO andCEN (the Vienna Agreement) that established closecooperation between these standardization bodies. ISO

Table 12 Organizational Structure of CEN/TC 122

WorkingGroup Title

CEN/TC 122/WG 1 AnthropometryCEN/TC 122/WG 2 Ergonomic design principlesCEN/TC 122/WG 3 Surface temperaturesCEN/TC 122/WG 4 BiomechanicsCEN/TC 122/WG 5 Ergonomics of

human–computer interactionCEN/TC 122/WG 6 Signals and controlsCEN/TC 122/WG 8 Danger signals and speech

communication in noisyenvironments

CEN/TC 122/WG 9 Ergonomics of personalprotective equipment (PPE)

CEN/TC 122/WG 10 Ergonomic design principles forthe operability of mobilemachinery

CEN/TC 122/WG 11 Ergonomics of the thermalenvironment

CEN/TC 122/WG 12 Integrating ergonomic principlesfor machinery design

and CEN decided to harmonize the development oftheir standards and to cooperate regarding exchangeof information and standards drafting. Accordingto this agreement, the ISO standards are adoptedby CEN, and vice versa. Table 13 presents pub-lished CEN ergonomics standards. Most of theergonomic standards published by CEN/TC 122 is


Table 13 Published CEN Standards for Ergonomics

CENReference Title

ISOStandard

Ergonomics Principles

EN ISO 10075-1:2000 Ergonomic principles related to mental workload, part 1: General termsand definitions

ISO 10075:1991

EN ISO 10075-2:2000 Ergonomic principles related to mental workload, part 2: Designprinciples

ISO 10075-2:1996

ENV 26385:1990 Ergonomic principles of the design of work systems ISO 6385: 1981EN ISO 6385:2004 Ergonomic principles in the design of work systems ISO 6385:2004

Anthropometrics and Biomechanics

EN 1005-1:2001 Safety of machinery: Human physical performance, part 1: Terms anddefinitions

EN 1005-2:2003 Safety of machinery: Human physical performance, part 2: Manualhandling of machinery and component parts of machinery

EN 1005-3:2002 Safety of machinery: Human physical performance, part 3:Recommended force limits for machinery operation

EN 13861:2002 Safety of machinery: Guidance for the application of ergonomicsstandards in the design of machinery

EN 547-1:1996 Safety of machinery: Human body measurements, part 1: Principlesfor determining the dimensions required for openings for whole bodyaccess into machinery

EN 547-2:1996 Safety of machinery: Human body measurements, part 2: Principlesfor determining the dimensions required for access openings

EN 547-3:1996 Safety of machinery: Human body measurements, part 3:Anthropometric data

EN 614-1:1995 Safety of machinery: Ergonomic design principles, part 1: Terminologyand general principles

EN 614-2:2000 Safety of machinery: Ergonomic design principles, part 2: Interactionsbetween the design of machinery and work tasks

EN ISO 7250:1997 Basic human body measurements for technological design ISO 7250:1996EN ISO 14738:2002 Safety of machinery: Anthropometric requirements for the design of

workstations at machineryISO 14738:2002

EN ISO 15535:2003 General requirements for establishing anthropometric databases ISO 15535:2003

Ergonomics Design of Control Centers

EN ISO 11064-1:2000 Ergonomic design of control centers, part 1: Principles for the designof control centers

ISO 11064-1:2000

EN ISO 11064-2:2000 Ergonomic design of control centers, part 2: Principles for thearrangement of control suites

ISO 11064-2:2000

EN ISO 11064-3:1999 Ergonomic design of control centers, part 3: Control room layout ISO 11064-3:1999EN ISO 11064-

3:1999/AC:2002Ergonomic design of control centers, part 3: Control room layout ISO 11064-

3:1999/Cor.1:2002

Human–System Interaction

EN ISO 13406-1:1999 Ergonomic requirements for work with visual display based on flatpanels, part 1: Introduction

ISO 13406-1:1999

EN ISO 13406-2:2001 Ergonomic requirements for work with visual displays based on flatpanels, part 2: Ergonomic requirements for flat panel displays

ISO 13406-2:2001

EN ISO 13407:1999 Human-centered design processes for interactive systems ISO 13407:1999EN ISO 13731:2001 Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Vocabulary and symbols ISO 13731:2001EN ISO 14915-1:2002 Software ergonomics for multimedia user interfaces, part 1: Design

principles and frameworkISO 14915-1:2002

EN ISO 14915-2:2003 Software ergonomics for multimedia user interfaces, part 2:Multimedia navigation and control

ISO 14915-2:2003

EN ISO 14915-3:2002 Software ergonomics for multimedia user interfaces, part 3: Mediaselection and combination

ISO 14915-3:2002

EN ISO 9921:2003 Ergonomics: Assessment of speech communication ISO 9921:2003


Table 13 (continued)

CENReference Title

ISOStandard

Danger Signals

EN 457:1992 Safety of machinery: Auditory danger signals—General requirements,design and testing

ISO 7731:1986,modified

EN 842:1996 Safety of machinery: Visual danger signals—General requirements,design and testing

EN 981:1996 Safety of machinery: System of auditory and visual danger andinformation signals

Thermal Environments

EN 12515:1997 Hot environments: Analytical determination and interpretation ofthermal stress using calculation of required sweat rate

ISO 7933:1989modified

EN 27243:1993 Hot environments: estimation of the heat stress on working man,based on the WBGT-index (wet bulb globe temperature)

ISO 7243:1989

EN 28996:1993 Ergonomics: Determination of metabolic heat production ISO 8996:1990EN ISO 10551:2001 Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Assessment of the influence

of the thermal environment using subjective judgement scalesISO 10551:1995

EN ISO 11399:2000 Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Principles and application ofrelevant international standards

ISO 11399:1995

EN ISO 12894:2001 Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Medical supervision ofindividuals exposed to extreme hot or cold environments

ISO 12894:2001

EN ISO 7726:2001 Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Instruments for measuringphysical quantities

ISO 7726:1998

EN ISO 7730:1995 Moderate thermal environments: Determination of the PMV and PPDindices and specification of the conditions for thermal comfort

ISO 7730:1994

EN ISO 9886:2001 Evaluation of thermal strain by physiological measurements ISO 9886:1992EN ISO 9886:2004 Ergonomics: Evaluation of thermal strain by physiological

measurementsISO 9886:2004

EN ISO 9920:2003 Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Estimation of the thermalinsulation and evaporative resistance of a clothing ensemble

ISO 9920:1995

ENV ISO 11079:1998 Evaluation of cold environments: Determination of required clothinginsulation (REQ)

ISO/TR 11079:1993

EN 13202:2000 Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Temperatures of touchablehot surfaces—Guidance for establishing surface temperature limitvalues in production standards with the aid of EN 563

EN 563:1994 Safety of machinery: Temperatures of touchablesurfaces—Ergonomics data to establish temperature limit values forhot surfaces

EN 563:1994/A1:1999 Safety of machinery: Temperatures of touchablesurfaces—Ergonomics data to establish temperature limit values forhot surfaces

EN 563:1994/A1:1999/AC:2000

Safety of machinery: Temperatures of touchablesurfaces—Ergonomics data to establish temperature limit values forhot surfaces

EN 563:1994/AC:1994 Safety of machinery: Temperatures of touchablesurfaces—Ergonomics data to establish temperature limit values forhot surfaces

Displays and Control Actuators

EN 894-1:1997 Safety of machinery: Ergonomics requirements for the design ofdisplays and control actuators, part 1: General principles for humaninteractions with displays and control actuators

EN 894-2:1997 Safety of machinery: Ergonomics requirements for the design ofdisplays and control actuators, part 2: Displays

EN 894-3:2000 Safety of machinery: Ergonomics requirements for the design ofdisplays and control actuators, part 3: Control actuators


Table 14 CEN Standards for Ergonomics under Development

ReferenceNumber Title DAV

prEN ISO 13732-3 Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Methods for the assessment of humanresponses to contact with surfaces, part 3: Cold surfaces (ISO/FDIS13732-3:2004)

2005-01

prEN 1005-4 Safety of machinery: Human physical performance, part 4: Evaluation ofworking postures and movements in relation to machinery

2003-09

CEN/TC 122 N 291 Personal protective equipment: Ergonomic principles, part 2: Application ofanthropometric measurements in design and specification

2002-09

prEN 13921-3 Personal protective equipment: Ergonomic principles, part 3: Biomechanicalcharacteristics

2003-10

prEN 13921-4 Personal protective equipment: Ergonomic principles, part 4: Thermalcharacteristics

2003-10

prEN 13921-6 Personal protective equipment: Ergonomic principles, part 6: Sensory factors 2003-10prEN 14386 Safety of machinery: Ergonomic design principles for the operability of mobile

machinery2005-02

prEN ISO 15537 Principles for selecting and using test persons for testing anthropometricaspects of industrial products and designs (ISO/DIS 15537:2002)

2004-05

Safeguarding crushing points by means of limitation of the active forces 1998-11prEN 894-4 Safety of machinery: Ergonomic requirements for the design of displays and

control actuators, part 4: Location and arrangement of displays and controlactuators

