25

nfXnkfJ d{ik

N?bhft}B dk fJfsjk; ns/ ftek; L seBhe d/ ;zpzX ftZu

N?bhft}B dh y'i 19th_ ;dh dhnK wjZst g{oD y'iK ftZu'_ fJZe j?,

fi;B/ nkgDh nkwd Bkb g{oh d[BhnK ftZu sfjbek wuk fdsk ;h. nZi th

N?bhft}B B/ nkgDk fJZe nfjw ;EkB pDkfJnk j'fJnk j?. @@N?bhft}B nZi d/

:[Zr nzdo iB-;zuko dk ;G s'_ FeshFkbh wkfXnw j?. fJ; ~ ed/ JhvhnN

pke; Bkb ;zfxnk fdZsh rJh ;h feT[_fe fJesocka p'bdk ;h, fJesocak fd;dk

;h, doFeK d/ o"_n nB[;ko Bjh_, nkgDh ;woEk nB[;ko ftuodk ;h.##48 go

nZi fJj jo EK j?, Gkt |ohp dh M"_gVh ftZu th s/ nwho d/ pzrb/ ftZu

ftZu th j?. ftFt d/ jo d/F ftZu brGr 300 u?_Bb rshFhb jB s/ ibdh

jh d[rD/-fsrD/ j'D dh ;zGktBk j?. d[BhnK dh nkpkdh dk fszB u"EkJh fjZ;k

N?bhft}B dh e?d ftZu j? ns/ i' pfunk j? T[j th pj[sh d/o pfunk Bjh_

ofj ;edk.

@@N?bhft}B ;apd iowB Gk;ak dk ;aapd cko-;ho (Far Seer) j?, fi;dk

nzro/}h ftZu ;wkB-noEe ;apd @N?bh-ft}B# (Television) @go'yk fdq;a# j?.##49

o{guzd r"sw nB[;ko, @@N?bhOftiB fJjBK d' FpdK ~ fwbke/ N?bhft}B Fpd

pfDnk j?. @N?bh# rohe GkFk dk Fpd j? fi;dk noE j? d{oh. @ft}B# Fpd

b?fNB GkFk dk j? fJ;dk wsbp j? @d/yDk#, fJ; bJh N?bhftiB Fpd dk

wsbp j'fJnk @d{o dh uh} d/yDk#.##50

N?bhft}B dh F[o{nks ed'_ j'Jh < fJ; pko/ ftdtkBK d/ nbZr-nbZr

ftuko jB. eJh ftukoe sK j}ko ;kb gfjbK tkgoh xNBk wjKGkos

(e[o{e;a/so :[ZX) ~ th N?bhft}B dh ekY Bkb i'Ve/ d/yd/ jB. fi; ftZu ;zi/,

48 ozXktk, i;gkb f;zx, N?bhft}B BkNe, ;hwk s/ ;zGktBktK, gzH30 49 William Uricchio, The Oxfod Hand book of FILM AND MEDIA Studies, edited by ROBERT KOLKER, p.288 50 xkSre] #ipan] ehMh;k ys[ku] i`-133

26

e'jK d{o j' oj/ :[ZX dh ;koh ftfEnk wfjb ftZu p?m/ fXqsok;aNo ~ ;[Dk fojk

j?. T[BQK dk wZs j? fe T[; ;w/_ N?bhft}B j'_d ftZu nk u[Zek ;h, s/ ;zi/ ;koh

xNBk dk jkb N?bhft}B T[go'_ jh d/ye/ ;[Dk fojk ;h. fJ; soK jh fw;o

ftZu fJ}hgo fty/ ;/_N eb/no nZ;h;h (Claire Assisi) i' nkgD/ b'eK ~ d{o

dhnK uh}K d/ye/ dZ;d/ ;B. go fJj ;G fwfEjk;e rZbK jB, fizBQK dk e'Jh

m';$fbysh ;p{s Bjh_ j?.

