Otomatik Kontrol - Eemdersnotlari.com - Prof.dr.Galip Cansever Ders Notu

8/9/2019 Otomatik Kontrol - Eemdersnotlari.com - Prof.dr.Galip Cansever Ders Notu

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@t`mntbf F`ctr`h

@t`mntbf F`ctr`h‒a IbrbŐ

Ur`d.Gr.Inhbp Jncsavar

Gars #>


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5>?:5>? @t`mntbf F`ctr`h

ÔĐratbm Iôravhbsb ; Ur`d.Gr.Inhbp JncsavarZľcľd ; N-?5>@dbs ; A-Oh`fA-mnbh ; jncsavarEybhgbz.agu.tr

GncľŐmn Znntharb ; Uzt >:->1, Jumn;>4-><

Gars Fbtnoľ ; J`ctr`h Zystam Acibcaarbci, C`rmnc Z. Cbsa,D`urtl Agbtb`c, K`lc Ybhhay ncg Z`cs, BZOC 5-79>-77199-5

Wnvsbya Agbhac Fbtnphnr ;•Nut`mntbj J`ctr`h Zystams, Oacknmbc Fu`, Abiltl Agbtb`c,Uractbja-Lnhh.

•Daagonjf ncg J`ctr`h Zystams, K.K. GbZtadnc`, BBB, N._. Ztuooarug,B.K. Ybhhbnms, Zjlnum‒s @uthbca Zarbas.•M`garc J`ctr`h Acibcaarbci, F. @intn, D`urtl Agbtb`c, ?55>,Uractbja Lnhh

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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?4 Daorunry ?559 aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m :

GaĐarhacgbrma ;Tbza > % :5

Tbza ? % :5Dbcnh % 75

> . L n d t n . @t`mntbf F`ctr`h'a IbrbŐ? . L n d t n . Hnphns GôcøŐømø

: . L n d t n . Oh`f Gbynirnmhnr, ĵŐnrat NfľŐ Gbynirnmhnrľ7 . L n d t n . Dbzbfsah Zbstamharbc M`gahhacmasb1 . L n d t n . GbŐhb Wnfľmhnrľ GJ M`t`rhnr, >. Martaoa Zbstamhar4 . L n d t n . ?. Martaoa Zbstamhar va OnŐnrľm Ôhéøtharb9 . L n d t n . >. Rľh béb Zľcnvľ< . L n d t n . ?. Martaoa Zbstamhar va OnŐnrľm Ôhéøtharb2 . L n d t n . ?. Martaoa Zbstamhar va OnŐnrľm Ôhéøtharb> 5 . L n d t n . Fnrnrhľhľf> > . L n d t n . Zørafhb Lnh Lntnhnrľ> ? . L n d t n . Fôf Rar AĐrbharb> : . L n d t n . Fôf Rar AĐrbharb> 7 . L n d t n . ?. Rľh béb Zľcnvľ> 1 . L n d t n . Fôf Rar AĐrbharb


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G`Đngn `t`mntbf `hnrnf f`ctr`h agbhac sbstamhar snymnfhnobtmaz. ÔrcaĐbc bcsnc vøjugu, fb ou sbstamga snyľsľz f`ctr`hsbstamb vnr.

Fnc Őafarbmbzb f`ctr`h agac pncfrans vayn obr onŐfn ôrcaf,yøfsafhara éľfľhgľfén ngracnhbcbc `t`mntbf `hnrnf fnhp ntľŐľ bha

obrhbfta yøfsaharaf løjrahara gnln é`f `fsbkacbc tambc agbhmasb.


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Mntamntbfsah M`gahhama; Dbzbfsah sbstambc ibrbŐ-éľfľŐ gnvrncľŐhnrľcľoahbrhayac gacfham tnfľmľcľ `huŐturmngľr.

ÔrcaĐbc obr f`ctr`h sbstamb `hnrnf sľjnfhľĐľ gacathacac(f`ctr`hagbhac) obr `gnyľ gøŐøcahbm. Ou sbstamga6

Gacatbm ibrbŐbcbc obr ôcamhb bŐhavb ga o`zuju ibrbŐbc sbstaméľfľŐľcgnfb atfbsbcb nznhtmnyn énhľŐmnsľgľr.

O`zuju Atfb; Zbstambc éľfľŐ gaĐarbcb tars (caintbd) `hnrnfatfbhayac vayn atfbhamaya maybhhb bŐnrattbr. AĐar sbstambc bébcgaøratbhmbŐsa bé o`zuju atfb, gľŐľcgn øratbhmbŐsa gľŐ o`zuju atfb ngľvarbhbr.

•`gn sľjnfhľĐľ éľfľŐ,•tarm`stnt nynrľ ibrbŐ,•`gn‒cľc fnpľsľcľc néľhľp fnpncmnsľ gn o`zuju atfbgbr.


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F`ctr`h; IbrbŐ‒ha `ycnynrnf (gaĐbŐtbraraf) bstacbhac éľfľŐľ ahga atma.

Néľf Gôciø(Éavrbm) F`ctr`h; Zbstamga éľfľŐ ôhéøhmaz,éľfľŐľc radarncs bŐnratbcb ynfnhnynobhgbĐbcb inrnctbhayajaf, éľfľŐ‒niôra ibrbŐb gøzahtajaf bŐnrat y`ftur.

Fnpnhľ Gôciø(Éavrbm) F`ctr`h (Iarb oashamahb F`ctr`h);Zbstamga ibrbŐ ôhéøhac éľfľŐ bŐnratbyha iøcjahhacbr. ÉľfľŐ varadarncs bŐnratb sørafhb fnrŐľhnŐtľrľhľr.


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F`ctr`h‒øc Wnrbléasb

Ac asfb f`ctr`h ôrcafharb su snntbcb gøzachamaf bébc su nfľŐlľzľcľc f`ctr`h agbhmasb va Őnrnp d ľéľsľcľc savbyasbcbc snobttutuhmnsľgľr.

Zu savbyasb f`ctr`høcø iøcømøzga lnhn fuhhncľy`ruz. Zusavbyasb nznhľcjn Őnmncgľrn gn nŐnĐľyn bcar va su savbyasbyøfsahmaya onŐhnr. Zu savbyasb yøfsahbcja su nfľŐľ ynvnŐhnr vaiaraftbĐbcga gurur.

Ob gb bhf f h ô b g J hb G oo h d g >4?5


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?4 Daorunry ?559 >?

Obr gbĐar bhf f`ctr`h ôrcaĐb ga J`rcahbs Graooah tnrnd ľcgnc >4?5harga faŐdagbhac fuhuéfn øcbtasbcbc sľjnfhľĐľcľc f`ctr`hø.

Ou sbstamga sľ

jnfhľ

fnhiľhnyľjľsľ béb nhf`h va jbvnbha g`hu va atrnd ľcgn sujafat `hnc obr jnm

tnŐľ

yľ

jľ

gľ

r.NtaŐ futuyu va suyuľsľttľĐľcgn, nhf`h iacbŐhar vaf`h yufnrľyn

lnrafat agaraf gnmparbconjncľc østøca g`ĐruynfhnŐmnsľcľ snĐhnr.

AĐar futu s`Đuguysn nhf`hoøzøŐør, gnmpar f`h tnrnd ľcgncnŐnĐľyn éafbhbr va ntaŐ nhavhacbr.

ĵstacbhac sľjnfhľf gaĐarb f`h‒uc uzuchuĐu bha nynrhncľr.aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m


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?4 Daorunry ?559 >1

ĵhf sbstamntbf fnrnrhľhľf énhľŐmnsľ >21< ga

f`ctr`h hbtarntørøca ibrmbŐtbr.aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m


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?4 Daorunry ?559 aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m >4

>2:?‒ga Cyqubst, drafncs gôciø javnoľcgnc fnrnrhľhľĐľc irndbfsah`hnrnf cnsľh oahbrhacaobhajaĐbcb ynyľchngľ.

ĵhf UBG(Ur`p`rtb`cnh-ĵctairnh-Garbvntbva) f`ctr`h Jnhhacgar vanrfngnŐhnrľ tnrnd ľcgnc >2:4‒gn iahbŐtbrbhgb.

Qénf f`tr`hø øzarbca énhľŐnc Y._. Avncs, uĐrnŐtľĐľ obr é`fpr`ohambc fnrnrsľz vayn mnrkbcnh fnrnrhľ sbstamhar `hmnsľsaoaobyha drafncs mat`ghnrľ bha onŐnrľhľ `hnmngľ va fnrnftarbstbfgacfhamga pnrnmatra gaĐbŐbmbca iôra sbstam gnvrncľŐľcľbcjahayac Fôf Rar AĐrbharbcb iahbŐtbrgb, >27215harga ngb gbdarncsbyah gacfhamhar f`ctr`h sbstamharbcbcm`gahhacmasbcga fuhhncľhmnyn onŐhncgľ.

>245 gnfb L.Y O`ga‒cbc f`cuŐmnsľcgnc asbchacbharaf, >247Oahhmnc va Fnhnon iarboashama fuvathacgbrbjbsbcbiahbŐtbrmbŐhargbr.


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Onzľ F`ctr`h Qyiuhnmn Ôrcafharb

Lnvnjľhľf va Qzny; Qénf, iøgøm f`ctr`høQzny nrnéhnrľ

Oby`h`kbf Zbstamhar;

Zbcbr sbstamb tøm vujut bébc gacathaybjbgbr.

