Works Cited

American Museum of Natural History. American Museum of Natural History. N.p., n.d. Web. 24

Jan. 2015. The American Museum of Natural History was largely funded by John

Pierpont Morgan. We included an image of this institution because it effectively

highlights his lasting legacy--apart from his building of the modern financial system, he

founded such monuments that will forever capture our history and artistic legacies. This

not only helped us underscore his philanthropic endeavors, but also the long-standing

legacy he maintains in our nation.

Andrew Carnegie. N.d. Photograph. Carnegie Archives. Carnegie Lib, Pittsburg. This is a

portrait of Andrew Carnegie towards the later end of his life. The clear and sharpness of

the portrait shows his grandeur and status of where he currently sits. His stare, and facial

expressions clearly show the weariness of a hard lifetime of work and sacrifice to reach

his prestige. 

"Andrew Carnegie: A Tribute." Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015.

<http://www.clpgh.org/exhibit/carnegie.html>. This source is a detailed account of

Carnegie's economic maneuvers and philosophies in life. We used this source as a

reference to how Morgan carried out his financial career because of the similarities in

monopoly development. We used some of the legacies of Carnegie and compared them

with Morgan to get an accurate visualization of the impact of Morgan.

Bachelier, Louis. "Theory of Speculation." Diss. Print. His dissertation challenged old stock

investing practices that had worked in the past but never gave anyone a true advantage.

We learned about some financial strategies Morgan used like cornering the market and

manipulating assets that would have never been considered a possibility prior to

Bachelier's dissertation.

"Bank Crash." University at Albany. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015. This image of a bank crash

perfectly illustrates the chaos and confusion characterized by this era of financial

instability. This scene is very reflective of the country when John Pierpont Morgan began

his rise to power. He utilized such uncertainty to find his own, revolutionary path to

success, and this era paved the road for Morgan's establishment of a new view on the

financial sector.

Boesler, Matthew. "Wall Street Crowd, Panic of 1907." Business Insider. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Feb.

2015. We used this image as an innate visualization of how scared the people of America

were during this time period. The usually confident Wall Street Investors had lost their

spark as everyone was rushing to pull their money out of shares and back into their

pockets. The sheer amount of people in this small area helped us capture the need for

Morgan to once again bail out his home country.

Brandeis, Louis. Other Peoples’ Money: And How the Bankers Use It. N.p.: F.A. Stokes, 1914.

Print. This book really takes the time, in Chapter 3, to analyze the political and financial

connections Morgan exploited to get his way. We picked this source to learn about how

business is like White House politics: it's all about who you know and what they are

willing to do for you. It was interesting to learn about the interlocking directorates that

had Morgan on the board of directors of over a 100 huge companies: favor for a favor.

Eckles. Baltimore Steel. N.d. Photograph. Baltimore Brew. Baltimore, Maryland. This Baltimore

refinery signifies the gritty, Industrial Revolution era that Morgan ushered in through his

business practices and prudent economic matters. The formation of unified refineries

allowed for the necessary collaborative efforts to fuel the Industrial Revolution

successfully. 

Federal Reserve. Armstrong Economics. Armstrong Economics, n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2015. This is a

modern picture of the Federal Reserve and we used the picture to symbolize the legacy of

Morgan. Due to his frequent bailouts of government, the U.S created a backup treasury

that could be taken from during times of panic. This reduced the dependence on big

business and we used this picture to symbolize the sheer breadth of Morgan's influence.

"General Electric Logo." Bright Hub. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Feb. 2015.

<http://www.brighthub.com/multimedia/publishing/articles/117041.aspx>. We used this

image as a reminder of Morgan's influence in the Electric business and their merging to

gain market shares. The picture allowed us to visualize his legacy that is still present and

providing millions of jobs to Americans around the country. It was an older picture of

their logo as they worked to expand.

The Helping Hand. N.d. Lib of Cong. Library of Congress. Web. 24 Jan. 2015.

<http://loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3g06404/>. In this cartoon, John Pierpont Morgan

is helping Uncle Sam row a boat through choppy waters, ensuring that nothing goes

wrong. We found this image to be perfectly fitting, as it accurately conveyed the fact that

Morgan was the United States' leader and savior on many occasions through his financial

leadership and bailouts. Without his leadership, our nation would likely have drowned in

the rapids, but Morgan ensured that we stayed afloat and maintained our position as a

successful, influential nation.

Irwin, Raymond. Books on Early American History and Culture. N.p.: Praeger Publishers, n.d.

Print. This volume discusses general early American history that includes agriculture,

urban life,  crime, and politics. We used this books as a benchmark for contextual

analysis of how Morgan's legacy was truly impactful in the years after his passing. We

learned a lot about the financial strategies and economic trends that continued during this

time period because of Morgan's influence.