2003-04

EN ISO 11064-4:2004 Ergonomic design of control centres, part 4: Layout and dimensions ofworkstations (ISO 11064-4:2004)

2004-07

ISO/CD 11064-5 Ergonomic design of control centres, part 5: Displays and controls 2003-10prEN ISO 11064-6 Ergonomic design of control centres, part 6: Environmental requirements for

control centres (ISO/DIS 11064-6:2003)2003-10

ISO/CD 11064-7 Ergonomic design of control centres, part 7: Principles for the evaluation ofcontrol centres

2003-10

prEN 13921-1 Personal protective equipment: Ergonomic principles, part 1: General guidance 2003-10ISO/NP 12892 Reach envelopes 2003-01prEN 1005-5 Safety of machinery: Human physical performance, part 5: Risk assessment for

repetitive handling at high frequency2005-04

prEN ISO 15536-1 Ergonomics: Computer manikins and body templates, part 1: Generalrequirements (ISO/DIS 15536-1:2002)

2003-12

prEN ISO 15536-2 Ergonomics: Computer manikins and body templates, part 2: Verification offunction and validation of dimensions for computer manikin systems

2002-10

prEN ISO 10075-3 Ergonomic principles related to mental workload, part 3: Principles andrequirements concerning methods for measuring and assessing mentalworkload

2004-10

prEN 614-1 rev Safety of machinery: Ergonomic design principles, part 1: Terminology andgeneral principles

2004-01

prEN ISO 8996 rev Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Determination of metabolic rate 2004-10prEN ISO 7933 Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Analytical determination and

interpretation of heat stress using calculation of the predicted heat strain2004-10

ISO/NP 15743 Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Working practices for cold indoorenvironments

2003-07

prEN ISO 7730 rev Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Analytical determination andinterpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPDindices and local thermal comfort (ISO/DIS 7730:2003)

2005-05

prEN ISO 11079 Evaluation of cold environments: Determination of required clothing insulation(IREQ) (will replace ENV ISO 11079:1998)

2003-03

prEN ISO 20685 3D scanning methodologies for internationally compatible anthropometricdatabases (ISO/DIS 20685:2004)

2005-06

prEN ISO 15265 Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Risk assessment strategy for theprevention of stress or discomfort in thermal working conditions

2004-09

prEN ISO 13732-1 Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Methods for the assessment of humanresponses to contact with surfaces, part 1: Hot surfaces (ISO/DIS13732-1:2004)

2006-01

prEN ISO 23973 Software ergonomics for World Wide Web user interfaces 2006-01prEN ISO 14505-1 Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Evaluation of thermal environment in

vehicles, part 1: Principles and methods for assessment of thermal stress2006-02



ReferenceNumber Title DAV

prEN ISO 14505-2 Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Evaluation of thermal environment invehicles, part 2: Determination of equivalent temperature

2006-02

Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Application of international standardsto the disabled, the aged and other handicapped persons

2004-12

prEN ISO 9920 rev Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Estimation of the thermal insulationand evaporative resistance of a clothing ensemble

2006-05

Ergonomics of the thermal environment: Thermal environments in vehicles, part3: Evaluation of thermal comfort using human subjects (ISO/CD 14505-3)

2007-01

Ergonomics of human–system interaction: Ergonomic requirements andmeasurement techniques for electronic visual displays—Introduction

2007-04

Ergonomics of human–system interaction: Ergonomic requirements andmeasurement techniques for electronic visual displays—Terminology

2007-04

Ergonomics of human–system interaction: Ergonomic requirements andmeasurement techniques for electronic visual displays—Ergonomicrequirements

2007-04

Ergonomics of human–system interaction: Ergonomic requirements andmeasurement techniques for electronic visual displays—User performancetest methods

2007-04

Ergonomics of human–system interaction: Ergonomic requirements andmeasurement techniques for electronic visual displays—Optical laboratorytest methods

2007-04

Ergonomics of human–system interaction: Ergonomic requirements andmeasurement techniques for electronic visual displays—Field assessmentmethods

2007-04

Ergonomics of human–system interaction: Ergonomic requirements andmeasurement techniques for electronic visual displays—Analysis andcompliance test methods

2007-04

EN ISO 14738:2002/prAC Safety of machinery: Anthropometric requirements for the design ofworkstations at machinery (ISO 14738:2002)

2003-05

adoption, or adaptation, of ISO standards. The CENergonomic standards in development are shown inTable 14.

3.1 Other International Standards Related toErgonomicsFor historical and organizational factors, many ISOand CEN standards in the field of ergonomics havenot been developed by the technical committees ISOTC 159 and CEN and TC 122. Some ergonomics areascovered by other ISO and CEN technical committeesare presented in Table 15. The list of published ISOstandards related to the ergonomics area, but developedby groups other than the TC 159 committee, areprovided in Table 16.

4 ILO GUIDELINES FOR OCCUPATIONALSAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENTSYSTEMSThe popularity and success of a systematic andstandardized approach to the management systemsintroduced by the ISO led to the view that this typeof approach can also improve the management ofoccupational safety and health. Following this idea,the International Labor Organization (ILO) developedvoluntary guidelines on OSH management systemswhich reflect ILO values and ensure protection ofworkers’ safety and health (ILO-OSH, 2001). The

International Labor Organization (ILO) was foundedat the Versailles Congress in 1919 and became aspecialized agency of the United Nations (UN) in1946. The ILO objective is the promotion of socialjustice and internationally recognized human and laborrights (ILO, 2004). ILO represents the interests ofthree parties treated equally: employers, employeeorganizations, and government agencies.

The ILO-OSH (2001) guidelines provide recom-mendations concerning design and implementationof OSH MS that allows for integration of OSHwith the general enterprise management system. TheILO guidelines state that these recommendations areaddressed to all who are responsible for the occupa-tional safety and health management. These guidelinesare nonmandatory and are not intended to replacenational laws and regulations. The ILO-OSH (2001)document distinguished two levels of guideline appli-cation: national and organizational. At the nationallevel ILO-OSH (2001) provides recommendations forthe establishment of a national framework for occupa-tional safety and health management systems (OSH-MS). The guidelines suggest that this process shouldbe supported by the provision of the relevant nationallaws and regulations.

Establishment of a national framework for OSH-MS included the following actions (ILO-OSH, 2001):(1) nomination of competent institution(s) for OSH-MS,


Table 15 Ergonomic Areas Covered in StandardsDeveloped by the Other ISO and CEN TechnicalCommittees

Technical Committee

Topic ISO CEN

Safety of machines TC 199 TC 114Vibration and shock TC 108 TC 211Noise and acoustics TC 43 TC 211Lighting TC 169Respiratory protective devices TC 79Eye protection TC 85Head protection TC 158Hearing protection TC 159Protection against falls TC 94 TC 160Foot and leg protection TC 161Protective clothing TC 162Radiation protection TC 85Air quality TC 146Assessment and workplace

exposureTC 137

Office machines TC 95Information procession TC 97Road vehicles TC 22Safety color and signs TC 80Graphical symbols TC 145

Source: Dul et al. (1996).

(2) formulation of a coherent national policy, and(3) development of national and tailored guidelines. Theprocess of establishment of a national framework forOSH-MS and its components is presented in Figure 2.

At the organizational level ILO-OSH (2001),guidelines establish employer responsibilities regard-ing occupational safety and health management, andemphasize the importance of compliance with nationallaws and regulations. ILO-OSH (2001) suggests thatOSH management system elements be integrated

ILO guidelineson

OSH-MS

Nationalguidelines on

OSH-MS

OSH-MSin

organizations

Tailoredguidelines on

OSH-MS

Figure 2 Establishment of a national framework for theOSH-MS. (From ILO-OSH, 2001.)

into overall organizational policy and managementstrategies actions (ILO-OSH, 2001). The OSH man-agement systems in the organization consist of fivemain sections: policy, organizing, planning and imple-mentation, evaluation, and action for improvement.These elements correspond to the Demming cycle ofplan–do–check–act, internationally accepted as thebasis for the systems approach to management. TheOSH-MS main sections and their elements are listedin Table 17.

ILO-OSH (2001) guidelines require establishmentby the employer of the OSH policy in consultationwith workers and their representatives, and define thecontent of such policy. The ILO-OSH guidelines alsoindicate the importance of OSH policy integration andcompatibility with other management systems in theorganization. These guidelines emphasize the neces-sity of worker participation in the OSH managementsystem in the organization. Therefore, workers shouldbe consulted regarding OSH activities and should beencouraged to participate in OSH-MS, including asafety and health committee. The organizing sectionof the guidelines underlines the need for allocation ofresponsibility and accountability for the implementa-tion and performance of the OSH management systemto the senior management. This section also includesrequirements related to competence and training inthe OSH field and defines the necessary documenta-tion and communications activities. The planning andimplementation section includes the elements of initialreview, system planning, development and implemen-tation, OSH objectives, and hazard prevention. Theinitial review identifies the actual states of the orga-nization with regards to the OSH and creates the base-line for OSH policy implementation. The evaluationsection consists of performance monitoring and mea-surement, investigation of work-related diseases andincidents, audit, and management review. The guide-lines require carrying out internal audits of the OSH-MS according to the policies established. Action forimprovement includes the elements of preventive andcorrective action and continual improvement. The finalsection underlines the need for continual improvementof OSH performance through the development of poli-cies, systems, and techniques to prevent and controlwork-related injuries and diseases.