_`o`t Qyiuhnmnhnrľ;

Lnssnsbyatbc é`f ôcamhb `hguĐu øratbmlnthnrľcgn `t`mntbf bŐhavhar, bcsnchnr bébctalhbfahb `hnobhajaf bŐhar(b.a. nsfarb vauzny uyiuhnmnhnrľ)

Obhibsnynr va ĵhatbŐbm Qyiuhnmnhnrľ;Jap tahad`c Őaoafaharbcbc iøé f`ctr`hø,catw`rf obhib nfľŐ f`ctr`hø


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?4 Daorunry ?559 aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m ><

Nfľhhľ QhnŐľm va @t`m`tbv Zbstamharb;Wrac uynrľ sbstamharb, `t`mntbf

pbh`t, `t`mntbf lnvn trndbff`ctr`hø, @t`onc trndbf f`ctr`hø,trndbf hnmonhnrľ f`ctr`hø, vo

Ahaftr`mafncbf Zbstamhar;

Mbfr` ayhaybjbhar va nhiľhnyľjľhnr,mncyatbf fnhgľrmn sbstamb, gjm`t`r f`ctr`hø, iøé ahaftr`cbĐb

Fbmynsnh Zøraéhar; Uart`h rndbcarbharb, fbmynsnhranfsby`c f`ctr`hø, nsbt onzgaciasb f`ctr`hø

Ahaftr`cbf Av Nhatharb;GTG `ycntľjľhnrľ, gbkbtnh fnmarnhnrouhnŐľf mnfbcnhnrľ, N/J har, nhnrm

sbstamharb va iøvachbf fnmarnhnrľ


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Dbzbfsah sbstam

Zbstambcmntamntbf

m`gahb

Mntamntbfsahéôzøm

Fnvrnmsnh tnrnd

Wøm ou sbstamharbc `rtnf c`ftnsľ gnvrncľŐhnrľcľcmntamntbfsah bdngaharbcbc obrobrharbca oaczamasbgbr.


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Obr Nrnon‒cľc Znobt Lľz F`ctr`h‒ø

(Jrubsa J`ctr`h)

Ou tnsnrľmľ ynpnobhmambz bébc sbtambc mntamntbfsah m`gahbcb


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y p é`huŐturmnhľyľz.

Ou tnsnrľmgn sbstambc gbcnmbf gnvrncľŐľ iôz nrgľ agaraf

sngaja fnrnrhľ gurumucu bcjahayahbm.Fahaoaf néľsľcľc > garajahbf gaĐbŐbmb, lľz gn snntta >5 mbhhbf obrgaĐbŐbma fnrŐľhľf iahgbĐb nrné gøz y`hgn va 41 mpl bha ibgarfac

ôhéømha taspbt agbhmbŐtbr.Maybhhb y`hhnrgn ynpľhnc ôhéømharga, aĐbmbc > garajahbf gaĐbŐbmblľzľc snntta 1 mbh gaĐbŐmasbca saoaobyat vargbĐb taspbtagbhmbŐtbr.

Oucn iôra;L

ľ

z sacsôrøcøc lnssnsbyatb bsa snntta > mbhgbr va oucu lntnsľ

zfnouh agaobhbrbz.


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o g hg h h ( 5) d l 4


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AĐar nrnon gøz y`hgn bharhby`rsn(w=5) va radarncs lľzľ snntta 41mbh bsa6

415411 =∟=∟= wr yné

AĐar nrnon > garajahbf aĐbmhb y`hgn bharhby`rsn(w=>) va radarncslľzľ snntta 41 mbh bsa6

45)>)(1(411 =∟=∟= wr yné

Ou y`hgn lntn 1mpl, yøzga lntn;%9.42 gør.

AĐar nrnon ? garajahbf aĐbmhb y`hgn bharhby`rsn(w=?) va radarncslľzľ snntta 41 mbh bsa6

11)?)(1(411 =∟=∟= wr yné

Ou y`hgn lntn;>5 mpl , yøzga lntn;%>1.:< gbr.

5 bf ô gøf fb l t d g o o ob g th b b b


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w=5 bfac iôrgøf fb lntn sľd ľrgľr oucuc saoaob gacathaybjbcbcfnzncjľcľc dbzbfsah sbstam fnzncjľcľc énrpmnyn iôra tnm tarsb`hmnsľcgnc fnycnfhncgľ.

Urntbfta dbzbfsah sbstambc fnzncjľ gaĐbŐbr ougn lntnyn saoaobyatvarbr.

Nrnoncľc éľfľŐ lľzľcľ ôhéaraf éavrbmb fnpnynhľm;

Gacathaybjb fnzncjľcľ >5‒n nynrhnynhľm;


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?4 Daorunry ?559 ?<

wu yfé 1>5 ∟=

Gacathaybjb fnzncjľcľ >5 n nynrhnynhľm;

)(>5 fé yr u ∟=

ĵfb gacfhamb obrhaŐtbrahbm; w yr y féfé 1>55>55 ∟∟=

wr yfé 1>55>5> ∟=

wr yfé>5>1

>5>>55 ∟=

>5>

1

>5>

wr afé += wané 1=

IôrøhgøĐø ibob iarboashama bha y`h gnfb aĐbmgac g`hnyľ`huŐnobhajaf lntn >5> fnt nznhtľhgľ.

Dnfnt w=5 bfac néľ

f éavrbm f`ctr`h sbstambcga lntn sľ

d ľ

r bfacfnpnhľ gôciø sbstamgamplr r yfé 22.5

>5>

>55==

Ncjnf ou lntn éavrbm fnzncjľ oøyøf `hguĐucgn gnln gn

føéøf `hnjnftľr.aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m

AĐar nrnon > garajahbf aĐbmhb y`hgn bharhby`rsn(w=>) va radarncs


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AĐar nrnon > garajahbf aĐbmhb y`hgn bharhby`rsn(w=>) va radarncslľzľ snntta 41 mbh bsa6

>5>

1

>5>

wr afé += 42:>.5

>5>

1

>5>

41=+=

Gars #?


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@t`mntbf F`ctr`h

Hnphns GôcøŐømø



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Ubarra-Zbm`c Hnphnja, >972->


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HNUHNZ GÔCØœØMØ

[nmnchn gaĐbŐac obr d(t) d`cfsby`cucuc Hnphns gôcøŐømø

ĵha ahga agbhbr va iôstarbmb;

Hnphns gôcøŐømø, gbdarncsbyah gacfhamharbc jaobrsah


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p Ő , ybdngahara gôcøŐtørøharaf éôzømharbcbc f`hnyjn ahgaahgbhmasb nmjľyhn fuhhncľhľr.

ĵ s p n t ; Ou gôcøŐømøc hbcaar `hnmsľ bébc hbccar `hmn

Őnrthnrľcľ snĐhnmnsľ iarafbr6

>)

?)


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Hbcaar `hmncľc lar bfb Őnrtľcľ gn snĐhngľĐľ bébc Hnphns gôcøŐømøhbcaar obr gôcøŐømgør.

Onzľ Ôcamhb D`cfsby`chnrľc Hnphns GôcøŐømharb

Ôrcaf; ĵsa d(t) cbc Hnphns gôcøŐømø cagbr0

Ôrcaf; antd(t) cbc Hnphns gôcøŐømø cagbr0


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Ôrcaf; antd(t) cbc Hnphns gôcøŐømø cagbr0

(Ou bdngaya østah ôtahama ga ngľ varbhbr.)

Z` c u é; A Đ ar a n t d ( t ) cbc Hnphns gôcøŐømøcø ouhmnf bstby`rsnfd ( t ) ‒cbc Hnphns gôcøŐømøcø nh ľ p s yarbca s - n ynzmnf yatarhb `hur.

Ôrcaf; ant cbc Hnphns gôcøŐømø cagbr0

Ôrcaf; a(n+ko)t cbc Hnphns gôcøŐømø cagbr0


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a np ns gô øŐø ø ag

Ôrcaf; J`s(nt) cbc Hnphns gôcøŐømø cagbr0

J`s(nt)‒cbc auhar gôcøŐømø;

Oaczar Őafbhga sbc(nt)‒cbc Hnphns gôcøŐømø;

?? ns

n

+ 53s

Ngb Gbdarncsbyah Gacfhamharbc D`cfsby`chnrľc


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Ngb Gbdarncsbyah Gacfhamharbc D`cfsby`chnrľcHnphns GôcøŐømharb va Éôzømharb


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Obzbm ôrcaĐbmbzga s‒bc yarbcb s-?nhmľŐtľr @ lnhga d`cfsby`cumuz


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nhmľŐtľr. @ lnhga d`cfsby`cumuzD(s-?) gbr.( )

Obr d`cfsby`cu znmnc afsacb øzarbcga fnygľrľrsnf, ` d`cfsby`cucôtahacmbŐ lnhbcb ahga agarbz.

D`cfbsy`chnrľc caintbd oôhiagafb gaĐbŐbmharb obhbcmby`r `hnobhbr.

Ou gurumgn d(t) d`cfsby`cucu p`zbtbd znmnc afsacb øzarbcga jfngnr fnygľrgľĐľmľzgn d(t)‒cbc caintbd znmnc afsacb øzarbcga


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fngnr fnygľrgľĐľmľzgn d(t) cbc caintbd znmnc afsacb øzarbcgaj fngnr gnvrncľŐľcn bltbynjľmľz `rtnyn éľfnr.

Ou fľsmľ obhmagbĐbmbz bébc fnygľrľhľmľŐ d`cfsby`cuc bhf j obrbmhbfsørasb sľd ľr `hmnhľgľr.

G`hnyľsyhn oucu `huŐturnobhmaf bébc d(t) d`cfsby`cu j fngnr

ôtahacmbŐ obrbm onsnmnf d`cfsby`cu bha énrpmnmľz iarafbr.

Wa ` r am ;


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ĵ s p n t ;

Ôrcaf; ĵdngasbcbc tars Hnphns gôcøŐømøcø ouhucuz.

C @W ; C @W ; 5 ‚ ∓ nrnsľcgn tncľmhncmľŐ sbct d`cfsby`cucu aha nhnhľm.Ou d`cfsby`cu /? fngnr znmnc afsacbcga snĐn g`Đru


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Ôrcaf;

ĵdngasbcbc Hnphns gôcøŐømøcø ouhucuz.

Ou d`cfsby`cu υ/? fngnr znmnc afsacbcga snĐn g`Đrubtaharsaf, Hnphns gaĐarb;

GaĐbhgbr.


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Ôrcaf; D`cfsby`cucu ébzbcbz.


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Ôrcaf;

Ôrcaf; tc ĵdngasbcbc Hnphns gôcøŐømøcø ouhucuz.


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Gbffnt agbhajaf `hursn t s`csuzn ibgarfac s`c fasbrhb bdngacbc pnyľva pnygnsľ s`csuzn ibtmaftagbr. Ou gurumgn H‒l`spbtnh furnhľuyiuhncľrsn fasbrhb bdngacbc pnyľ c ngľmgn sľd ľrn ibgarfac pnygnsnobt fnhmnftngľr. Z`cué sľd ľr `hur.