"John Pierpont Morgan." Encyclopedia Britannica. N.p., 28 Jan. 2014. Web. 24 Jan. 2015.

<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/392225/John-Pierpont-Morgan>. This

source is a comprehensive biography of Morgan's early life and the financial investments

he made to rise to the top. We used this source as a guiding point to analyze how Morgan

used different events in his life as stepping stones into companies he built from the

ground up. We learned about specific interests that Morgan held that influenced his

corporate decisions. 

Johnson, Owen. The Sixty-First Second. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1913. Print.

This source is a muckraker's criticism of Morgan through use of satire. It provides an

interesting firsthand account of the negative public opinion of Morgan at the time, and

demonstrates the disconnect felt by the American people from these elite financiers. We

used this book as a source to better understand the basis of the many criticisms of

Morgan after the Pujo Committee hearings.

"J. Pierpont Morgan." The Metropolitan Museum of Art. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015.

<http://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2011/islamic-art/jp-morgan>. This

source was used to obtain a viewpoint of Morgan's interests and hobbies that contributed

to his 24 hours. This talks about his interests in art collection and investment that spurred

an extravagant spending on the humanities. We used this source to once again provide

another human side of Morgan and show how his investments in the humanities enabled

millions of artists and writers to obtain national prominence.

"J.P. Morgan." History Channel. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015.

<http://www.history.com/topics/john-pierpont-morgan>. This comprehensive timeline of

Morgan really helped us formulate a solid biography of Morgan's early life. It provided

credible information about Morgan's childhood and how that influenced his eventual

career choice. The source also gave us an era by era analysis of Morgan that allowed us

to zoom out on Morgan's achievements and see big picture progression. It also credible

information that allowed us to be confident that we were representing him correctly.

JP Morgan. Pearls of Profundity. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015. This picture, a mere headshot of

Morgan, captures Morgan's intense stare. Apart from providing a picture of him, viewers

sense his authoritative and demanding vibe by his piercing gaze. This aided us in

highlighting his confident and dedicated approach to leadership as well as his demand of

excellence.

JP Morgan and Chase. Huffington Post. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015. This is a picture of the

main JP Morgan and Chase building on Wall Street and it truly represents the effect of

Morgan on corporation and big business today. We used this picture as a representation

of how even now, a collapse of one of the biggest investment banking firms would

completely destroy the country's economy. Morgan's legacy was invaluable to the

country and this picture represents the need for it in the future.

JP Morgan Documentary. Youtube. N.p., 10 Sept. 2014. Web. 24 Jan. 2015.

<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DkTnE5i4zcs>. This documentary focuses on J.P

Morgan's legacy in setting up economic and financial strategies that are still in use today.

We liked this documentary because it gave a relatively objective view into a lot of

subtleties in Morgan's life. The source was also valuable because of the amount of

interviews that it includes with people related to Morgan. It gives us yet another

perspective on this financial mogul.

JP Morgan Finance Documentary Monetary History. YouTube. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2015.

<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vy7_47CaNG4>. This documentary focuses on

Morgan's entire life, from his financial movements and calculations to his endeavors in

the arts, attempting to humanize Morgan into a person that people can chart history with.

We used this documentary to chop it into pieces and place it as supporting evidence for

many of our arguments and details.

JP Morgan History Documentary. Youtube. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015.

<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cSYT2HgOsc0>. This documentary focuses on a

lot of the specific interests of JP Morgan and how specific events in his life affected his

financial techniques. We used this documentary to supplement arguments about Morgan's

leadership. Some small tidbits about his investor personality could be derived from

information in the documentary that Morgan enjoyed going to art galleries and sitting in

his parent's business meetings.

JP Morgan with Family. Whale. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015. This photograph of John Pierpont

Morgan and his family emphasizes the dynamic of his background. The fact that his

wealthy family was able to set him up with job opportunities and valuable connections is

a big reason Morgan was able to attain his level of influence, and this position is

precisely what allowed him to make use of his leadership skills to effectively impact the

entirety of the nation.

Kennedy, David. Personal interview. 11 Jan. 2015. Dr. David Kennedy, the Donald J.

McLachlan Professor of History Emeritus at Stanford University, granted us an interview

on the Gilded Age and J.P. Morgan's role as an unknown Founding Father of our country.

Highly skilled in the integration of economic analysis and cultural influence in American

history, Dr. David Kennedy thoroughly agreed with our thesis and analysis of J.P.

Morgan's "scapegoat" leadership, where Morgan was viewed as an evil and iconoclastic

figure, but his influence carried the American Industrial Revolution through and saved

our young nation. Kennedy discussed his economic influence with creating our nation's

domestic industries, making the United States the world power that powered us through

World War I. Kennedy argued Morgan set the precedent and blueprint for our young

nation economically for the Gilded Age and 20th century, through huge military victories

and national expansion. 