5 U.S. STANDARDS FOR HUMAN FACTORSAND ERGONOMICS

5.1 U.S. Government Standards

Among the HFE U.S. government standards, twodocuments are usually mentioned as basic: a mil-itary standard providing human engineering designcriteria (MIL-STD-1472), and a human–system inte-gration standard (NASA-STD-300) (Chapanis, 1996;McDaniel, 1996). In addition, there are more specificstandards that have been developed by such depart-ments as the Department of Defense, Departmentof Transportation, Department of Energy, and U.S.Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Additionally, a largenumber of handbooks that contain more detailed and


Table 16 HFE Standards Published by Other Than TC 159 ISO Technical Committees


CIE: International Commission on Illumination

ISO/CIE 8995:2002 Lighting of indoor workplaces

JTC 1/SC 6: Telecommunications and Information Exchange between Systems

ISO/IEC 10021-2:2003 Information technology: Message handling systems (MHS)—Overall architecture

JTC 1/SC 7: Software and System Engineering

ISO/IEC TR9126-4:2004

Software engineering: Product quality, part 4: Quality in use metrics

ISO/IEC 12119:1994 Information technology: Software packages—Quality requirements and testingISO/IEC 12207:1995 Information technology: Software life cycle processesISO/IEC 14598-1:1999 Information technology: Software product evaluation, part 1: General overviewISO/IEC 14598-4:1999 Software engineering: Product evaluation, part 4: Process for acquirersISO/IEC 14598-6:2001 Software engineering: Product evaluation, part 6: Documentation of evaluation modulesISO/IEC 15288:2002 Systems engineering: System life cycle processesISO/IEC TR

15504-5:1999Information technology: Software process assessment, part 5: An assessment model and

indicator guidanceISO/IEC 15910:1999 Information technology: Software user documentation processISO/IEC 18019:2004 Software and system engineering: Guidelines for the design and preparation of user

documentation for application softwareISO/IEC TR 19760:2003 Systems engineering: A guide for the application of ISO/IEC 15288 (System life cycle

processes)ISO/IEC 20926:2003 Software engineering: IFPUG 4.1 unadjusted functional size measurement

method—Counting practices manualISO/IEC 20968:2002 Software engineering: Mk II function point analysis—Counting practices manual

JTC 1/SC 22: Programming Languages, Their Environments and System Software Interfaces

ISO/IEC TR 11017:1998 Information technology: Framework for internationalizationISO/IEC TR 14252:1996 nformation technology: Guide to the POSIX Open System EnvironmentISO/IEC TR 15942:2000 Information technology: Programming languages—Guide for the use of the Ada programming

language in high integrity systems

JTC 1/SC 27: IT Security Techniques

ISO/IEC TR13335-4:2000

Information technology: Guidelines for the management of IT security, part 4: Selection ofsafeguards

ISO/IEC 21827:2002 Information technology: Systems security engineering—Capability maturity model

JTC 1/SC 35: User Interfaces

ISO/IEC 15411:1999 Information technology: Segmented keyboard layoutsISO/IEC 18035:2003 Information technology: Icon symbols and functions for controlling multimedia software

applications

TC 8/SC 5: Ships’ Bridge Layout

ISO 8468:1990 Ship’s bridge layout and associated equipment: Requirements and guidelinesISO 14612:2004 Ships and marine technology: Ship’s bridge layout and associated equipment—Additional

requirements and guidelines for centralized and integrated bridge functions

TC 8/SC 6: Navigation

ISO 16273:2003 Ships and marine technology: Night vision equipment for high-speed craft—Operational andperformance requirements, methods of testing and required test results

TC 20: Aircraft and Space Vehicles

ISO/TR 10201:2001 Aerospace: Standards for electronic instruments and systems

TC 20/SC 1: Aerospace Electrical Requirements

ISO 6858:1982 Aircraft: Ground support electrical supplies—General requirements

TC 20/SC 14: Space Systems and Operations

ISO 16091:2002 Space systems: Integrated logistic supportISO 17399:2003 Space systems: Man–systems integration

TC 21/SC 3: Fire Detection and Alarm Systems

ISO 12239:2003 Fire detection and fire alarm systems: Smoke alarms

(continued overleaf)




TC 22/SC 3: Electrical and Electronic Equipment

ISO 11748-2:2001 Road vehicles: Technical documentation of electrical and electronic systems, part 2:Documentation agreement

ISO/TR 15497:2000 Road vehicles: Development guidelines for vehicle based software

TC 22/SC 13: Ergonomics Applicable to Road Vehicles

ISO 2575:2004 Road vehicles: Symbols for controls, indicators and tell-talesISO 3958:1996 Passenger cars: Driver hand-control reachISO 4040:2001 Road vehicles: Location of hand controls, indicators and tell-tales in motor vehiclesISO 6549:1999 Road vehicles: Procedure for H- and R-point determinationISO/TR 9511:1991 Road vehicles: Driver hand-control reach—In-vehicle checking procedureISO/TS 12104:2003 Road vehicles: Gearshift patterns—Manual transmissions with power-assisted gear change

and automatic transmissions with manual-gearshift modeISO 12214:2002 Road vehicles: Direction-of-motion stereotypes for automotive hand controlsISO 15005:2002 Road vehicles: Ergonomic aspects of transport information and control systems—Dialogue

management principles and compliance proceduresISO 15007-1:2002 Road vehicles: Measurement of driver visual behaviour with respect to transport information

and control systems, part 1: Definitions and parametersISO/TS 15007-2:2001 Road vehicles: Measurement of driver visual behaviour with respect to transport information

and control systems, part 2: Equipment and proceduresISO 15008:2003 Road vehicles: Ergonomic aspects of transport information and control

systems—Specifications and compliance procedures for in-vehicle visual presentationISO/TS 16951:2004 Road vehicles: Ergonomic aspects of transport information and control systems

(TICS)—Procedures for determining priority of on-board messages presented to driversISO 17287:2003 Road vehicles: Ergonomic aspects of transport information and control systems—Procedure

for assessing suitability for use while driving

TC 22/SC 17: Visibility

ISO 7397-1:1993 Passenger cars: Verification of driver’s direct field of view, part 1: Vehicle positioning for staticmeasurement

ISO 7397-2:1993 Passenger cars: Verification of driver’s direct field of view, part 2: Test method

TC 23/SC 3: Safety and Comfort of the Operator

ISO 4254-1:1989 Tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry: Technical means for ensuring safety, part1: General

ISO/TS 15077:2002 Tractors and self-propelled machinery for agriculture and forestry: Operatorcontrols—Actuating forces, displacement, location and method of operation

TC 23/SC 4: Tractors

ISO 4253:1993 Agricultural tractors: Operator’s seating accommodation—DimensionsISO 5721:1989 Tractors for agriculture: Operator’s field of vision

TC 23/SC 7: Equipment for Harvesting and Conservation

ISO 8210:1989 Equipment for harvesting: Combine harvesters—Test procedure

TC 23/SC 14: Operator Controls, Operator Symbols and Other Displays, Operator Manuals

ISO 3767-1:1998 Tractors, machinery for agriculture and forestry, powered lawn and garden equipment:Symbols for operator controls and other displays, part 1: Common symbols

ISO 3767-2:1991 Tractors, machinery for agriculture and forestry, powered lawn and garden equipment:Symbols for operator controls and other displays, part 2: Symbols for agricultural tractorsand machinery

ISO 3767-3:1995 Tractors, machinery for agriculture and forestry, powered lawn and garden equipment:Symbols for operator controls and other displays, part 3: Symbols for powered lawn andgarden equipment

ISO 3767-5:1992 Tractors, machinery for agriculture and forestry, powered lawn and garden equipment:Symbols for operator controls and other displays, part 5: Symbols for manual portableforestry machinery

TC 23/SC 15: Machinery for Forestry

ISO 11850:2003 Machinery for forestry: Self-propelled machinery—Safety requirements




TC 23/SC 17: Manually Portable Forest Machinery

ISO 8334:1985 Forestry machinery: Portable chain-saws—Determination of balanceISO 11680-1:2000 Machinery for forestry: Safety requirements and testing for pole-mounted powered pruners,

part 1: Units fitted with an integral combustion engineISO 11680-2:2000 Machinery for forestry: Safety requirements and testing for pole-mounted powered pruners,

part 2: Units for use with a back-pack power sourceISO 11681-1:2004 Machinery for forestry: Portable chain-saw safety requirements and testing, part 1:

Chain-saws for forest serviceISO 11681-2:1998 Machinery for forestry: Portable chain-saws Safety requirements and testing, part 2:

Chain-saws for tree serviceISO 11806:1997 Agricultural and forestry machinery: Portable hand-held combustion engine driven brush

cutters and grass trimmers—SafetyISO 14740:1998 Forest machinery: Backpack power units for brush-cutters, grass-trimmers, pole-cutters and

similar appliances—Safety requirements and testing

TC 23/SC 18: Irrigation and Drainage Equipment and Systems

ISO/TR 8059:1986 Irrigation equipment: Automatic irrigation systems—Hydraulic control

TC 38: Textiles

ISO 15831:2004 Clothing: Physiological effects—Measurement of thermal insulation by means of a thermalmanikin

TC 43/SC 1: Noise

ISO 11690-1:1996 Acoustics: Recommended practice for the design of low-noise workplaces containingmachinery, part 1: Noise control strategies

ISO 15667:2000 Acoustics: Guidelines for noise control by enclosures and cabins

TC 46: Information and Documentation

ISO 7220:1996 Information and documentation: Presentation of catalogues of standards

TC 59/SC 3: Functional/User Requirements and Performance in Building Construction

ISO 6242-1:1992 Building construction: Expression of users’ requirements, part 1: Thermal requirementsISO 6242-2:1992 Building construction: Expression of users’ requirements, part 2: Air purity requirementsISO 6242-3:1992 Building construction: Expression of users’ requirements, part 3: Acoustical requirements

TC 67: Materials, Equipment and Offshore Structures for Petroleum, Petrochemical and Natural Gas Industries

ISO 13879:1999 Petroleum and natural gas industries: Content and drafting of a functional specificationISO 13880:1999 Petroleum and natural gas industries: Content and drafting of a technical specification

TC 67/SC 6: Processing Equipment and Systems

ISO 13702:1999 Petroleum and natural gas industries: Control and mitigation of fires and explosions onoffshore production installations—Requirements and guidelines

ISO 15544:2000 Petroleum and natural gas industries: Offshore production installations—Requirements andguidelines for emergency response

ISO 17776:2000 Petroleum and natural gas industries: Offshore production installations—Guidelines on toolsand techniques for hazard identification and risk assessment

TC 69: Applications of Statistical Methods

ISO 10725:2000 Acceptance sampling plans and procedures for the inspection of bulk materials

TC 72/SC 5: Industrial Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Machinery and Accessories

ISO 8230:1997 Safety requirements for dry-cleaning machines using perchloroethyleneISO 10472-1:1997 Safety requirements for industrial laundry machinery, part 1: Common requirements

TC 72/SC 8: Safety Requirements for Textile Machinery

ISO 11111:1995 Safety requirements for textile machinery

TC 85/SC 2: Radiation Protection

ISO 17874-1:2004 Remote handling devices for radioactive materials, part 1: General requirements





TC 92/SC 3: Fire Threat to People and Environment

ISO/TS 13571:2002 Life-threatening components of fire: Guidelines for the estimation of time available for escapeusing fire data

ISO 10068:1998 Mechanical vibration and shock: Free, mechanical impedance of the human hand–armsystem at the driving point

ISO 13090-1:1998 Mechanical vibration and shock: Guidance on safety aspects of tests and experiments withpeople, part 1: Exposure to whole-body mechanical vibration and repeated shock

TC 92/SC 4: Fire Safety Engineering

ISO/TR 13387-1:1999 Fire safety engineering, part 1: Application of fire performance concepts to design objectives

TC 94/SC 4: Personal Equipment for Protection Against Falls

ISO 10333-6:2004 Personal fall-arrest systems, part 6: System performance tests

TC 94/SC 13: Protective Clothing

ISO 11393-4:2003 Protective Clothing for Users of Hand-Held Chain-Saws, Part 4: Test Methods andPerformance Requirements for Protective Gloves

ISO 13688:1998 Protective clothing: General requirementsISO 16603:2004 Clothing for protection against contact with blood and body fluids: Determination of the

resistance of protective clothing materials to penetration by blood and body fluids—Testmethod using synthetic blood

ISO 16604:2004 Clothing for protection against contact with blood and body fluids: Determination ofresistance of protective clothing materials to penetration by blood-borne pathogens—Testmethod using Phi-X 174 bacteriophage

TC 101: Continuous Mechanical Handling Equipment

ISO/TR 5045:1979 Continuous mechanical handling equipment: Safety code for belt conveyors—Examples forguarding of nip points

TC 108/SC 2: Measurement and Evaluation of Mechanical Vibration and Shock as Applied to Machines,

Vehicles and Structures

ISO 14964:2000 Mechanical vibration and shock: Vibration of stationary structures—Specific requirements forquality management in measurement and evaluation of vibration

TC 108/SC 4: Human Exposure to Mechanical Vibration and Shock

ISO 2631-1:1997 Mechanical vibration and shock: Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration, part1: General requirements

ISO 2631-2:2003 Mechanical vibration and shock: Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration, part2: Vibration in buildings (1 Hz to 80 Hz)

ISO 2631-4:2001 Mechanical vibration and shock: Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration, part4: Guidelines for the evaluation of the effects of vibration and rotational motion onpassenger and crew comfort in fixed-guideway transport systems

ISO 2631-5:2004 Mechanical vibration and shock: Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration, part5: Method for evaluation of vibration containing multiple shocks

ISO 5349-1:2001 Mechanical vibration: Measurement and evaluation of human exposure to hand-transmittedvibration, Part 1: General requirements

TC 108/SC 4: Human Exposure to Mechanical Vibration and Shock

ISO 5982:2001 Mechanical vibration and shock: Range of idealized values to characterize seated-bodybiodynamic response under vertical vibration

ISO 6897:1984 Guidelines for the evaluation of the response of occupants of fixed structures, especiallybuildings and off-shore structures, to low-frequency horizontal motion (0,063 to 1 Hz)

ISO 8727:1997 Mechanical vibration and shock: Human exposure—Biodynamic coordinate systemsISO 9996:1996 Mechanical vibration and shock: Disturbance to human activity and

performance—ClassificationISO 13091-1:2001 Mechanical vibration—Vibrotactile perception thresholds for the assessment of nerve

dysfunction, part 1: Methods of measurement at the fingertips




ISO 13091-2:2003 Mechanical vibration—Vibrotactile perception thresholds for the assessment of nervedysfunction, part 2: Analysis and interpretation of measurements at the fingertips

TC 121/SC 1: Breathing Attachments and Anaesthetic Machines

ISO 7767:1997 Oxygen monitors for monitoring patient breathing mixtures: Safety requirements

TC 121/SC 3: Lung Ventilators and Related Equipment

ISO 8185:1997 Humidifiers for medical use: General requirements for humidification systemsIEC 60601-1-8:2003 Medical electrical equipment, part 1–8: General requirements for safety—Collateral standard:

General requirements, tests and guidance for alarm systems in medical electricalequipment and medical electrical systems

IEC 60601-2-12:2001 Medical electrical equipment, part 2–12: Particular requirements for the safety of lungventilators—Critical care ventilators

TC 123/SC 5: Quality Analysis and Assurance

ISO 12307-1:1994 Plain bearings: Wrapped bushes, part 1: Checking the outside diameter

TC 127/SC 1: Test Methods Relating to Machine Performance

ISO 8813:1992 Earth-moving machinery: Lift capacity of pipelayers and wheeled tractors or loadersequipped with side boom

TC 127/SC 2: Safety Requirements and Human Factors

ISO 2860:1992 Earth-moving machinery: Minimum access dimensionsISO 2867:1994 Earth-moving machinery: Access systemsISO 3164:1995 Earth-moving machinery: Laboratory evaluations of protective structures—Specifications for

deflection-limiting volumeISO 3411:1995 Earth-moving machinery: Human physical dimensions of operators and minimum operator

space envelopeISO 3449:1992 Earth-moving machinery: Falling-object protective structures—Laboratory tests and

performance requirementsISO 3450:1996 Earth-moving machinery: Braking systems of rubber-tyred machines—Systems and

performance requirements and test proceduresISO 3457:2003 Earth-moving machinery: Guards—Definitions and requirementsISO 3471:1994 Earth-moving machinery: Roll-over protective structures—Laboratory tests and performance

requirementsISO 3471:1994/Amd

1:1997Laboratory tests and performance requirements

ISO 5006-2:1993 Earth-moving machinery: Operator’s field of view, part 2: Evaluation methodISO 5006-3:1993 Earth-moving machinery: Operator’s field of view, part 3: CriteriaISO 5010:1992 Earth-moving machinery: Rubber-tyred machines—Steering requirementsISO 5353:1995 Earth-moving machinery, and tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry: Seat index

pointISO 6682:1986 Earth-moving machinery: Zones of comfort and reach for controlsISO 7096:2000 Earth-moving machinery: Laboratory evaluation of operator seat vibrationISO 8643:1997 Earth-moving machinery: Hydraulic excavator and backhoe loader boom-lowering control

device—Requirements and testsISO 9244:1995 Earth-moving machinery: Safety signs and hazard pictorials—General principlesISO/TR 9953:1996 Earth-moving machinery: Warning devices for slow-moving machines—Ultrasonic and other

systemsISO 10262:1998 Earth-moving machinery: Hydraulic excavators—Laboratory tests and performance

requirements for operator protective guardsISO 10567:1992 Earth-moving machinery: Hydraulic excavators—Lift capacityISO 10570:2004 Earth-moving machinery: Articulated frame lock—Performance requirementsISO 10263-1:1994 Earth-moving machinery: Operator enclosure environment, part 1: General and definitionsISO 10263-2:1994 Earth-moving machinery: Operator enclosure environment, part 2: Air filter testISO 10263-3:1994 Earth-moving machinery: Operator enclosure environment, part 3: Operator enclosure

pressurization test methodISO 10263-4:1994 Earth-moving machinery: Operator enclosure environment, part 4: Operator enclosure

ventilation, heating and/or air-conditioning test method





ISO 10263-5:1994 Earth-moving machinery: Operator enclosure environment, part 5: Windscreen defrostingsystem test method