N?bhft}B dk fJfsjk; E'Vk r[zMbdko j? feT[_fe fJ; ftZu eJh

djkfenK s'_ tZy-tZy w[[beK ftZu N?bhft}B d/ w[Yb/ ftek; bJh nB/e jh

nfXekoh ns/ fJziBhno nkgD/-nkgD/ gZXo @s/ fJe' ;w/_ ezw eo oj/ ;B.

fJzBQK ftZu'_ @@ftfbUrph ;fwZE (Willoughbi Smith) fizBKQ B/ 1873 ftZu

c'N'eB?eNhftNh (Photoconductivity), gkb r'Nfbp fBe't (Paul Gottlieb) B/

1884 ftZu ;e?fBzr fv;e, i"B b"rh p?ov (John Logie Baird) B/ 1926 ftZu

ubzs fuso (Moving Images) N?bhek;N ehs/ ns/ fcb' ckoB;toE (Philo

Farnsworth) B/ 1927 ftZu T[jBK ubzs fuZsoK dk ft;ab/;aB ehsk nkfd gqf;ZX

jB. j'o f}eo:'r ;a];hnsK ftZu'_ p'fo; (Boris) (;'thns :{BhnB) fi;B/

ghNo; por ftZu ofjzfdnK N?bhft}B d/ ;zebge w[jKdo/ ~ ;g;aN eoB bJh

ezw ehsk. fJj ezw coK; ftZu poEb/wh (Borthellmy), ns/ p/fbB (Balin)

iowB ftZu fBe't (Nipkov) eko'b; (Karolus), nkodB/ (Ardenne) ns/

jzrohnK t'B fwjkb/ (Hungarian Von Mihaly), fJzrb?_v ftZu e?_gfpb-;ftzbN'B

(Campbell-Swinton) ns/ p/nov (Baird) nkfd dk BK f}eo:'r j?.

:{BkJhfNv ;N/N ftZu i/Bfezi (Jenkins) ns/ ckoB;toE (Farnsworth) th fJ;

ezw ftZu ;orow oj/.##51

@@1884 ftZu gfjbk fJb?eNq'-we?Bheb N?bhft}B f;;Nw dk gq;skt g/;a

eoB ns/ g/N?_N eotkT[D tkbk, iowBh :{Bhtof;Nh dk 20 ;kbk B"itkB

ftfdnkoEh fBe"t ;h.##52

51 William Uricchio, The Oxfod Hand book of FILM AND MEDIA Studies, edited by ROBERT KOLKER, p.293 52 Sogo Okamura-History of Electron Tubes, p.35

27

N?bhft}B d/ fJfsjk; s/ ftek; ~ ;wMD bJh, T[jBK pko/ ;zy/g Mks

gkT[Dh }o{oh j?, fizBQK j'oBK wkfXnwK ftZu'_ fJj g?dk j'fJnk. fit/_ fe;/ pzd/

dk fgS'eV ikBD bJh, T[;d/ pkg-dkd/ pko/ ikBDk }o{oh j[zdk j?.

1876 ftZu nb?e}?_vo rqkfjw p?b B/ N?bhc'B dk nftFeko ehsk. 1886

ftZu iowB d/ G"fse ftfrnkBh j?Bfoe o'vkbvc jNo} B/ y'i ehsh fe T{oik

~ skoK d/ fpBK jh d{o gj[zukfJnk ik ;edk j?. fJ; d"okB fJNbh d/

ftfrnkBh r[rbfbw/ wkoe'Bh B/ jtk ftZu uZbD tkbhnK nfijhnK sozrK dk

nftFeko ehsk, i' fJe EK s'_ d{ih EK ;[B/j/ fbik ;eD. fJ; seBhe ~

tkfJob?; dk BK fdZsk frnk. fJ; dh tos'_ gkDh d/ ijk}K s/ p/VhnK ftZu

;[B/j/ G/iD ftZu j'D bZrh go fJNbh ftZu fJ; ezw ~ nZr/ tXkT[D bJh e'Jh

T[sFkj Bjh fwfbnk, fi; eoe/ T[j fJzrb?_v ub/ rJ/ ns/ fpqfNF ;oeko e'b

nkgDk gq;skt g/F ehsk. fpqfNF ;oeko B/ fJjBK dk gq;skt wBi{o eo

fbnk. fpqfNF ;oeko d/ ;wM"s/ s'_ pkd @wkoe'Bh tkfJob?; N?bhrokw n?_v

f;rBb}# BK dh ezgBh ;Ekfgs ehsh rJh. 2 i{B 1896 ~ T[jBK B/ nkgDk

gq:'r ehsk. 1901 ftZu gfjbk tkfJob?; f;rBb nNbKfNe wjK;kro d/ d{i/

ezY/ #s/ G/iD ftZu ;cb j'J/.