Kowalski, Kathiann M. "J.P. Morgan Master Money Man." Cobblestone 35.3 (2014): 28. MAS

Ultra - School Edition. Web. 18 Jan. 2015. This source talks about Morgan's views on a

lot of concepts like big business and financial lobbying. It gives a lot of personal context

to Morgan's childhood so we can see his original role models and how he shaped his

business models in accordance with those people. We also used the source to analyze

some of his hobbies other than just making money and how that rounded him as a person.

Lamont, Thomas W. Memo. 1913. TS. The Lamont Papers: The Money Trust Investigation, Box

210, Folder 16. This memo demonstrated the flippant attitude of muckraking journalists

in regards to collecting information for their articles. We used it primarily as an example

of the lack of information used by these writers in their criticisms of Morgan. Oftentimes,

it seems that the muckrakers' criticisms were not rooted in fact but rather written as a

biased and unfair criticism of the financial system as a whole

The Metropolitan Museum. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Jan.

2015. <http://web.mta.info/mnr/gifs/themetmuseum.jpg>. This source is a picture of the

Metropolitan Museum of the Arts- one of the most lasting influences of Morgan. He

firmly believed in the value of arts to communicate ideas and thoughts and this image

was used to signify this. Morgan heavily invested in arts and a lot of the museum

survived economic depressions and panic solely due to his unwavering bailout funds. 

"Morgan Helps End the Panic of 1893." J.P. Morgan. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015.

<https://www.jpmorgan.com/pages/jpmorgan/about/history/month/feb>. This source

talks about the specific plan J.P Morgan laid out and followed to rescue the nation from

financial panic. We used the source to once again see how the dependence on big

business to rescue the country was getting out of hand. Morgan's leadership and quick

thinking ability reveal a different side to his character that emphasizes patriotism and

respect.

Nelson, Ralph L. "The Merger Movement from 1895 through 1920." 1959. Merger Movements

in American Industry, 1895-1956. N.p.: Princeton University Press, n.d. N. pag. Print.

This article gave us a blanket overview of the entire Merger movement where Morgan

may or may not have been involved. We used this source as contextual evidence to

understand what Morgan's financial moves actually did to the economy. The graphs and

tables were really helpful to numerically see how revenue streams and investment

patterns were altered during this time period.

"Ohio Works of the Carnegie Steel Co., Youngstown, O." Library of Congress. Lib of Cong, n.d.

Web. 24 Jan. 2015. This is an image of the world's first billion dollar corporation: US

Steel. On top of being one of the most feared conglomerates in the nation, it connected

the nation by providing affordable materials for infrastructure development . We used

this source to pictorially visualize the vast expanse of U.S Steel and the sheer amount of

jobs and revenue the plant could possibly be creating every single day. It really put

Morgan's achievements into a value more than numbers. 

Oil Rigs in California. 1900. Photograph. Climate Today. This provocative oil rig photo details

the impact and influence of Standard Oil and Morgan's oil holdings. Reaching the fair

waters of California, the combination of Manifest Destiny and Morgan's grip on

America's economic success proved to reach the ends of the Pacific Ocean. His influence

was national, stemming from sea to sea, but his impact lives in our wallets eternally. 

"Oregon Lumber Mills benefited from huge order for railroad ties and trestles." Crafting the

Oregon Constitution. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Feb. 2015.

<http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/pages/exhibits/1857/after/rail.htm>. We used this image of

a railroad to signify Morgan's monopolistic influence on merging many smaller

companies during the early 1900's. He did this to restrict any new companies from

gaining a strong market share. This image served as a reminder of the sheer power of

transportation and corporate lobbying that came with having a say in the railroad

business.

"The Panic of 1893: The Bottom Out, Everything Down." The University at Albany. N.p., n.d.

Web. 24 Jan. 2015. <http://www.albany.edu/~ep212866/panic1893.html>. This source

discusses the Panic of 1893 and focuses one particular family who was hit pretty hard by

the crisis. It was insightful to see past the numbers and into the lives of the people

afflicted. We used this source as a quick summary of the Panic and its grassroots impacts

on farmers and other blue collar workers around the country. 

"The Panic of 1907." The Gold Standard Now. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015.

<http://www.thegoldstandardnow.org/the-panic-of-1907>. This article discusses the

Panic of 1907, focusing on both the causes and eventual solutions by the U.S

Government. It discusses events like the failing New York Bond Offerings that led to a

decrease in investor and consumer confidence. We used this source to mainly figure out

how JP Morgan, personally, contributed to the survival of the American Economy.

Morgan  bought out all the unsold New York bonds and acquired many smaller refinery

corporations in his efforts. We used this source to truly understand the philanthropic side

of Morgan the significance of big business in our nation.