ISO 10263-6:1994 Earth-moving machinery: Operator enclosure environment, part 6: Determination of effect ofsolar heating on operator enclosure

ISO 10533:1993 Earth-moving machinery: Lift-arm support devicesISO 10968:1995 Earth-moving machinery: Operator’s controlsISO 11112:1995 Earth-moving machinery: Operator’s seat—Dimensions and requirementsISO 12117:1997 Earth-moving machinery: Tip-over protection structure (TOPS) for compact

excavators—Laboratory tests and performance requirementsISO 12508:1994 Earth-moving machinery: Operator station and maintenance areas—Bluntness of edgesISO 13333:1994 Earth-moving machinery: Dumper body support and operator’s cab tilt support devicesISO 13459:1997 Earth-moving machinery: Dumpers—Trainer seat/enclosureISO 17063:2003 Earth-moving machinery: Braking systems of pedestrian-controlled machines—Performance

requirements and test procedures

TC 130: Graphic Technology

ISO 12648:2003 Graphic technology: Safety requirements for printing press systemsISO 12649:2004 Graphic technology: Safety requirements for binding and finishing systems and equipment

TC 131/SC 9: Installations and Systems

ISO 4413:1998 Hydraulic fluid power: General rules relating to systemsISO 4414:1998 Pneumatic fluid power: General rules relating to systems

TC 136: Furniture

ISO 5970:1979 Furniture: Chairs and tables for educational institutions—Functional sizes

TC 163/SC 2: Calculation Methods

ISO 13790:2004 Thermal performance of buildings: Calculation of energy use for space heating

TC 171/SC 2: Application Issues

ISO/TR 14105:2001 Electronic imaging: Human and organizational issues for successful electronic imagemanagement (EIM) implementation

TC 172/SC 9: Electro-Optical Systems

ISO 11553:1996 Safety of machinery: Laser processing machines—Safety requirements

TC 173: Assistive Products for Persons with Disability

ISO 11199-1:1999 Walking aids manipulated by both arms: Requirements and test methods, part 1: Walkingframes

ISO 11199-2:1999 Walking aids manipulated by both arms: Requirements and test methods, part 2: RollatorsISO 11334-1:1994 Walking aids manipulated by one arm: Requirements and test methods, part 1: Elbow

crutchesISO 11334-4:1999 Walking aids manipulated by one arm: Requirements and test methods, part 4: Walking sticks

with three or more legs

TC 173/SC 3: Aids for Ostomy and Incontinence

ISO 15621:1999 Urine-absorbing aids: General guidance on evaluation

TC 173/SC 6: Hoists for Transfer of Persons

ISO 10535:1998 Hoists for the transfer of disabled persons: Requirements and test methods

TC 176/SC 1: Concepts and Terminology

ISO 9000:2000 Quality management systems: Fundamentals and vocabulary

TC 176/SC 2: Quality Systems

ISO 9004:2000 Quality management systems: Guidelines for performance improvements




TC 178: Lifts, Escalators and Moving Walks

ISO/TS 14798:2000 Lifts (elevators), escalators and passenger conveyors: Risk analysis methodology

TC 184: Industrial Automation Systems and Integration

ISO 11161:1994 Industrial automation systems: Safety of integrated manufacturing systems—Basicrequirements

TC 184/SC 4: Industrial Data

ISO 10303-214:2003 Industrial automation systems and integration: Product data representation and exchange,part 214: Application protocol—Core data for automotive mechanical design processes

TC 184/SC 5: Architecture, Communications and Integration Frameworks

ISO 15704:2000 Industrial automation systems: Requirements for enterprise-reference architectures andmethodologies

ISO 16100-1:2002 Industrial automation systems and integration: Manufacturing software capability profiling forinteroperability, part 1: Framework

TC 188: Small Craft

ISO 15027-3:2002 Immersion suits, part 3: Test methods

TC 199: Safety of Machinery

ISO 12100-2:2003 Safety of machinery: Basic concepts, general principles for design, part 2: Technicalprinciples

ISO 13849-1:1999 Safety of machinery: Safety-related parts of control systems, part 1: General principles fordesign

ISO 13851:2002 Safety of machinery: Two-hand control devices—Functional aspects and design principlesISO 13856-1:2001 Safety of machinery: Pressure-sensitive protective devices, part 1: General principles for

design and testing of pressure-sensitive mats and pressure-sensitive floorsISO 14121:1999 Safety of machinery: Principles of risk assessmentISO 14123-2:1998 Safety of machinery: Reduction of risks to health from hazardous substances emitted by

machinery, part 2: Methodology leading to verification proceduresISO/TR 18569:2004 Safety of machinery: Guidelines for the understanding and use of safety of machinery

standards

TC 204: Intelligent Transport Systems

ISO 15623:2002 Transport information and control systems: Forward vehicle collision warningsystems—Performance requirements and test procedures

TC 210: Quality Management and Corresponding General Aspects for Medical Devices

ISO 14969:1999 Quality systems: Medical devices—Guidance on the application of ISO 13485 and ISO 13488ISO 14971:2000 Medical devices: Application of risk management to medical devices

TC 212: Clinical Laboratory Testing and in Vitro Diagnostic Test Systems

ISO 15190:2003 Medical laboratories: Requirements for safetyISO 15197:2003 In vitro diagnostic test systems: Requirements for blood-glucose monitoring systems for

self-testing in managing diabetes mellitus

TMB: Technical Management Board

IWA 1:2001 Quality management systems: Guidelines for process improvements in health serviceorganizations

ISO/IEC Guide 50:2002 Safety aspects: Guidelines for child safetyISO/IEC Guide 71:2001 Guidelines for standards developers to address the needs of older persons and persons with

disabilities

CASCO: Committee on Conformity Assessment

ISO/IEC 17025:1999 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories


descriptive information concerning human factor andergonomics guidelines, preferred practices, methodol-ogy, and reference data that may be needed duringthe design of equipment and systems have also beendeveloped. The handbooks provide assistance in theuse and application of relevant government standardsduring the design process.

5.1.1 Military Standards

The set of consensus military standards was devel-oped by human factors engineers from the U.S. mil-itary’s three services (Army, Navy, and Air Force),industry, and technical societies (McDaniel, 1996). Asa result of standardization reform in the late 1990s,most of the single-service standards were canceled andwere integrated into a few Department of Defensestandards and handbooks. However, the distinctionbetween two main categories of human factors mili-tary standards—general (MIL-STD-1472 and relatedhandbooks) and aircraft (JSSG 2010 and related hand-books)—remain unchanged, which reflects the criti-cality of aircraft design. The list of the main militarystandards and handbooks are presented in Table 18.

The basic human engineering principles, designcriteria, and practices required for integration ofhumans with systems and facilities are establishedin MIL-STD-1472F, Human Engineering Design Cri-teria for Military Systems, Equipment and Facili-ties. This standard document can be applied tothe design of all systems, subsystems, equipment,and facilities, not only military but commercial aswell. MIL-STD-1472F includes requirements for dis-plays, controls, control-display integration, anthropom-etry, ground workspace design, environment, designfor maintainability, design of equipment for remotehandling, small systems and equipment, operationaland maintenance ground/shipboard vehicles, hazardsand safety, aerospace vehicle compartment designrequirements, and human–computer interface. MIL-STD-1472 also includes nongovernmental standardsANSI/HFS 100 on visual display terminal (VDT)workstations. After standardization reform the designdata and information part of MIL-STD-1472F wasremoved and inserted into MIL-HDBK-759.

Another important military standard documentis MIL-HDBK-46855, Human Engineering Require-ments for Military Systems Equipment and Facili-ties. This handbook presents human engineering pro-gram tasks, procedures, and preferred practices. MIL-HDBK-46855 covers such topics as analysis functions,including human performance parameters, equipmentcapabilities, and task environments design; test andevaluation; workload analysis; dynamic simulation;and data requirements. This handbook also adoptedmaterials from DOD-HDBK-763, Human Engineer-ing Procedures Guide, concerned with human engi-neering methods and tools, which remained stableover time. The newest rapidly evolving automatedhuman engineering tools are not described in MIL-HDBK-46855 but can be found at Directory of DesignSupport Methods (DSSM) on the MATRIS Web site(http://dtica.dtic.mil/ddsm/).