Wars Hnphns GôcøŐømharb


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Őafhbcga samo`hbza agbhbr. Fľsmb fasbrharanyľrmn yôctamb fuhhncľhľr, oôyhaja fnrmnŐľfbdngahar sngahaŐtbrbharaf Hnphns gôcøŐømøobhbcac bdngahar lnhbca gôcøŐtørøhør.

Ôrcaf; bdngasbcbc tars Hnphns gôcøŐømøcø ouhucuz.

Warbmharbc nyrľ nyrľ tars gôcøŐømharbcbnhnjnf `hursnf6



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AŐbthbĐbc lar bfb tnrnd ľ s bc oøtøc gaĐarharb bébc aŐbt bsa s=5 bébcgaaŐbttbr. Ou gurumgn6



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Wars Hnphns GôcøŐømø

Lntľrhnmn;

Røfsaf Martaoagac Wøravharbc Lasnphncmnsľ


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Őafhbcga ynzľhnobhbr.

)(?

sD s=

5)5(

5)5(

'=

=

d

sd bsa


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Ôrcaf;


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Uarby`gbf D`cfsby`chnrľc Hnphns GôcøŐømharb


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Ôrcaf; NŐnĐľgnfb Őafbhgafb d`cfsby`cuc Hnphns gôcøŐømøcøouhucuz.

œafbhgafb d`cfsby`cuc parby`gu ? gbr, W=?.


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Gars #:


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?4 Daorunry ?559 aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m >

@t`mntbf F`ctr`h

Oh`f Gbynirnmhnr va ĵŐnrat NfľŐ Gbynirnmhnr ľ



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?4 Daorunry ?559 aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m ?

FnrmnŐľf sbstamhar obr é`f nht sbstambc obr nrnyn iahmasbyha`huŐmuŐtur.

AĐar fnrmnŐľf obr sbstamb taf obr trncsdar d`cfsby`cucn vayn nhtsbstama bcgbriayaobhbrsaf tøm sbstamb ncnhbtbf `hnrnf gnln f`hnybcjahayaobhbrbz.

FnrmnŐľf sbstamharb taf obr trncsdar d`cfsby`cucn bfb yôctamhabcgbriayaobhbrbz;

>. Oh`f Gbynirnmhnrľ

?. ĵŐnrat NfľŐ Gbynirnmhnrľ


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Obr ôcjafb snydngn iôgøĐømøz ibob fnrmnŐľf obr sbstam obrgacdnzhn nht sbstambc obrnrnyn iahmasb bha `huŐmuŐtur. Ou nhtb t h g bhb fbh b Đh o bt tô h


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sbstamhar nrnsľcgn bhbŐfbhacmayb snĐhnync onsbt `parntôrharvnrgľr;

Obr sbstambc oh`f gbynirnmľ sbstam pnrénhnrľcľc bŐhavharbcbc vabŐnrat nfľŐľcľc Őafhb iôstarbmbgbr.


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Obrobrbyha nhnfnsľz bfb nyrľ sbstambc oh`f gbynirnmhnrľ nycľ `hnobhbr.

Obr sbstambc oh`f gbynirnm iôstarbmb taf gaĐbhgbr. Rnpľhnjnfncnhbza iôra obr sbstam dnrfhľ oh`f gbynirnmhnr Őafhbcgaiôstarbhaobhbr.

Obr sbstambc oh`f gbynirnmľ sbstambc gbcnmbf gnvrncľŐľcľ tamsbhagar, sbstambc dbzbfsah ynpľsľ lnffľcgn obhib varmaz.

Wøm sbstambmb `huŐturnc nht sbstamharb bŐnrat nfľŐľcn iôra tømsbstambc oh`f gbynirnmľcľ `huŐturmnf øzara bhbŐfbhacgbrmaf z`rgaĐbhgbr. Oôyhaja tøm sbstambc pard`rmncsľcn lar obr nht sbstambc

fntfľsľcľ oahbrhayaobhbrbz.

Nrgnrgn (Fnsfnt) OnĐhnctľ;


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)()()( >? s _sIs \ =

)(? s \

)()()()( >?> s _sIsIs \ =

)(> s \

)()()()()( >?: s _sIsIsIsJ =

)(sJ

Zbstambc aŐgaĐar ibrbŐ-éľfľŐ bhbŐfbsb;

)()()()( >?: sIsIsIsIa =

Ou aŐgaĐar ibrbŐ- éľfľŐ bhbŐfbsb nht sbstamharbc obrobrharbcbyøfhamagbfharb vnrsnyľmľ bha g`Đrugur. AĐar yøfhacma sôz f`cusubsa aŐgaĐar ibrbŐ éľfľŐ bhbŐfbsb `huŐturuhurfac yøfhacma atfbsb iôzôcøcga ouhucguruhmnhľgľr.

Røfhacma atfbsbcb onsbtéa Őôyha bdnga agaobhbrbz; AĐar obr nhtsbstambc éľfľŐľcn onŐfn obr nht sbstam ahacmasb bha gaĐbŐmby`rsnsbstam yøfhacmby`r gamaftbr, aĐar gaĐbŐby`rsn yøfhacma atfbsb


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y y , Đ Đ Ő y y

vnrgľr va aŐ gaĐar sbstam `huŐturuhurfac iôz ôcøca nhľcmnsľiarafbr.

Ôrcaf;

>>

>>>> >

>

)(

)()(

J _

s

J _

sT

sT sI

b +==

??

??

>

?? >

>

)(

)()(

J _

s

J _

sT

sT sI

+==


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Røfhacma atfbsb iôz ôcøca nhľcmnzsn;

>


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??>>??>>

?

??>>

>

?

>>>)()()(

J _J _s

J _J _s

J _J _sT sT sI

+⎐⎐ ⎥

⎓⎘⎘⎝

⎖ ++

==

IôrøhgøĐø ibob bfb ibrbŐ-éľfľŐ bhbŐfbsb nrnsľcgn dnrf vnr.

ĵfb nht sbstam nrnsľcgn yøfhacma atfbsbcb `rtngnc fnhgľrmnf bébciacahhbfha bfb nht sbstam nrnsľcgn `p-nmp fuhhncľhľr.


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Unrnhah OnĐhnctľ;

)()()( s_sIs\ =


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)()()(>>

s _sIs \ =

)()()( ?? s _sIs \ =

)()()( :: s _sIs \ =

V ] )()()()()( :?> s _sIsIsIsJ ¾¾¾=

)()()( :?> sIsIsIIa ¾¾¾=

Iarb-oashama OnĐhnctľsľ;

Iarb oashama onĐhnctľsľ f`ctr`h tnsnrľmľ ynpnc mølacgbs bébc


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?4 Daorunry ?559 aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m >?

Đ

tamah obr f`cugur.

Oh`f gbynirnmľcľ sngahaŐtbrahbm6


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Ôcja taf obr t`phnyľjľ gn iarb oashama sbcynhharbcb t`phnynobhbrbz


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Iarb oashama onĐhnctľsľgn gbffnta nhľcgľĐľcgn s`cué `hnrnf tafibrbŐ va éľfľŐhľ oh`f gbynirnmľ6


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Ôrcaf; NŐnĐľgnfb oh`f gbynirnmľ taf obr ibrbŐ-éľfľŐ n bcgbriaybc.


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>/I?(s) bha obrbm bŐnratb obrhaŐtbrahbm va I>(s)‒b t`phnyľjľcľc snĐľcnnhnhľm;


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W`phnyľjľhnrľ obrhaŐtbrahbm nrg nrgn onĐhntľyľ taf oh`f gbynirnmngôcøŐtørahbm;


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Iarb oashama onĐhntľsľcľc oh`f bŐhambcb ynpnhľm;


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Nrg nrgn onĐhntľ bŐahmbcb iaréafhayahbm;


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Lar obr bŐnrat facgbca g`Đru iahac bŐnratharbc t`phnmľ bha bdnga agbhbr.

ÔrcaĐbc;

)()()()()()()( ::??>> sIs _sIs _sIs _s \ +∟=

)()()()()()()()()()()()( 1::1??1>>1? sIsIs _sIsIs _sIsIs _sIs \ sJ +∟==

)()()()()()()()()()()()( 4::4??4>>4: sIsIs _sIsIs _sIsIs _sIs \ sJ ∟+∟=∟=


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Ôrcaf;)(> sT

NŐnĐľgnfb sbstambc bŐnrat nfľŐ gbynirnmľcľ `huŐturuc.


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)(? sT

)(: sT

)(sJ

Ôrcaf; NŐnĐľgnfb sbstambc bŐnrat nfľŐ gbynirnmľcľ `huŐturuc.


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?4 Daorunry ?559 aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m :5

Ôrcaf; NŐnĐľgnfb sbstambc bŐnrat nfľŐ gbynirnmľcľ `huŐturuc.


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?4 Daorunry ?559 aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m :>

> >

>

>

->->->

)(> sI )(? sI )(: sI

)(: s L )(? s L

)(> s L


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Ou ôrcafta, nycľ ncgn øé tamnssľz gôciø `hmngľĐľcgnc øéhøénrpľm bha tamnssľz gôciø fnzncjľmľz y`f.

Z.K.Mns`c Rnsnsľ;

Η∞ffWJ )(


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Η

Η== ∞f

f f W

Z _

sJ sI

)(

)()(

f= bhar y`h snyľsľ

Wf= f. ĵharb y`h fnzncjľ

Η=>-Ϊ(gôciø fnzncéhnrľ)+ Ϊ(bfbhb énrpľm tamnssľz gôciø fnzncéhnrľ)-Ϊ(øéhø énrpľm tamnssľz gôciø fnzncéhnrľ)

+Ϊ(gôrthø énrpľm tamnssľz gôciø fnzncéhnrľ)

Ηf=Η- Ϊ(f. R`hn tamns agac gôciø fnzncéhnrľ). Obr onŐfn gaybŐha

Η “yn tamns atmayac gôciø fnzncéhnrľ


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x:r

x? x>y

s

>

s

>?7

s

>>

-2


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-?7

-?4

Nrg nrgn (Fnsfnt) Iôstarbm;

?7?42?7?: +++ sss

)(s _ )(sJ

)7)(:)(?(?7

)()(

+++=

ssss _sJ


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Unrnhah Iôstarbm; Zbstamb tamsbh agac obr gbĐar iôstarbmgbr.