Pujo, Arséne. "Committee Appointed Pursuant to House Resolutions 429 and 504." House of

Representatives: n. pag. Print. These court proceedings of the Pujo Committee proved to

be a valuable resource on how Morgan was able to directly influence our nation's

financial landscape. This committee saw the actions of Morgan and other high-rank

leaders and passed a handful of legislative pieces, eventually resulting in the

establishment of the Federal Reserve, and this information helped us tie Morgan to our

current financial climate.

The Pujo Committee. Fine Art America. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015.

<http://images.fineartamerica.com/images-medium-large/the-pujo-committee-chaired-by-

ars-ne-everett.jpg>. This is an image of the Pujo Commitee, a Federal Government

regulation agency, that attempted to crack down on coalitions between Wall Street

financiers. We used this image as a reminder of the amount of attention Morgan stirred

up from the Federal Government, yet it didn't matter. No amount of legislation would

change the fact that Morgan was invaluable to the U.S economy and anti-trust legislation

would help, but in no way would solve the problem.

"Say Money Trust Is Now Disclosed." New York Times 12 Jan. 1913: n. pag. New York Times.

Web. 24 Jan. 2015. <http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?

_r=2&res=9F00E2DB163FE633A25751C1A9679C946296D6CF>. This newspaper

article was published in 1913 as the Pujo Committee attempted to crack down Wall Street

Financiers. This source was extremely interesting because it acknowledged the fact that

Morgan was vital to the continuation of the economy, yet he was still not above the law.

We also used the source because we got to see Morgan's manipulation of the law. He

argued over what actually constitutes a trust and puts the Pujo Committee on a run for

their money.

Sprague, O. W. M. Letter to Thomas W. Lamont. 20 Mar. 1913. TS. The Lamont Papers: The

Money Trust Investigation, Box 210, Folder 20. This shows the other side of public

opinion regarding Morgan's later activities, revealed in the Pujo Committee proceedings.

Coming from a Harvard Professor, we felt that this was a reliable interpretation of

Morgan's strategy as seen by a more educated audience than the muckrakers. This served

to bolster our argument that Morgan's activities were not only unavoidable, but beneficial

for the nation as a whole.

Strouse, Jean. Morgan: American Financier. N.p.: Random, 1999. Print. This book on J.P

Morgan truly delves into the character behind the financial genius and how his

background and heritage influenced the decisions he made. We used the source as a

unique perspective on his life through the lens of an established biographer. It was also

great to see so much detail about seemingly simple decisions and how political lobbying

worked in his agenda and corporations.

Tanner, Robert. "John Pierpoint Morgan." Management is a Journey. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Feb.

2015. <http://managementisajourney.com/saturdays-quote-john-pierpont-morgan-on-

emotional-intelligence-and-decision-making/>. This is a portrait of Morgan that was

taken in his mid 40's. It represents the financial mogul before he had himself entangled in

everything from investing to corporate lobbying.

Tarbell, Ida M. "The Hunt for the Money Trust." The American Magazine December to June

1913: n. pag. Print. This article, by famed muckraker author Ida Tarbell, gave an

interesting account of Morgan's testimonies during the Pujo Committee hearings. For us,

they served to demonstrate the disconnect felt between the general population and these

elite financiers as well as shed some light on the writing style and subject of these

muckraker writers. We used this article primarily as an example of the criticisms of

Morgan at the time.

The War on Wealth. N.d. Lib of Cong. Library of Congress. Web. 24 Jan. 2015.

<http://loc.gov/pictures/resource/var.0760/>. This is a political cartoon about the

financial panic in the U.S that rushed everyone to the banks to retrieve their hard-earned

savings. We used this picture as an accurate depiction of the frenzy that goes on when the

economy takes a fall.It allowed us to visualize the true tangible strength of Morgan's

bailout funds.

Watts, Tim. "Gilded Age." American History. ABC-CLIO, 2015. Web. 17 Jan. 2015. This is a

historical summary of the Gilded Age and the different movements within railroads and

oil that shaped the American economy. We used this detailed article as a background

context to Morgan's achievements and how his contributions made a difference. We

incorporated this into his legacy and how his entrepreneurial spirit spurred technology

and financial strategies that propelled America into a prosperous innovative economic

state.

We Are JP Morgan Chase | J.P. Morgan. YouTube. N.p., 11 Apr. 2014. Web. 21 Apr. 2015.

<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwyQGfOJQz4>. This is a video clip from JP

Morgan's website that humanizes it's banking procedures and processes as one that seeks

to develop connections with its customers, rather than to just suck them dry. We used this

video to show his legacy in modern times and how the company wants to distance itself

from just being a money controlling enterprise and be more of a people based

corporation.