Table 17 ILO-OSH-MS Main Sections and TheirElements

Section Elements

Policy3.1. Occupational safety and

health policy

3.2. Worker participationOrganizing

3.3. Responsibility andaccountability

3.4. Competence and training

3.5. OSH management systemdocumentation

3.5. CommunicationPlanning and

implementation 3.6. Initial review

3.7. System planning andimplementation

3.8. Occupational safety andhealth objectives

3.9. Hazard preventionEvaluation 3.10. Performance monitoring and

measurement3.11. Investigation of work-related

incidents and their impact onBHP

3.12. Audit3.13. Management review

Action forimprovement

3.15. Preventive and correctiveaction

3.16. Continual improvement

Source: ILO-OSH (2001).

Other military standards cover such topics asstandard practice for conducting system safety(MIL-STD-882D); acoustical noise limits, testingrequirements, and measurement techniques (MIL-STD-1474D); physical characteristics of symbolsfor army systems displays (MIL-STD-1477C); andsymbology requirements for aircraft displays (MIL-STD-1787C). The definitions for all human factorsstandard documents are provided in MIL-HDBK-1908B, Department of Defense Handbook: Definitionsof Human Factors Terms.

5.1.2 Other Government Standards

The lists of other government standards are provided inTable 19. NASA-STD-3000 provides generic require-ments for space facilities and related equipment impor-tant for proper human–system integration. This docu-ment is integrated with the Web site, which also offersvideo images from space missions that illustrate humanfactors design issues. This standard document is not


Table 18 Military Standards and Handbooks for Human Factors and Ergonomics

Document Number Title Date Source

StandardsMIL-STD-882D Standard practice for system safety 2000 http://assist.daps.dla.mil/docimages/

0001/95/78/std882d.pd8MIL-STD-1472F Human engineering 1999 http://assist.daps.dla.mil/docimages/

0001/87/31/milstd14.pd1MIL-STD-1474D Noise limits 1997 http://assist.daps.dla.mil/docimages/

0000/31/59/1474d.pd1MIL-STD-1477C Symbols for army systems displays 1996 http://assist.daps.dla.mil/docimages/

0000/42/03/69268.pd9MIL-STD-1787C Aircraft display symbology 2001 Controlled distribution document

HandbooksDOD-HDBK-743A Anthropometry of U.S. military

personnel1991 http://assist.daps.dla.mil/docimages/

0000/40/29/54083.pd0MIL-HDBK-759C Human engineering design guidelines 1995 http://assist.daps.dla.mil/docimages/

0000/40/04/mh759c.pd8MIL-HDBK-767 Design guidance for interior noise

reduction in light-armored trackedvehicles

1993 http://assist.daps.dla.mil/docimages/0000/13/24/767.pd1

MIL-HDBK-1473A Color and marking of army materiel 1997 http://assist.daps.dla.mil/docimages/0000/85/40/hdbk1473.pd6

MIL-HDBK-1908B Definitions of human factors terms 1999 http://assist.daps.dla.mil/docimages/0001/81/33/1908hdbk.pd9

MIL-HDBK-46855 Human engineering requirements formilitary systems equipment andfacilities

limited to any specific NASA, military, or commer-cial program and can be applied to almost any typeof equipment. NASA-STD-3000 consists of two vol-umes: Volume I, Man–Systems Integration Standards,presents all of the design standards and require-ments, and Volume II, Appendices, contains the back-ground information related to standards. NASA-STD-3000 covers the following areas of human factors:anthropometry and biomechanics, human performancecapabilities, natural and induced environments, healthmanagement, workstations, activity centers, hardwareand equipment, design for maintainability, and facilitymanagement.

Standards of the Federal Aviation Administration(FAA) are concerned with the following topics: humanfactors design criteria oriented to the FAA missionand systems (HF-STD-001); design and evaluation ofair traffic control systems (DOT-VNTSC-FAA-95-3);elements of the human engineering program (FAA-HF-001); evaluation of human factors criteria conformanceof equipment that interface with the operator (FAA-HF-002) and with the maintainer (FAA-HF-003).

In their standard DOE-HDBK-1140-2001, theDepartment of Energy (DOE) provides the systemmaintainability design criteria for DOE systems, equip-ment, and facilities. The Federal Highway Admin-istration (FHA) establishes standards concerning thedevelopment and operation of traffic management cen-ters (FHWA-JPO-99-042). FHA also describes humanfactors guidelines and recommendations for design of

advanced traveler information systems (ATISs), com-mercial vehicle operations (CVOs), and accommoda-tion of older drivers and pedestrians. The Nuclear Reg-ulatory Commission provides guidelines of HFE con-formance evaluation of the interface design of nuclearpower plant systems (NUREG-0700 and NUREG-0711). FED-STD-795, which has been developedfor use in federal and federally funded facilities,establishes standards for facility accessibility by phys-ically handicapped persons.

5.2 OSHA Standards

Development of occupational safety and health stan-dards in the United States is mandated by the generalduty clause, Section 5(a)(1), of the OccupationalSafety and Health Act of 1970, which states: “Eachemployer shall furnish to each of his employees,employment and a place of employment which isfree from recognized hazards that are causing orare likely to cause death or serious harm to hisemployees.” In general, penalties related to deficientand unsafe working conditions have been issued underthis general duty clause. The general duty clausehas also been supplemented by the Americans withDisabilites Act (Public Law 101–336, 1990). Thedisabilities act has an important bearing on ergonomicsdesign of workplaces. The ADA prohibits disability-based discrimination in hiring practices and requiresthat all employers make reasonable accommodations to


Table 19 U.S. Government Human Factors/Ergonomics Standards

DocumentNumber Title Date Source

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NASA-STD-3000B Man–Systems IntegrationStandards

1995 http://msis.jsc.nasa.gov

Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration

HF-STD-001 Human Factors Design Standard 2003 http://www.hf.faa.gov/docs/508/docs/wjhtc/hfds.zip

DOT-VNTSC-FAA-95-3

Human Factors in the Design andEvaluation of Air Traffic ControlSystems

1995 http://www.hf.faa.gov/docs/volpehndk.zip

FAA-HF-001 Human Engineering Program Plan 1999 http://www.hf.faa.gov/docs/did 001.htmFAA-HF-002 Human Engineering Design

Approach Document—Operator1999 http://www.hf.faa.gov/docs/did 002.htm

FAA-HF-003 Human Engineering DesignApproachDocument—Maintainer

1999 http://www.hf.faa.gov/docs/did 003.htm

FAA-HF-004 Critical Task Analysis Report 2000 http://hfetag.dtic.mil/docs-hfs/faa-hf-004 critical task analysis report.doc

FAA-HF-005 Human Engineering Simulation 2000 http://hfetag.dtic.mil/docs-hfs/faa-hf-005Concept human-engineering simulation.doc

Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Agency

FHWA-JPO-99-042 Preliminary Human FactorsGuidelines for TrafficManagement Centers

1999 http://plan2op.fhwa.dot.gov/pdfs/pdf2/edl10303.pdf

FHWA-RD-98-057 Human Factors Design Guidelinesfor Advanced TravelerInformation Systems (ATIS) andCommercial Vehicle Operations(CVO)

1998 http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/tfhrc/safety/pubs/atis/index.html

FHWA-RD-01-051 Guidelines and Recommendationsto Accommodate Older Driversand Pedestrians

2001 http://www.tfhrc.gov/humanfac/01105/cover.htm

FHWA-RD-01-103 Highway Design Handbook forOlder Drivers and Pedestrians

2001 http://www.tfhrc.gov/humanfac/01103/coverfront.htm

Department of Energy

DOE-HDBK-1140-2001

Human Factors/ErgonomicsHandbook for the Design forEase of Maintenance

2001 http://tis.eh.doe.gov/techstds/standard/hdbk1140/hdbk11402001 part1.pdf

Multiple Departments

FED-STD-795 Uniform Federal AccessibilityStandards

1988 http://assist.daps.dla.mil/docimages/0000/46/05/53835.pd5

working conditions to allow qualified disabled workersto perform their job functions.

In 1990, OSHA issued a set of voluntary guidelinesentitled Ergonomics Program Management Guidelinesfor Meatpacking Plants (OSHA 3123), which havebeen used successfully by many types of industries,including those from outside the food production busi-ness. In 2000, the U.S. government proposed theErgonomics Program Rule (Federal Register, Novem-ber 14, 2000, Vol. 65, No. 220). The main ele-ments of the standard included (1) training in basicergonomics awareness, (2) providing medical man-agement of work-related musculoskeletal disorders,

(3) implementing a quick fix or going to a full pro-gram, and (4) implementing a full ergonomic pro-gram when indicated, including such elements as man-agement leadership, employee participation, job haz-ard analysis, hazard reduction and control, training,and program evaluation. However, the regulation wasrepealed in March 2001.