)7)(:)(?(

?7

)(

)(

+++

=

ssss _

sJ

)7(

>?

):(

?7

)?(

>?

+

+

+

∟

+

=

sss


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?4 Daorunry ?559 aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m 7:

))()(()( +++ )()()( +++

)(

)7(

>?)(

):(

?7)(

)?(

>?)( s _

s

s _

s

s _

s

sJ

+

+

+

∟

+

=

ĵŐnrat nfľŐ gbynirnmľ;

:?>

:

.

?

.

>

.

)()(

)(>?7

)(?7:

)(>??

:

?

>

x x xt jt y

t r x x

t r x x

t r x x

++==+∟=

∟∟=

+∟=


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Fnpnsbtôr bébc;

)(>

)( s B

Js

sT =

Gbracé bébc;


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Gbracé bébc;

)()( s _B sT =

Acgøftôr bébc;

)()( s HsB sT =

Wrncsdar d`cfsby`cu tncľmhnynjnf `hursnf;

)()(

)(s [

s B

sT =

Ahaftrbfsah gavraharbc mntamntbfsah m`gahhacmasbcga FbrŐ`d

ynsnhnrľcgnc dnygnhncľhľr;Obr fnpnhľ éavrbmga iarbhbmharbc t`phnmľ sľdľrgľr


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Obr fnpnhľ éavrbmga iarbhbmharbc t`phnmľ sľd ľrgľr.

Obr c`ftnyn iahac va c`ftngnc éľfnc nfľmhnrľc t`phnmľ

sľd ľrgľr.

Ou bhbŐfbhar furuhguftnc s`crn gavra bébc gbdarncsbyah gacfhamharynzľhľr. Gnln s`crn Hnphns gôcøŐømø ynpľhľr va trncsdard`cfsby`cu ahga agbhbr.


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)(

)(sT j“b ahga atmaya énhľŐľy`ruz.

)>

(

)()(

Js

Hs _

sT s B

++=


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)(

>

)( s B JssT j =

)(sT b ahga atmaya énhľŐľy`ruz.

)>(

)(>)(

Js Hs _

sT

Js

sT j

++

=

)>(

>>

)(

)(

?

Js HJs _JsJssT

sT j

++

=

HJ s

H

_s

HJ sT sT j

>

>

)()(

? ++=


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Nshľcgn gavrayb éôzmaya onŐhnmngnc gavra ahamnchnrľcľc gavra

øzarbcga ampagncs gaĐarharbcb ynznobhbrbz.

?. Rôctam FbrŐ`d Nfľmhnr Rnsnsľ;

Obr c`ftngnc éľfnc nfľmhnrľ p`zbtbd, c`ftnyn iahac nfľmhnrľ

caintbd fnouh agajaĐbz.


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Obzbm gavrambzga nfľmhnr6 fnpnsbtôr bébcgac iaéac nfľm va sarbonĐhľ gbracé va acgøftôrgac iaéac nfľmgľr.

5)()(

>

)(=

+

∟+

Hs _

sT sT

Js

sT jj

Éôzajaf `hursnf;

HJ s

H

_s

HJ

sT

sT j>

>

)(

)(

? ++=

:. Rôctam Iarbhbm Oôhøjø;Fnpnsbtôr uéhnrľcgnfb iarbhbm uyiuhncnc iarbhbmbc obr fľsmľgľr.G`hnyľsľyhn fnpnsbtôr ampagncsľcľ t`phnm ampagncsn oôharafga fnpnsbtôr iarbhbmbcb ouhnobhbrbz.

>

Js


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?4 Daorunry ?559 aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m >:

)(>

)( sT

Js Hs _

JssT j++

=

Ou ôrcafta taf éavrahb obr ahaftrbfsah gavrambz vnrgľ, dnfnt é`Đuahaftrbfsah gavrahar obrgac é`f gôciø béarbrhar. É`f éavrahb gavraharbctrncsdar d`cfsby`chnrľcľ ahga agaobhmaf bébc;

>. Gavra ahamnchnrľcľc ampagncs gaĐarharb ynzľhľr

?. Éavraga nfľmľc yôcø saébhbr

:. Éavraga FbrŐ`d iarbhbmhar ynsnsľ uyiuhncľr7. ÉľfľŐľ ahga atmaf bébc gacfhamhar sľrnsľyhn éôzøhør

1. Wrncsdar d`cfsby`cu `huŐturuhur

Ôrcaf; NŐnĐľgnfb gavraga B?(s)/T?(s) trncsdar d`cfsby`cucuynzľcľz.


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OnsŐhnciľé f`Őuhhnrľcľ sľd ľr vnrsnynrnf gavra ahamnchnrľcľcampagncshnrľcľ ynznhľm

>. Éavrbmga )()()()( ?>>> sT s HsB s HsB s B _ =∟+

?. Éavrbmga5)()(

>

)()( >???? =∟++ s HsB s B Jss B _s HsB


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B>(s) va B?(s) hb tarbmharb obrhbfta ynznjnf `hursnf6

)()()()( ?>> sT s HsB s B Hs _ =∟+5)()

>()( ??> =+++∟ s B

Js _ Hss HsB

B?(s) b Éôzmaf bébc frnmar ynsnsľ

cľ

fuhhncnjnf `hursnf6

)>

(

)(

?

>

Js _ Hs Hs

Hs Hs _

++∟

∟+

=Η


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>. Gavra ahamnchnrľcľc ngmbtncs gaĐarharb ynzľhľr

C`g nfľmhnrľ bha trncsdar d`cfsby`cucu ahga agajafsaf;


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?. Iarbhbm fnycnfhnrľ nfľm fnycnfhnrľ jbcsbcgac

ynzľhľr (AĐar f`hnyhľf snĐhnynjnfsn):. C`g‒gn FbrŐ`d nfľmhnr ynsnsľ uyiuhncľr

7. ÉľfľŐľ ahga atmaf bébc gacfhamhar sľrnsľyhn éôzøhør

1. Wrncsdar d`cfsby`cu `huŐturuhur

Ôrcaf; NŐnĐľgnfb gavraga Tj(s)/T(s) trncsdar d`cfsby`cucu c`gnfľmhnrľcľ fuhhncnrnf ynzľcľz.


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Iarbhbm fnycnĐľcľ, nfľm fnycnĐľcn ampagncshnrľ ngmbtncshnrngôcøŐtørahbm.

)()()( sT sR s B =


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>?> )()]()(V)(>)( IsT sT sT IsT Hs

sT I J H H H =∟++

Tj(s) c`g‒ucgnfb nfľmhnrľc t`phnmľ;

5)]()(V)( ? =∟+ sT sT IsJsT HJ J

TH(Z) va TJ(s)‒harb gøzachayahbm;

>??> )()()(

>

IsT sT IsT HsIIJ H

=∟⎐ ⎥

⎓

⎘⎝

⎖

++

( ) 5)()( ?? =++∟ sT JsIsT I J H

Zľrnyhn éôzgøĐømøzga trncsdar d`cfsby`cu;

( )HJ

Is

HJ

J HIIsII

s

J

II

sT sT j

??>?

?>

?>

)()(

++

++=


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HJ HJ

>. C`g‒n onĐhľngmbtncshnrľct`phnmľ

@rtnfngmbtncshnrľct`phnmľ

?. C`g‒n onĐhľngmbtncshnrľc

t`phnmľ

THTJ

TH

TJ

-

-

+

>. C`g‒gnuyiuhncncnfľmhnrľct`phnmľ

?. C`g‒gn

uyiuhncncnfľmhnrľct`phnmľ

=

@rtnfngmbtncshnrľct`phnmľ

=

Ôrcaf; NŐnĐľgnfb gavraga éavra gacfhamharbcb ynzľcľz.


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>. Éavragafbampagncshnrľct`phnmľ

B> B?->. Éavraga

uyiuhncncIarbhbmharbct`phnmľ

=>. va ?.Éavragafb`rtnfampagncshnrľct`phnmľ

>. va :.Éavragafb`rtnfampagncshnrľct`phnmľ

- B:

>. va ?.Éavragafb`rtnfampagncshnrľc

B> B?+?. Éavraga

uyiuhncncIarbhbmharbc

=

?. Éavragafbampagncshnrľct`phnmľ

?. va :.Éavragafb`rtnf

- B:-


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ampagncshnrľct`phnmľ

Iarbhbmharbct`phnmľ

t`phnmľ `rtnfampagncshnrľct`phnmľ

B> B?-:. Éavraga

uyiuhncncIarbhbmharbct`phnmľ

=

?. va :.Éavragafb`rtnfampagncshnrľct`phnmľ

:. Éavragafbampagncshnrľct`phnmľ

+ B:

>. va :.Éavragafb`rtnfampagncshnrľct`phnmľ

-

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

5)(>

>7)(7)(

5)(7)(>2)(>?

)()()(>?)(??

:?>

:?>

:?>

=⎐ ⎥

⎓⎘⎝

⎖ +++∟∟

=∟+++∟

=∟+∟+

s B s

sssB s B

ssB s B ss B s

sT s B s B ss B s

Mafncbfsah Zbstamharbc Wrncsdar D`cfsby`chnrľ

(Gøzhamsah Lnrafat)


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Mafncbfsah sbstamhar bha ahafrbfsah sbstamhar nrnsľcgn ncnh`kb`huŐturmnmľz mømføcgør.

ÔrcaĐbc, uyiuhncnc fuvvat, uyiuhncnc iarbhbmbc6 lľz, nfľmľc6yar gaĐbŐtbrma ga yøf‒øc fnrŐľhľĐľgľr.

Mafncbfsah Ampagncs;)(

)(sD

s[


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Mafncbfsah Ampagncs;)(

)(s \

s [ M =

)()( sF\ sD =Rny ahamncľ;

)()( ss\ d sD v=Zôcøm ahamncľ;

)()( ? s \ MssD =Føtha;


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)(t Fx

gt

t gx

d v)(

?