Recently, OSHA has developed a four-prongedcomprehensive approach to ergonomics designed toaddress musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in theworkplace. The four segments of the OSHA’s strategywere stated as follows:


1. Guidelines: to develop industry- or task-specific guidelines for industries based on cur-rent incidence rates and available informationabout effective and feasible solutions

2. Enforcement: to conduct inspections for ergo-nomic hazards and issue citations under thegeneral duty clause and to issue ergonomichazard alert letters where appropriate

3. Outreach and assistance: to provide assistanceto businesses, particularly small businesses,and help them proactively address ergonomicissues in the workplace

4. National advisory committee: to charter anadvisory committee that will be authorized to,among other things, identify gaps in researchto the application of ergonomics and ergonomicprinciples in the workplace

Recently, OSHA has also published three volun-tary guidelines to assist employers of the specifictype of industries in recognizing and controlling haz-ards: (1) Nursing Home Guideline (issued on March13, 2003), (2) Draft Guideline for Poultry Processing(issued on June 3, 2003), and (3) Guideline for theRetail Grocery Industry (issued on May 28, 2004).OSHA plans to develop additional voluntary guide-lines with the use of a standard protocol (OSHA,2004). The objective of this protocol is to establisha fair and transparent process for developing industry-and task-specific guidelines that will assist employersand employees in recognizing and controlling potentialergonomic hazards. By using this protocol, each set ofguidelines will address a particular industry or task. Itis intended that the industry- and task-specific guide-lines will generally be presented in three major parts:

1. Program management recommendations formanagement practices addressing ergonomichazards in the industry or task

2. Work site analysis recommendations for worksite/workstation analysis techniques geared tothe specific operations that are present in theindustry or task

3. Hazard control recommendations that containdescriptions of specific jobs and that detail thehazards associated with the operation, possibleapproaches to controlling the hazard, and theeffectiveness of each control approach

Since there are many different types of work-relatedhazards and injuries, and controls vary from industryto industry and task to task, OSHA expects that thescope and content of the guidelines will vary.

5.3 Other Standards for Occupational Safetyand Health

In 2000, the National Safety Council (NSC), acting onbehalf of the Accredited Standards Committee (ASC),has issued a draft document (known as Z-365) entitled

Management of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disor-ders (MSD). The draft defines the following areasof importance to preventing work-related injuries:(1) management responsibility, (2) employee involve-ment, (3) training, (4) surveillance, (5) evaluation andmanagement of work-related MSD cases, (6) job anal-ysis and design, and (7) follow-up.

Independent of the efforts noted above, in 2001another ANSI committee, ASC Z-10, OccupationalHealth Safety Systems, was formed under the aus-pices of the American Industrial Hygiene Associa-tion (AIHA). The main objective of ASC Z-10 is todevelop a standard of management principles and sys-tems for improving the occupational safety and healthin companies.

5.4 ANSI Standards

The following HFE-relevant standards have beendeveloped by the American National Standards Insti-tute (ANSI).

5.4.1 Human Factors Engineering of VisualDisplay Terminals

ANSI/HFS 100–1988 presents ergonomics principlesrelated to visual display terminals. The standard hasbeen updated by BSR/HFES 100 Draft Standard dated3/31/02.

5.4.2 Human Factors Engineering ofComputer Workstations

According to Albin (2004), the BSR/HFES 100Human Factors Engineering of Computer Worksta-tions (HFES 100) is a specification of the recommendedhuman factors and ergonomic principles related to thedesign of the computer workstation, and is intendedfor fixed, office-type computer workstations for indi-viduals who are moderate to intensive computer users.This standard is organized into four major chapters:(1) installed systems, (2) input devices, (3) visual dis-plays, and (4) furniture. The installed systems chapterspecifies how to arrange all the workstation systemcomponents to match the capabilities of the intendeduser. The input devices chapter focuses on the designof input devices (including the issues of physical size,operation force, handedness, etc). The visual displayschapter discusses the human factors in the design ofmonochrome and color CRT and flat-panel displays.The furniture chapter provides design specifications forworkstation components, including chairs and desks.The major topics described in each of these chaptersare listed in Table 20.

5.4.3 Ergonomic Requirements for SoftwareUser Interfaces

The HFES/HCI 200 Committee, which operatesunder the auspices of the Human Factors andErgonomics Society’s Technical Standards Commit-tee, has been working on development of a proposedU.S. national standard for software user interfaces.This standard will provide requirements and recom-mendations for software interfaces, with a primary


focus on business and personal computing applica-tions. The standard is related to the ISO 9241 series ofuser interface standards. The topics described in eachsection of the HFES 200 standard are listed in theTable 21.

5.4.4 Ergonomic Guidelines for the Design,Installation, and Use of Machine ToolsANSI B11, Technical Report: Ergonomic Guidelinesfor the Design, Installation and Use of MachineTools, is a consensual ergonomic guidelines devel-oped by the Machine Tool Safety Standards Commit-tee (B11) of the American National Standards Insti-tute. The subcommittee responsible for the preparationof these guidelines consisted of representatives frommanufacturing, higher education, safety, design, andergonomics. The document specifies ergonomic guide-lines to assist in the design, installation, and use ofindividual and integrated machine tools and auxiliarycomponents in manufacturing systems.

The guidelines document underlines the importanceof three basic ideas for achievement of effective andsafe design, installation, and use of machine tools:(1) communication among all persons involved withthe machine tools (users, installers, manufacturers, anddesigners), (2) dissemination of knowledge concerningergonomics concepts and principles among all persons,and (3) the ability to apply ergonomics concepts andprinciples effectively to machine tools and auxiliarycomponents. The guidelines document states thatthe provision of worker safety, work efficiency,and optimization of the entire production systemrequires consideration of the following ergonomicsissues:

• The variation in employee physiological andpsychological characteristics such as strengthand capacity

Table 20 Main Chapters and Topics of the HumanFactors Engineering of Computer Workstations:BSR/HFES 100 Draft Standard

Chapter Topics

Installed systems Hardware components, noise,thermal comfort, and lighting

Input devices Keyboards, mouse and puckdevices, trackballs, joysticks,styluses and light pens, tabletsand overlays, touch-sensitivepanels

Visual displays Monochrome and color CRT, andflat-panel displays (viewingcharacteristics, contrast,legibility, etc)

Furniture Specifications for workstationcomponents (chairs, desks,etc.); postures (referencepostures, reclined sitting,upright sitting, declined sittingand standing); anthropometry

Table 21 Topics Addressed in the ErgonomicRequirements for Software User Interfaces: HFES200-1998

Chapter Topics

Accessibility Keyboard input; multiple keystrokesCustomization; repeat rates; acceptance

delaysPointer alternative; accelerators;

remapping; navigationDisplay fonts: size, legibility, styles, colorsAudio output: volume and frequencies,

customization, content and alerts,graphics

Color: palettes, background–foreground,customization, coding

Errors and persistence: onlinedocumentation and help

Customization: cursor, button presses,click interval, pointer speed, chording

Window appearance and behavior:navigation and location, window focus,titles

Input focus: navigation, behavior, order,location

Color Color selection: chromostereopsis,blending and depth effects, use of blueand red, identification and contrast

Color assignments: conventions,uniqueness and reuse, naming, culturalassignments

General use consideration: number ofcolors, highlighting, positioning andseparation

Special uses: warnings, coding, stateindications, pointers, area identification

Voice andtelephony

Speech recognition (input): commands,vocabularies, prompts, consistency,feedback, error handling, dictation

Speech output: vocabularies messageformat, speech characteristics,dialogue techniques, physicalproperties, alerting tones, stereophonicpresentation

Nonspeech auditory output: consistency,tone format, critical messages,frequency, amplitude

Interactive voice responseTechnical

sectionsPresentation of information, user

guidance, menu dialogues, commanddialogues, direct manipulation, dialogueboxes, and form-filling dialoguewindows

• Incorporation of ergonomics concepts and prin-ciples into all new project, tool, machine, andwork processes at the beginning of the pro-cess

• The goal that routine tasks that are to be doneprecisely, rapidly, and continuously, especiallytasks in hazardous environments, should beperformed by machines


• The goal that tasks that require judgment andintegration of information (i.e., the tasks thathumans do best) should be assigned to workers

• The knowledge that a system that does notconsider human limits such as informationhandling, perception, reach, clearance, posture,or strength exertion can predispose to accidentor injury

The documents also recommend matching thedesign of the tool or process with the physi-cal characteristics and capabilities of workers, toensure accommodation, compatibility, operability, andmaintainability of the machine tools and/or auxiliarycomponents.

5.5 State-Mandated Occupational Safetyand Health StandardsThe states of California (1997) and Washington(2000) have adopted statewide ergonomics standards.However, the Washington ergonomics standard wasrepealed in 2003. At present, employers in Cali-fornia are required to comply with provisions ofthe ergonomics standard that focuses on work-related repetitive injuries (for more information, seewww.dir.ca.gov/title8/5110/html). In general, stateswith OSHA-approved occupational safety and healthprograms may follow OSHA’s approach to ergonom-ics: to adopt ergonomic standards, include ergonomicsin standards establishing safety and health programrequirements, and utilize the general duty author-ity for enforcement purposes (Seabrook, 2001; Stuart-Buttle, 2005).

5.6 Other Standardization EffortsThe American Conference of Governmental Indus-trial Hygienists (ACGIH) (www.acgih.org) establishedthreshold limit values (TLVs) for the following physi-cal categories of work: (1) hand–arm and whole-bodyvibration, (2) thermal stress, (3) hand activity level(“monotask” jobs, performed for four hours or more),and (4) lifting tasks (load limits based on lift fre-quency, task duration, horizontal distance, and heightat the start of the lift). Other organizations that developHFE-related standards include the American Societyof Mechanical Engineers (ASME), American Societyfor Testing and Materials (ASTM); Institute of Elec-trical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Society ofAutomotive Engineers (SAE), and National Instituteof Standards and Technology (www.nist.gov).

6 ISO 9000-2000: QUALITY MANAGEMENTSTANDARDSQuality standards can also play an important role inassuring safety and health at the workplace. ISO stip-ulates that if a quality management system is imple-mented appropriately utilizing the eight quality man-agement principles (see below) and in accordance withISO 9004, all of an organization’s interested partiesshould benefit. For example, people in the organizationwill benefit from (1) improved working conditions,

(2) increased job satisfaction, (3) improved health andsafety, (4) improved morale, and (5) improved stabil-ity of employment, and the society at large will benefitfrom (1) fulfillment of legal and regulatory require-ments, (2) improved health and safety, (3) reducedenvironmental impact, and (4) increased security.

As discussed by Hoyle (2001), the term ISO 9000refers to a set of quality management standards. ISO9000 currently includes three quality standards: ISO9000:2000, ISO 9001:2000, and ISO 9004:2000. ISO9001:2000 presents requirements; ISO 9000:2000 andISO 9004:2000 present guidelines. ISO first publishedits quality standards in 1987, revised them in 1994, andthen republished an updated version in 2000. Thesenew standards are referred to as the ISO 9000:2000Standards.

It is recommended that the ISO 9001:2000 standardbe used if an organization is seeking to establish a man-agement system that provides confidence in the con-formance of its product to established requirements.The standard recognizes that the word product appliesto services, processed material, and hardware and soft-ware intended for, or required by, the customer (Hoyle,2001).

The ISO 9000:2000 standards apply to all typesof organizations, including manufacturing, service,government, and education. The standards are basedon eight quality management principles:

• Principle 1: customer focus• Principle 2: leadership• Principle 3: involvement of people• Principle 4: process approach• Principle 5: system approach to management• Principle 6: continual improvement• Principle 7: factual approach to decision mak-

ing• Principle 8: mutually beneficial supplier rela-

tionships

There are five sections in the standard that specifyactivities that need to be considered when implementedto the quality management system. According to Hoyle(2001), following a description of the activities that areused to supply products, the organization may excludethe parts of the product realization section that arenot applicable to its operations. The requirements inthe other four sections, such as quality managementsystem, management responsibility, resource manage-ment, and measurement analysis and improvement,apply to all organizations, and the organization needsto demonstrate how it applies them to the organiza-tion’s quality manual or other documentation. Thesefive sections of ISO 9001:2000 define what an orga-nization should do consistently to provide productsthat meet customer and applicable statutory or reg-ulatory requirements and enhance customer satisfac-tion by improving its quality management system. ISO9004:2000 can be used to extend the benefits obtainedfrom ISO 9001:2000 to employees, owners, suppliers,and society in general.


Table 22 ISO 9000 Quality Management Standards and Guidelines

Standard or Guideline Purpose

ISO 9000:2000, Quality management systems:Fundamentals and vocabulary

Establishes a starting point for understanding the standardsand defines the fundamental terms and definitions used inthe ISO 9000 family to avoid misunderstandings in their use

ISO 9001:2000, Quality management systems:Requirements

Requirement standard to be used to assess the organization’sability to meet customer and applicable regulatoryrequirements and thereby address customer satisfaction;now the only standard in the ISO 9000 family against whichthird-party certification can be carried

ISO 9004:2000, Quality management systems:Guidelines for performance improvements

Provides guidance for continual improvement of anorganization’s quality management system to benefit allparties through sustained customer satisfaction

ISO 19011, Guidelines on Quality and/or EnvironmentalManagement Systems Auditing (currently underdevelopment)

Provides an organization with guidelines for verifying thesystem’s ability to achieve defined quality objectives (useinternally or for auditing suppliers)

ISO 10005:1995, Quality management: Guidelines forquality plans

Provides guidelines to assist in the preparation, review,acceptance, and revision of quality plans

ISO 10006:1997, Quality management: Guidelines toquality in project management

Guidelines to help the organization to ensure the quality ofboth project processes and project products

ISO 10007:1995, Quality management: Guidelines forconfiguration management

Gives an organization guidelines to ensure that a complexproduct continues to function when components arechanged individually

ISO/DIS 10012, Quality assurance requirements formeasuring equipment, part 1: Metrologicalconfirmation system for measuring equipment

Gives an organization guidelines on the main features of acalibration system to ensure that measurements are madewith the accuracy intended

ISO 10012-2:1997, Quality assurance for measuringequipment, part 2: Guidelines for control ofmeasurement of processes

Provides supplementary guidance on the application ofstatistical process control when this is appropriate forachieving the objectives of part 1

ISO 10013:1995, Guidelines for developing qualitymanuals

Provides guidelines for the development, and maintenance ofquality manuals tailored to specific needs

ISO/TR 10014:1998, Guidelines for managing theeconomics of quality

Provides guidance on how to achieve economic benefits fromthe application of quality management

ISO 10015:1999, Quality management: Guidelines fortraining

Provides guidance on the development, implementation,maintenance, and improvement of strategies and systemsfor training that affects the quality of products

ISO/TS 16949:1999, Quality systems: Automotivesuppliers—Particular requirements for theapplication of ISO 9001:1994

Provides sector-specific guidance to the application of ISO9001 in the automotive industry

ISO 9001:2000 and ISO 9004:2000 are harmonizedin structure and terminology to assist an organization tomove smoothly from one to the other. Both standardsapply a process approach. Processes are recognizedas consisting of one or more linked activities thatrequire resources and must be managed to achievepredetermined output. The output of one process mayform directly the input to the next process, and thefinal product is often the result of a network or systemof processes. The eight quality management principlesstated in ISO 9000:2000 and ISO 9004:2000 providethe basis for the performance improvement outlined inISO 9004:2000. The ISO 9000 standards cluster alsoincludes other 10000 series standards. Table 22 showsa list of the relevant standards and their purposes.

As discussed by Hoyle (2001), ISO requires that theorganization determine what it needs to do to satisfy itscustomers, establish a system to accomplish its objec-tives, and measure, review, and continually improveits performance. More specifically, the ISO 9001 and9004 requirements stipulate that an organization must:

1. Determine the needs and expectations of cus-tomers and other interested parties

2. Establish policies, objectives, and a work envi-ronment necessary to motivate the organizationto satisfy these needs

3. Design, resource, and manage a system ofinterconnected processes necessary to imple-ment the policy and attain the objectives

4. Measure and analyze the adequacy, efficiency,and effectiveness of each process in fulfillingits purpose and objectives

5. Pursue the continual improvement of the sys-tem from an objective evaluation of its perfor-mance

ISO identified several potential benefits of usingthe quality management standards. These benefitsmay include the connection of quality managementsystems to organizational processes, encouragement ofa natural progression toward improved organizational


performance, and consideration of the needs of allinterested parties.

7 CONCLUSIONS

Although human factor and ergonomics standards can-not guarantee appropriate workplace design, they canprovide clear and well-defined requirements and guide-lines, and therefore the basis for good ergonomicsdesign. Standards for workstation design and thework environment can ensure the safety and com-fort of working people through establishing require-ments for optimal working conditions. By provid-ing consistency in the human–system interface andimproving ergonomics quality of the interface compo-nents, ergonomics standards can also contribute to theenhanced systems usability and overall system perfor-mance. This benefit is based on the general require-ment of harmonization across different tools and sys-tems, to support user performance and avoid unneces-sary human errors.

One of the most important benefits from standard-ization efforts is a formal recognition of the signifi-cance of ergonomics requirements and guidelines forsystem design on the national and international lev-els (Harker, 1995). The consensus procedure appliedto standards development demands consultation witha wide range of commercial, professional, and indus-trial organizations. Therefore, the decision to developstandards and a consensus of diverse organizationsconcerning the need for standards reflects the formalrecognition that there are important human factors andergonomics issues that need to be taken into accountduring the design and development of workplaces andsystems.

Standards represent the essence of the best availableknowledge and practice extracted from a variety ofacademic sources, presented in the way that is easyto use by professional designers, and to includethis knowledge in the design process. The consensusprocedure makes the standards under developmentknown and available to interested parties and thegeneral public. Such a procedure also facilitatesdissemination and promotion of human factors andergonomics knowledge across the world of nonexperts.

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Documents

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