? )(t xg M


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?gt M

Fuvvatharb t`phnyľp sľd ľrn aŐbthayajaf `hursnf6

)()()()(? sD sF\ ss\ d s \ Ms v =++

)()(? sD s \ F s d Ms v =++

F s d MssD

s \ sI

v ++

==?

>

)(

)()(

É`Đu mafncbfsah sbstamhar, é`f éavrbmhb é`f c`g‒hu ahaftrbfsahgavrahara oaczamaftagbr va sbstamb tncľmhnmnf bébc obrgac dnzhngbdarncsbyah gacfham iarafbr.

Mafncbfsah sbstamharga iarafhb `hnc lnrafat gacfhamharbcbcsnyľsľ, hbcaar `hnrnf onĐľmsľz lnrafatharbc snyľsľcn aŐbttbr.


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Hbcaar onĐľ

msľ

zhľ

Đľ

c mncnsľ

lnrafat c`ftnsľ

cľ

c gbĐar lnrafatc`ftnhnrľ snobthacgbĐb lnhga lnrafat agaobhmasbgbr. HbcaaronĐľmsľzhľĐľc obr gbĐar mncnsľ saroasthbf garajasbgbr.

Ahatrbfsah sbstamhargac ôrcaf varajaf `hursgnf6 bfb éavrahb obrgavraga lar obr nfľm gbĐar éavracbc nfľmľcľc atfbsb nhtľcgngľr.AĐar éavrahargac obrbcb néľf gavra ynpnrsnf, gbĐar éavragaiarbhbm fnycnĐľ vnrsn ` éavraga nfľm nfmnyn gavnm agar.

Ôrcaf;


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?4 Daorunry ?559 aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m :>

Lar bfb føtha yntny g`Đruhtugn obrb snobt bfac lnrafat attbrbhaobhajaĐbbébc sbstambc saroasthbf garajasb bfbgbr.

ĵfb gacfham bfb føthacbc saroast jbsbm gbynirnmľcgnc ahga

agbhajaftbr.

\(s)/D(s) trncsdar d`cfsby`cucu ouhucuz.

AĐar M?‒yb snobt tutupM

>‒b snĐn g`Đru lnrafat

attbrajaf `hursnf

AĐar M>‒yb snobt tutupM?‒b snĐn g`Đru lnrafatattbrajaf `hursnf


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?4 Daorunry ?559 aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m :?

M> øzarbca søparp`zbsy`c uyiuhncnjnf `hursn;

Nycľ bŐhamharb M? bébcynpnhľm;

AĐar M>‒yb snobt tutup

M?‒b snĐn g`Đru lnrafatattbrajaf `hursnf


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?4 Daorunry ?559 aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m ::

AĐar M?‒yb snobt tutupM>‒b snĐn g`Đru lnrafatattbrajaf `hursnf

M? øzarbca søparp`zbsy`c

uyiuhncnjnf `hursn;

( ) ( ) ( ) )()()( ??:>?>:>?

> sD s \ F s d s \ F F s d d s M vvv =+∟++++

( ) ( ) ( ) 5)()( ?:?:??

?>?: =++++++∟ s \ F F s d d s M s \ F s d vvv


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Η

+==

)()(

)(

)( ?:? F s d sIsD

s \ v

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )⎡⎡⎤

⎧

⎯⎯⎪

⎮

+++++∟

+∟++++

=Η :?:??

??:

?:?>:>

?

>

F F s d d s M F s d

F s d F F s d d s M

vvv

vvv


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\> gafb

lnrafata onĐhľampagncshnrľct`phnmľ

\> \?-

\>‒a uyiuhncnc

Fuvvatarbc

t`phnmľ=

\> va \? gafb

`rtnfampagncshnrľct`phnmľ

+ =-\> va \? gafb`rtnfampagncshnrľct`phnmľ

\? gafblnrafata onĐhľampagncshnrľct`phnmľ

\?\>\?‒a uyiuhncnc

Fuvvatarbc

t`phnmľ

Ôrcaf;


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Rufnrľgnfb mafncbfsah sbstambc lnrafat gacfhamharbcb gbraf ynzľcľz.

( ) ( ) 5)()()( ::??>?>:>?

> =∟∟++++ ss\ d s \ F s \ F F s d d s M vvv

( ) )()()()( :7??7??

?>? sD ss\ d s \ F s d d s M s \ F vvv =∟++++∟

( ) 5)()()()( :7:7:?

:?7>: =∟+++∟∟ ss\ d s \ s d d s M ss\ d ss\ d vvvvv

Mafncbfsah Zbstamharbc Wrncsdar D`cfsby`chnrľ(Gnbrasah Lnrafat)


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Gnbrasah lnrafat agac mafncbfsah sbstamhar gøzhamsah lnrafatagac mafncbfsah sbstamhar ibob aha nhľcľr. Fuvvat‒bc yarbcb t`rf,gøzhamsah yar gaĐbŐtbrmacbc yarbcb néľsnh yar gaĐbŐtbrma nhľr.Nyrľjn føtha yarbca ntnhat bdngasb fuhhncľhľr.

Zaroasthbf garajasb bsa gøzhamsah lnrafatta yar gaĐbŐtbrma bhaoahbrhacbrfac gnbrasah lnrafatta gôcaobhma bha oahbrhacbr


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?4 Daorunry ?559 aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m :<

oahbrhacbrfac gnbrasah lnrafatta gôcaobhma bha oahbrhacbr.

Ôcja, lnrafat c`ftnhnrľcľ snobt tutuhnrnf jbsmb gôcgørørøz va`huŐnjnf t`rfhnrľ saroast jbsbm gbynirnmľ øzarbcga iôstarbrbz.

Z`crn jbsmb snobthaybp sľrnsľyhn obtbŐbf lnrafat c`ftnhnrľgôcgørøharaf `huŐnjnf t`rfhnr saroast jbsbm gbynirnmľcgniôstarbhbr. Lar obr lnrafat c`ftnsľ bébc ou bŐhamb tafrnrhncľr.

Wøm saroast jbsbm gbynirnmhnrľcgn t`rf‒hnr t`phncľr va sľd ľrnaŐbthacbr.

Ôrcaf; Zbstambc, μ?(s)/W(s) trncsdard`cfsby`cucu ynzľcľz. Éuouflar bfb tnrndtnc yntnfhncmľŐľtľrva ouruhmnyn mnruzfnhmnftngľr. ZnĐ tnrndn t`rfuyiuhncľrfac yar gaĐbŐrtbrmas`h tnrndtnc ôhéøhmaftagbr.


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é

Ourngn éuouĐuc ouruhmnsľcľ bfb ntnhat nrnsľcgn ouhucnc yny ibobgøŐøcaobhbrbz.

K> øzarbcgafb K>‒cľcl f tb h h

K> øzarbcgafb K?‒cľcl f tb h h K ø b g fb h


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lnrafatbyha `huŐncW`rfhnr

lnrafatbyha `huŐncW`rfhnr

K> øzarbcgafb `huŐnct`phnm W`rfhnr

K? øzarbcgafb K?‒cľclnrafatbyha `huŐncW`rfhnr

K? øzarbcgafb K>‒cľclnrafatbyha `huŐncW`rfhnr

K? øzarbcgafb `huŐnct`phnm W`rfhnr

Lar bfb ntnhattafb t`rfhnrľ t`phngľĐľmľzgn, lnrafat gacfhambcb ahgaagarbz;

)()()( ?>>?

> sW sF sF s Gs K =∟++ μ μ

5)()( ???

?> =+++∟ sF s Gs K sF μ μ


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?4 Daorunry ?559 aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m 7>

Η= F

sW

s

)(

)(?μ

( )

( )⎡⎡⎤

⎧

⎯⎯⎪

⎮

++∟

∟++

=Η F s Gs K F

F F s Gs K

?

?

?

>

?

>

μ ‒a uyiuhncncμ va μ gafb


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?4 Daorunry ?559 aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m

7?

μ> gafb

lnrafata onĐhľampagncshnrľct`phnmľ

μ> μ?-

μ> a uyiuhncnc

W`rfhnrľc

t`phnmľ=

μ> va μ? gafb

`rtnfampagncshnrľct`phnmľ

+ =-μ> va μ? gafb`rtnfampagncshnrľct`phnmľ

μ? gafblnrafata onĐhľampagncshnrľct`phnmľ

μ?μ>

μ?‒a uyiuhncnc

W`rfhnrľc

t`phnmľ

Ôrcaf;

Lnrafat gacfhamharbcb gbraf ynzľcľz.

μ> gafbl f t o Đh μ μ

μ>‒a uyiuhncnc

fh

μ> va μ? gafb`rtnf μ

μ> va μ: gafb`rtnf


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7:

lnrafata onĐhľ


μ> μ?- W`rfhnrľct`phnmľ

=`rtnf

ampagncshnrľ

ct`phnmľ

+ =-

μ> va μ? gafb`rtnfampagncshnrľct`phnmľ

μ? gafb

lnrafata onĐhľ


μ?μ>

μ?‒a uyiuhncnc

W`rfhnrľc

t`phnmľ

μ:`rtnf

ampagncshnrľ

ct`phnmľ

-

μ? va μ: gafb`rtnfampagncshnrľct`phnmľ

- μ:

μ>μ> va μ: gafb`rtnfampagncshnrľct`phnmľ

- μ? va μ: gafb`rtnfampagncshnrľct`phnmľ

- μ?μ: gafblnrafata onĐhľampagncshnrľct`phnmľ

μ:+ =μ:‒a uyiuhncncW`rfhnrľc

t`phnmľ

)()(5)()( :?>>?

> sW ssF sF s Gs K =∟∟++ μ μ μ

?


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77

5)()()( :????

?> =∟+++∟ ss GsF s Gs K sF μ μ μ

5)()()(5 :?:?

:??> =+++∟∟ ss Gs Gs K ss Gs μ μ μ

@t`mntbf F`ctr`h

Gars #1


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>

Dbzbfsah Zbstamharbc M`gahhacmasb

•GbŐhb Wnfľ

mhnr ľ

• Ahaftr`mafncbfsah Zbstamhar


Mafncbfsah Zbstamharbc Wrncsdar D`cfsby`chnrľ(GbŐhb Wnfľmhnrľ)

Tbtashb obsbfhatharb gøŐøcahbm. R`fuŐ éľfnrfac gnln dnzhn t`rfvarac va gnln ynvnŐ ibgajaĐbmbz vbtasa iaébrbhbr. Gøz y`hgn bsagnln nz t`rf va gnln lnzhn lľz ynpľhnobhac vbtasa iaébrbhbr. Fľsnjn,gbŐhb tnfľmhnrľ obsbfhat va y`hu lľz va t`rftnc obrbcb tarjbl agbharafa ha tb b


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?

aŐhaŐtbrbr.

Lar obr gbŐhb éavrasbcaga nhľcnc y`h aŐbt `hguĐucgnc;

??>> μ μ r r =

?

>

?

>

>

?

C

C

r

r ==

μ

μ

ĵfb gbŐhbcbc néľsnh yar gaĐbŐtbrmaharb gbŐ snyľhnrľ bha tars `rnctľhľgľr.


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:

W`rfhnr nrnsľcgnfb bhbŐfb cnsľh0AĐar gbŐhbharbc acrkbyb nos`roa atmagbĐbcb va gap`hnmngľĐľcľvnrsnynjnf `hursnf; >. gbŐhbya varbhac acarkb, ?. gbŐhbgac nhľcncacarkbya aŐbttbr.

AĐar gbŐhbharbc acrkbyb nos`roa atmagbĐbcb va gap`hnmngľĐľcľvnrsnynjnf `hursnf; >. gbŐhbya varbhac acarkb, ?. gbŐhbgac nhľcncacarkbya aŐbttbr.

??>> μ μ W W =

>

?

?

>

>

?

C

C

W

W ==

μ

μ


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7

GbŐhbharbc mafncbfsah ampagncshnrľ sørmasb gurumucgn;


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1

μ>‒ gafb gbŐhb tnfľmsľz aŐgaĐar gavra;

Lnrafat gacfhamb;

( ) >?

>?

?

)()( C

C

sW sF Gs Ks =++ μ μ?(s)‒ yb aŐgaĐar μ>(s) jbcsbcgac ynznjnf `hursnf;


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4

( )>

?>>

?

>? )()( C

C sW s

C

C F Gs Ks =++ μ

GøzachagbĐbmbzga;

)()(>>

?

?

>

?

?

>?

?

?

>sW s

C

C F s

C

C Gs

C

C K =

⎐

⎐

⎥

⎓

⎘

⎘

⎝

⎖

⎐

⎐

⎥

⎓

⎘

⎘

⎝

⎖ +

⎐

⎐

⎥

⎓

⎘

⎘

⎝

⎖ +

⎐

⎐

⎥

⎓

⎘

⎘

⎝

⎖ μ


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9

Gnbrasah mafncbfsah ampagncshnr yufnrľgnfb Őafbhgafb ibob gbŐhb`rnchnrľcľc fnrasbya `rnctľhľ `hnrnf gbĐar tnrndn bcgbriacaobhbr.

Nycľ trncsd`rmntôrhargafb ampagncshnrľc bcgbriacmasb ibob.

Ôrcaf;


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<

Zbstambc, μ?(s)/W>(s) trncsdar d`cfsby`cucu ynzľcľz.

Lar obr ntnhat bébc sľrnsľyhn éôzøhmasb iarafac bfb gbdarncsbyahgacfham `hmnhľ ibob iôrøcsa ga, ntnhat ahamnchnrľ gbŐhb tnfľmcgncg`hnyľ hbcaar obrobrbcgac onĐľmsľz lnrafat agamazhar. Ou soapha

sbstambc saroasthbf garajasb obrgbr va obr tnca lnrafat gacfhambvnrgľr.

K>, G> va W> b gbŐhbcbc gbĐar tnrnd ľcn bcgbriayajaf `hursnf


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( )>

?>?

? )()( C

C sW sF s Gs K aaa =++ μ

( )aaa

F s Gs K

C

C

sW

ssI

++

⎐⎐ ⎥

⎓

⎘⎘⎝

⎖

==?

>

?

>

?

)(

)()( μ

GbŐhb tracb `hmnsľ gurumucgn;


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Ôrcaf;


165/335


Zbstambc, μ>(s)/W

>(s) trncsdar d`cfsby`cucu ynzľcľz.

Zbstamgafb gbŐhb tracbcbc gbŐhbharb fnyľpsľz gbŐhbhar gaĐbh. Lar obrbcbcntnhat va vbzf`z sørtøcmasb vnr.

Wrncsdar d`cfsby`cucu ahga atmaf bébc oøtøc ampagncshnrľ ibrbŐŐndt‒ ľcn bcgbriayahbm.


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Gbfnft agbhajaf `hurssn oøtøc ampagncshnr bébc gbŐhb `rncľ nycľgaĐbhgbr. ÔrcaĐbc6 G

?, (C

> /C

?)? bha bcgbriacbrfac (K

7+K

1)

?

?7

>:

⎐⎐ ⎥

⎓⎘⎘⎝

⎖

C C

C C

ĵha bcgbriacajaftbr.

Wøm aŐgaĐar sbstam;


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?4 Daorunry ?559 aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m >:

)()( >>?

sW ss Gs K aa =+ μ

( )s Gs K sW s

sI

aa +

==?

>

> >

)(

)()( μ

Ahaftr`mafncbfsah Zbstamharbc WrncsdarD`cfsby`chnrľ


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CNZN uéuŐ sbmøhntôrø, r`o`t f`huc fuhhncľhgľĐľ obr ahaftr` mafncbfsbstam

M`t`rhnr ahaftr`mafncbf sbstamhara ac iøzah ôrcaftbr. IarbhbmibrbŐb éľfľŐtn gôcmaya (obr yar gaĐbŐtbrmaya) saoaobyat varbr.


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Znobt mľfcntľshľ obr GJ m`t`r va trncsdar d`cfsby`cu

GJ mnfbcncľc mncyatbf nhncľ snobt mľfcntľshnr tnrnsľcgncøratbhmaftagbr. Gôcac, lnrafathb pnén acgøvb bha nghncgľrľhľr vabébcgac bn(t) nfľmľ nfnr. Mncyatbf nhnc bébcga ouhucnc va bébcgacnfľm nfnc acgøvb D=Oh bn(t) fuvvatbca mnruz fnhľr va gôcar.

Mncyatbf nhnc bébcga ouhucnc va gôcac acgøvb uéhnrľcgn a=Ohv

Iarbhbmb acgøfhacbr, ou iarbhbma tars ahaftr`m`t`r fuvvatb ngľ


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varbhbr.

gt

t g F t v m

on

)()(

μ =

Hnphns gôcøŐømø ynptľĐľmľzgn; )()(

ssF sT mon

μ =

Acgøvb gavra gacfhamb bsa; )()()()( s A sT ssB Hs B _ nnnnnn =++

M`t`ruc ørattbĐb t`rf ; )()( s B F sW nt m =

)(>)( sW F

s B m

t

n =

)()()()(

s A ssF F

sW s H _nmo

t

mnn =++

μ

Wrncsdar d`cfsby`cucu ahga atmaf øzara nfľm va iarbhbmb yarbcaynznhľm6

IbrbŐ va éľfľŐ nrnsľcgnfb trncsdar d`cfsby`cu, μm(s)/An(s),

\


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?4 Daorunry ?559 >9

Obrb yøfø gôcgørac m`t`ruc tbpbf aŐgaĐarb

ouhnobhmaf bébc Wm(s) “yb μm(s) jbcsbcgac ynzmnhľyľz.

Km acgøvbgafb aŐgaĐar ntnhat, gnln s`crn ou aŐ gaĐar ntnhatbc yøfntnhatbcbga béargbĐbcb iôrajaĐbz. Gm acgøvbgafb aŐgaĐar sôcømahamncľ, gnln s`crn ou aŐ gaĐar sôcøm ahamncľcľc yøf sôcømahamncľcľ gn béargbĐbcb iôrajaĐbz.

aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m

)()( ? ss Gs K sW mmmm

μ +=

)()()())(( ?

s A ssF F

ss Gs K s H _nmo

t

mmmnn =+++ μ μ

\ĵdngasbcb ( ) gn yarbca ynznjnf `hursnf6

Acgøvb acgøftncsľ, Hn‒yľ, acgøvb gbracjb, _n, yn iôra føéøf


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?4 Daorunry ?559 aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m ><

`hguĐucu vnrsnynrsnf6

)()()( s A ssF Gs K F

_nmomm

t

n =⎡⎤

⎧⎯⎪

⎮++ μ

⎡⎤

⎧⎯⎪

⎮⎐⎐ ⎥

⎓⎘⎘⎝

⎖ ++

=

n

ot m

m

mn

t

n

m

_

F F G

K ss

K _

F

s A

s

>)(

)(μ

)()(

)(

ξ

μ

+= ss

F

s A

s

n

m

Gnln onsbtéa6

AŐgaĐar ahamnchnr,Km va Gm‒yb bcjahayahbm6

h f h h h


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Zľrnsľyhn Kn,Gn m`t`ruc KH,GH yøføc ntnhat va sôcøm ahamncnhnrľva ou gaĐarharb obhgbĐbmbzb vnrsnynhľm.

GbŐhb tnfľ

mľ

cľ

iôz ôcøcga ouhucgurnrnf acgøvbya bcgbriacacaŐgaĐar ntnhat va sôcøm ahamncľ6

?

?

>⎐⎐ ⎥

⎓⎘⎘⎝

⎖ += C

C

K K K Hnm

?

?

>⎐⎐ ⎥

⎓⎘⎘⎝

⎖ += C

C

G G G Hnm

Mafncbfsah snobtharb bcjahagbf Őbmgb trncsdar d`cfsby`cucgnfbahaftrbfsah snobtharb cnsľh ahga agajaĐbmbzb bcjahayahbm;

Ahaftrbsah snobthar, é`Đu znmnc gbcnm`matra tastb bha ahga

agbhbrhar. Gbc`m`matra tastbcga snbt iarbhbm nhtľcgn m`t`ruct`rf va lľzľ ôhéøhør. Ou tastb nchnyn énhľŐnhľm;

)()(

)()(s A ssF

F

sW s H _

nmo

mnn =++

μ


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)()(F nmot

`hnrnf ahga agbhmbŐtb, acgøvb acgøftncsľ, Hn‒yľ, acgøvb gbracjb, _n,yn iôra føéøf `hguĐucu vnrsnynrsnf6

)()()( t at F t W F

_nom

t

n =+ ς )()(

t gt

t mς

μ =

Fnrnrhľ lnhga snobt gj iarbhbmga6nmom

t

naF W

F

_=+ ς

n

n

t

m

n

t o

m a

_

F

_

F F W +∟= ς

ςm =5 bsa6 nn

t

stnhh a _F W =

Wm =5 bsa6o

no`stn

F

a

=ς

Ah ft bf h f t ľh


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Ahaftrbfsah fntsnyľhnr;

n

stnhh

n

t

a

W

_

F =

o`stn

n

o

aF

ς =

Ôrcaf;


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Rufnrgn varbhac gj m`t`ruc t`rf-lľ

zfnrnftarbstbĐb yncgnfb ibobgbr. Ou m`t`rucμH(s)/An(s) trncsdar d`cfsby`cucu ahgaagbcbz.

?

?

>

⎐⎐ ⎥

⎓⎘⎘⎝

⎖ +=

C

C K K K

Hnm

?

?

>

⎐⎐ ⎥

⎓⎘⎘⎝

⎖ +=

C

C G G G

Hnm

>?>5

>9551

?

=⎐ ⎥

⎓⎘⎝

⎖ +=

>5>5

>55

155==

?15

>55==

1


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( )⎡⎤⎧

⎯⎪

⎮

++

=

)?)(1(>5>?

>>?

1

)(

)(

ss

s A

s

n

mμ

)449.>(

7>9.5

+=

ss

C>/C?=>/>5 `hguĐucgnc,

)449.>(57>9.5

)()(

+=

sss A

s

n

Hμ

@t`mntbf F`ctr`h

Zb t M g hh b b [

Gars #4-


178/335

aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m >

Zbstam M`gahharbcbc [nmncJavnoľ va Uard`rmncs

FrbtarharbUr`d.Gr.Inhbp Jncsavar


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Wrncsdar D`cfsby`cu

Futuphnr&Zľd ľrhnr

OnŐhnciľé f`Őuhhnrľ sľd ľr fnouh agbharaf obr sbstambc javnp d`cfsbyucu(éľfľŐľ) bha sørøjø d`cfsby`cu (ibrbŐ) nrnsľcgnfb Hnphnstrncsd`rmnsy`chnrľ `rncľcn trncsdar d`cfsby`cu gacbr.

Wrncsdar D`cfsby`cu;


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aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m :

Wrncsdar d`cfsby`cucuc pnygnsľcľc fôfharbgbr. F`mphafs futuphnr

tøm sbstambc acarkb gap`hnmn fnrnftarbstbfharb bha nhnfnhľ g`Đnhdrafncshnrľcľ tamsbh agar.

Futuphnr;

Wrncsdar d`cfsby`cu sbstambc gbcnmbf fnrnftarbstbfharbcb tncľmhnr.Zbstam ôzahhbĐbgbr. Zbstambc dbzbfsah ynpľsľ lnffľcgn obhib varmaz,dnrfhľ dbzbfsah sbstamharbc trncsdar d`cfsby`chnrľ nycľ `hnobhbr.

Wrncsdar d`cfsby`cucuc pnyľcľc fôfharbgbr. Zacsôrhar va

lnrafathacgbrbjbhar bha tncľmhncnc acarkb gap`hnmn fnrnftarbstbfharbbh h f h d f h t bh g

Zľd ľrhnr;

F`mphafs futuphnr sbstambc gaĐbŐbf bé acarkb gap`hnmn ahnmnchnrľnrnsľcgn acarkbcbc saroastéa g`hnŐtľĐľ g`Đnh drafncshnrľ tamsbh agar.

F`mphafs futuphnr sbstambc g`Đnh drafncshnrľ

gľ

r, sacsôr valnrafathacgbrbjbharbc s gøzhambcgafb yarharbcgac onĐľmsľzgľr.


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aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m 7

lnrafathacgbrbjbhar bha tnc mhncnc acarkb gap`hnmn fnrnftarbstbfharbbha nhnfnhľ raz`cncs drafncshnrľcľ tamsbh agar.

F`mphafs sľd ľrhnr sbstambc acarkb sbcfb ibob gnvrncnjnĐľ drafncshnrľtamsbh agar.

( )?1)(>(

)(+++

++=

ssss

ssF sI

Zľd ľrhnr;->, ->1

Futuphnr;5, -:, -1, -< (? tnca)

Ôrcaf;


182/335


)1(

)?()(

+

+=

ss

ssJ

1

?

)1(

)?(

5

=

+

+=

↟ss

s N

)1()(

++=

s

O

s

NsJ


183/335


1)1( 5+ ↟ss

1

:)?(

1

=+

=∟↟ss

s O

⇟+

+=1

1

:

1

?

)(ss

sJ t at j 1

1:

1?)( ∟+=


184/335


>. IbrbŐ d`cfsby`cucuc futou z`rhncmľŐ éôzømø øratbr.(@rkbcgafb futup éľfľŐtn obrbm onsnmnf d`cfsby`cu

`huŐturgu)

?. Wrncsdar d`cfsby`cucuc futou g`Đnh javnoľ `huŐturur. (-1 gafb futup a-1t yb ørattb)


185/335

aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m <

:. _aah afsacgafb futup a-nt Őafbhbcga østah obr javnpøratbr, ou futup ca fngnr s`hgn bsa østah iaébjb javnp 5‒n `

fngnr lľzhľ gøŐar

7. Zľd ľr lam fnrnrhľ lnhga lamga iaébjb rakbmga oøyøfhøĐøc

`huŐmnsľcn ynrgľmjľ `hur.


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187/335

Obrbcjb Garaja Zbstam Javnoľ va Ôzahhbfharb

AĐar _(s)=>/s obrbm onsnmnf bsa )( nsJ =


188/335

aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m >>

Đ ( ) /)(

)(nss

sJ +

=nt

at j ∟∟= >)(

n‒ yn iôra sbstamb bcjahayahbm6

:9.5> >

> ==⇟= ∟

=

∟aa

n

t

n

t

nt

4:.5:9.5>>)( > =∟=∟==

∟

nt

nt at x


189/335

aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m >?

[nmnc Znobtb;

>/n‒yn znmnc snobtb gacbr.

Gacfhamhar va Őafha iôra a-nt

cbc onŐhnciľ

é gaĐarbcbc %:9 sbcagøŐmasbca fngnr `hnc znmnc vayn obrbm onsnmnf javnoľcľc %4:

øca uhnŐľcjnyn fngnr iaéac søra `hnrnf tncľmhncnobhbr.

[nmnc snobtbcbc obrbmb >/sncbya gbr. n pnrnmatrasbca ga østah


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aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m >:

[nmnc snobtbcbc obrbmb >/sncbya gbr. n pnrnmatrasbca ga østahdrafncs gacbr.

t=5“gn a-nt

cbc tøravb n `hguiu bébc t=5 gn onŐhnciľé aĐbmb n gľr.

Oôyhaja >. garaja sbstambc iaébjb javnoľ znmnc snobtb `hnrnf

gaĐarhacgbrbhaobhbr.

Røfsahma [nmncľ, Wr;Røfsahma znmncľ javnoľc %>5‒cuc gnc %25‒cľcn uhnŐľcjnynfngnr iaéac søra `hnrnf tncľmhncľr.

nt at j

∟∟= >)(

Gacfhambcga j(t)=5.2 va j(t)=5.> znmnchnrľcgn dnrf

nhľ

cjnf `hursn )>5hc(


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aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m >7

nnnt t W r

?.?>>.5:>.?>? =∟=∟=

`hnrnf ouhucur.

nt a

nt )>.5hc(>2.5 ? =∟⇟∟= ∟

nt a

nt )2.5hc(>>.5 > =∟⇟∟= ∟

RarhaŐma [nmncľ, Ws;RarhaŐma znmncľ javnoľc %2)(

Gacfhambcga j(t)=5.2< `hnrnf nhľcľrsn

t )5?.5hc(


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nW s

7=

nt a

nt )5?.5hc(>2


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Zbstambcb aha nhnhľm; Ou sbstambc bfb s`chu futou vnr va sľd ľrľ y`f.

Unygngnfb o snyľsľ sngaja ibrbŐb énrpnc obr dnftôr. n va o yagaĐbŐbf snyľhnr ntnynrnf bfbcjb garaja sbstamb bcjahayajaĐbz.

NŐľrľ Zôcømhø;

)22(

2)(

? ++=

ssssJ

_(s)=>/s va J(s)=_(s)I(s) bfac

@hnrnf saéahbm

2)( =sJ @h f h obhb

ĵfb fôf raah afsac øzarbcgayfac `huŐnc javnogľr.


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)>74.>)(74.>

:

)( ∟∟ ++=


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aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m ><

Zôcømhø; F`mphafs aŐhacbf fôfhar vnrfac `hnc javnogľr.

)2?(

2)(

?++

=sss

sJ @hnrnf saéahbm


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AŐhacbf futuphnr; s>,?=->¾ k?.


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aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m ?5

Futouc raah fľsmľ sbcb`bgnhbc iachbĐbcbc østah gøŐømdrafncsľcn gacf iahbrfac, bmnkbcar fľsmľ bsa sbcøs`bgnhbc

`sbhnsy`c drafncsľcn fnrŐľhľf iahbr.

s>,?

=->¾ k?.


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@sbhnsy`chu Javnp; ĵfb fôf bmnkbcar afsac øzarbcgayfac `huŐncjavnogľr.

)2(

2)(

?

+

=ss

sJ @hnrnf saéahbm

@rkbcgafb ibrbŐ snobt z`rhncmľŐ javnoľ `huŐtururfac bmnkbcarafsac øzarbcga ¾:k gafb futuphnr sbcøs`gbnh g`Đnh javnp

`huŐturur.


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aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m ?:


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Frbtbf Zôcømhø Javnp; ĵfb fnthľ fôf raah afsac(caintbd oôhia)øzarbcgayfac `huŐnc javnogľr.

??

):(

2

)24(

2)(

+

=

++

=sssss

sJ @hnrnf saéahbm


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t t taF aF F t j

:

:

:

?>)( ∟∟ ++=

@rkbcgafb ibrbŐ snobt z`rhncmľŐ javnoľ `huŐtururfac raahafsac øzarbcga -: gafb futuphnr østah va østah bha znmncľcénrpľmľ g`Đnh javnoľ `huŐtururhnr.

Ôzat

Zôcømhø;

NŐľrľ Zôcømhø;Fôfhar;-ϊ>, -ϊ?

t t

aF aF t j ?>

?>)(

ϊ ϊ ∟∟

+=

Fôfhar;-ϊg ¾ kςg

)()( τ ς ϊ ∟= ∟ t J`s Nat j g t g


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Frbtbf Zôcømhø Javnp;

@sbhnsy`chu Javnp;

Fôfhar; ¾ k ς>

Fôfhar;-ϊ>, -ϊ>t t

taF aF t j >> ?>)( ϊ ϊ ∟∟ +=

)()( > τ ς ∟= t NJ`st j


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G`Đnh Drafncs, ςc; ĵfbcjb garaja obr sbstambc g`Đnh drafncsľ

sbstambc sôcømsøz `sbhnsy`c drafncsľgľr.

Zôcøm `rncľ, δ;

δ= Østah gøŐøm drafncsľ/G`Đnh drafncs(rng/s)

δ=(>/?υ)(G`Đnh parby`t/Østah znmnc snobtb)

Østah gøŐøm drafncsľcľc g`Đnh drafncsn

`rncľgľr.


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aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m ?<

)()( ? onss

o

sI ++= ÔrcaĐbcb aha nhnhľ

m,

Zôcømsøz sbstambc futuphnrľ bmnkbcar afsac øzarbcga

`hnjnftľr va sbstam javnoľ sôcømsøz sbcøs`bgnhgbr. Zbstambcsôcømsøz `hmnsľ bébc n=5 `hmnhľgľr.

Oôyhaja tncľm iaraĐb sbstambc `sbhnsy`c drafncsľ sbstambc g`Đnhdrafncsľgľr. Zbstam futuphnrľ bmnkbcar afsacga ¾∛o ga `hguĐu bébc

ςc= ∛o o=ςc? gbr.va

Zbstambmbz sôcømhø `hguĐucgn n≥5 va f`mphafs aŐhacbffôfharbc iaréaf fľsľmhnrľ ‚n/? gbr. Ou gaĐar gnln ôcjaoahbrtbhgbĐb ibob østah gøŐøm drafncsľcľ tncľmhnr,

n

?


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cς δ ?= g`hnyľsľyhn cn δς ?= gbr.

Iacah `hnrnf bfbcjb garaja sbstam;

??

?

?)( cc

c

sssI ς δς

ς

++=

:4?.7:4)(

? ++= sssIÔrcaf; bsa

?.7? =c

δς va :4?=

c

ς

:1.54?

?.74 =

Ù== δ ς c

??

?

?)( csI

δς

++=

Iacah `hnrnf;


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aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m :5

? ? cc ss ς δς ++

ĵfbcjb garaja sbstambc fôfharb;

>

?

?,> ∟¾∟= δ ς δς ccs


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>??,> ∟¾∟= δ ς δς ccs

>5 88 δ


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aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m :?

>??,> ∟¾∟= δ ς δς ccs

>=δ


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aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m ::

>??,> ∟¾∟= δ ς δς ccs

>3δ


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Ôrcaf;

Zbstambcbc ca tør javnoľ `hnjnĐľcľ ouhucuz.

cn δς ?= ⇟= ocς va>??

<

?==

o

nδ

>11.>=

δ >3

δ @hguĐu bébc nŐľrľ sôcømhøgør

Ôrcaf;


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Zbstambcbc ca tør javnoľ `hnjnĐľcľ ouhucuz.

⇟= >4?

<δ >=δ

>=δ @hguĐu bébc frbtbf sôcømhøgør

Zôcømhø ĵfbcjb Garaja Zbstamhar

Obr é`f dbzbfsah pr`oham bébc sôcømhø bfbcjb garaja sbstam byb obrm`gahgbr.

ĵfbcjb garaja sbstambc obrbm onsnmnf javnoľcľ bcjahayahbm;

)?()(

??

?

c

ssssJ

ςδςς

++=


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)?( cc sss ς δς ++

??

:?>

? cc ss

F sF

s

F

ς δς ++++=

>8δ

)>()(

>>

)(>

)(???

?

?

δ ς δς

δ ς δ

δ δς

∟++

∟∟

++

∟=cc

cc

s

s

ssJ

⎡⎡⎤

⎧

⎯⎯⎪

⎮

∟∟+∟∟= ∟

)>(>

)>(>)( ?

?

?

t Zbct J`sat j cct

c δ ς δ

δ δ ς

δς


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V ]τ δ ς δ δς

∟∟∟

∟= ∟ )>(>>>)( ?

?t J`sat j c

t c

?

>

>tnc

δ

δ τ

∟= ∟

Zôcøm fntsnyľsľ føéøhgøféa éľfľŐ gnln `sbhnsy`chu `hur.


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aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m :<

GaĐbŐac sôcøm `rnchnrľ bha ĵfbcjb garaja sbstam javnoľ


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>. Wapa Zørasb, Wp;Zbstam javnoľcľc tapa vayn mnfsbmum c`ftnyn uhnŐtľĐľcgn iaéacsøra.

?. NŐľm, %@Z;Zbstam javnoľcľc tapa vayn mnfsbmum c`ftnsľ bha fnrnrhľlnhgafb gaĐarb nrnsľcgnfb dnrfľc fnrnrhľ lnhgafb gaĐara `rncľgľr.

% `hnrnf bdnga agbhbr.:. Røfsahma [nmncľ, Wr;


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Zbstam javnoľcľc %>5‒cuc gnc %25‒cľcn uhnŐľcjnyn fngnr

iaéac søra `hnrnf tncľmhncľr.

7.RarhaŐma [nmncľ, Ws;

Zbstam javnoľcľc %2. Wapa Zørasb, Wp, cbc ĵcjahacmasbWp, j(t)‒cbc tøravb nhľcľp t=5 gnc s`crn bhf sľd ľrľ ouhnrnf lasnphncľr.


218/335

aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m 7>

⎡⎤⎧

⎯⎪⎮ )(

.

t j H)?(

)(??

?

cc

c

ssssJ

ς δς

ς

++==

OnŐhnciľé Őnrthnrľ sľd ľr fnouh agbhbp,

)5()()( ∟∟= d ssd gt

gd H Wørav ta`ramb fuhhncľhnjnf `hursn

Unygnyľ gøzachayajaf `hursnf,

)>()(

)(???

?.

δ ς δς

ς

∟++=⎡⎤

⎧⎯⎪

⎮

cc

c

s

t j H

)>()(

>>

???

?

?

δ ς δς

δ ς δ

ς

∟++

∟∟

=

cc

cc

s

)>(>

)( ??

.

t Zbcat j ct c c δ ς

δ

ς δς ∟∟

= ∟

Wøravb 5‒n aŐbthagbĐbmbzga; υ δ ς ct c =∟ ?>

?> δς

υ =

ct va


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aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m 7?

> δ ς ∟c

c cbc lar obr gaĐarb yarah mnfsbmum vayn mbcumumu iôstarbr. c=5,t=5 ncľcn fnrŐľhľf iahbr va aĐbm sľd ľrgľr.

c cbc gaĐarb > `hmnsľ obrbcjb tapa znmncľcn fnrŐľhľf iahbr. Oôyhaja;

?> δ ς υ ∟

=c

pW

?. NŐľm, %@Z, cbc ĵcjahacmasb

>55% mnx

Ù∟= dbcnh

dbcnh

j

jj@Z

jmnx,Wp ncľcgn j(t)‒cbc gaĐarbgbr.

⎡⎡⎧

⎯⎯⎮

+∟== ∟∟

)()(>)(?

)>

(

mnx

?

υ δ

υ δ

δυ

ZbcJ`saW jj p

⎡⎡⎤

⎧

⎯⎯⎪

⎮∟

∟+∟∟= ∟ )>(

>)>(>)( ?

?

?t Zbct J`sat j cc

t c δ ς δ

δ δ ς

δς


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aamgarsc`thnrb.j`m 7:

⎡⎤⎯⎪ ∟>?δ

p

)>

(

mnx

?

> δ

δυ

∟∟+= aj >= dbcnhjObrbm onsnmnf bébc

>55%

)

>

(?

Ù= ∟∟

δ

δυ

a@Z va )>55/(%hc

)>55/hc(%

?? @Z

@Z

+

∟=

υ δ

Zôcøm @rncľ - NŐľm IrndbĐb


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:. RarhaŐma Zørasb,Ws, cbc ĵcjahacmasb

RarhaŐma sørasbcb ouhnobhmaf bébc j(t) cbc fnrnrhľ lnh jdbcnh gaĐarbcbc%2< sbca uhnŐtľĐľ znmncľ lasnphnmnmľz iarafbr. Wncľmgnc

lntľ

rhncnjnĐľ

øzara yarhaŐma sørasb nznhnc sbcøs`bgnhľ

c iachbĐbcbc5.5?‒ ya uhnŐmn sørasbgbr. G`hnyľsľyhn;

>5?5

δς ∟ t ca Wδ )>5?.5hc( ?∟∟

o g

V ]τ δ ς δ

δς ∟∟

∟

∟= ∟ )>(

>

>>)( ?

?t J`sat j c

t c =>


222/335


?

>

5?.5

δ

δ

∟

= cac

sW

δς

=ourngnc

δ “ya onĐhľ `hnrnf Ws “cbc pny‒ ľ :.2> bha 7.97 nrnsľcgngaĐbŐbr. Obr ynfhnŐľm ynpnrnf,

c

sW δς 7= ynznobhbrbz.

7. Røfsahma Zørasb,Wr, cbc ĵcjahacmasb

Røfsahma znmncľ va sôcøm nrnsľcgnfb bhbŐfb nŐnĐľgnfb Őafbh bhaouhucnobhbr.

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