@@1906 ftZu nwoheB ftfrnkBh bhH vhH cko?;N B/ n"fvnkB fsnko

ehsk i' i"B cb/fwzr d/ t?e:{e N:{p dh seBhe #s/ nXkfos ;h. fJ; d/

okjh_ nktk} ns/ ;zrhs ~ nk;kBh Bkb ;[fDnk ik ;edk ;h. feq;fw; d/ fdB

fJ; ftfrnkBh B/ nkdwh dh nktk} ns/ ;zrhs ~ ;?_eV'_ whb d{o yV/ nkdwh

~ ;[DkfJnk. gfjb/ ftFt-:[ZX s'_ pkd fJzrb?_v s/ iowBh B/ B"-;?Bk ns/ Eb-

;?Bk ~ ;zd/F G/iD bJh tkfJob?; e/_do ;Ekfgs ehs/. fJ; s'_ pkd nwohek

dh iBob fJb?eNqheb ezgBh ns/ nwoheB N?bhc'B n?_v N?bhrqkw B/ o/vhU ;?N

pDkT[D/ nozG ehs/.##53 fcbw dh F[o{nks pko/ e[M b'eK dk ftuko j? fe

19th_ ;dh d/ nZmt/_ djke/ ftZu ;fNb-e?wo/ ~ ub-fu`so ftZu spdhb eoB

53 xkSre] #ipan] ehMh;k ys[ku] i`-115

28

Bkb fcbw dh F[o{nks j'Jh. 1888 ftZu ikoi Jh;Nw?B B/ ;/b:{bkJhc #s/

nXkfos fcbw pDkJh ;h. ftfbnw fve;B ns/ E"w; J/fv;B B/ ub-fuZso

e?wo/ dk fBowkD ehsk ;h, fi;~ pkd ftZu @ekJhfBN'rokc# dk BK fdZsk

frnk. @ekJhfBN'rokc# ftZu Mo'y/ torh fyVeh okjh_ fdqF ~ d/fynk ik ;edk

;h. @@coK; ftZu @f;B/w?N'rqkc# BK d/ e?wo/ dh y'i ehsh rJh. fJ; e?wo/ dh

y'i eoB tkb/ b:{woh GoktK B/ gfjbh tko @fbftzr d b:{woh c?eNoh# BK

dh fcbw pDkJh, fi;dk gqdoFB 28 d;zpo 1895 ~ g?fo; d/ fJZe e?c? ftZu

j'fJnk.##54 fJj fcbw b'eK tZb'_ pj[s ;bkjh rJh, fi; s'_ T[sFkfjs j' e/

d'B'_ Gok j'o fcbwK pDkT[D ftZu bZr rJ/. fJj fcbwK 30 s'_ 60 ;?fezv

dhnK j[zdhnK ;B. @@w/bh; dh wFj{o fcbw @J/ fNqg N{ dk w{B# ftZu uzdowK

d/ b'eK ns/ Xosh d/ b'eK ftZu NZeo fdykJh rJh j?. fNqe c'N'rqkch okjh_

uzdowK d/ b'eK ~ pZdbK ftZu b[ed/ fdykfJnk frnk ;h. eEkt;s{ #s/

nXkfos JhH n?;H g'Nqo B/ @d Nq/B o"poh# fcbw pDkJh. fJj fcbw 12 fwzN

dh ;h ns/ fJ;d/ 14 fdqF ;B.##55 fcbwK dh ;cbsk s'_ pkd fJ; ftZu

f;oiBksfwesk ns/ seB"b'ih tXD bZrh. fcbw irs ftZu ikD/ gfjukD/

fBod/Fe vhH vpb:{H frqcE fcbw d/ fszB sZs wzBd/ jB, gfjbk

f;oiBkswesk, d{ik fdqF-ftXkB s/ t/F-G{Fk ns/ shik ;zgkdB. 1929 ftZu

p'bD tkbhnK fcbwK dh F[o{nks j'Jh.

N?bhft}B dh nkwd s'_ gfjbK N?bh-;e'g, N?bhc'B, o/vhU ns/ fcbwK

j'_d ftZu nk u[ehnK ;B fizBQK okjh_ d{o dhnK uhiK ~ B/V/ d/fynk s/ ;[fDnk

ik ;edk ;h. N?bhc'B okjh_ f;ZXh rZbpks j' ;edh ;h, o/vhU okjh_ xo p?m

e/ o/vhU gq'rokw ;[D/ ik ;ed/ ;B ns/ fcbwK ftZu ubzs s;thoK ~ f;B/wk

jkb ftZu p?me/ d/fynk ik ;edk ;h. go ]'ieko$ ftfrnkBh fJZe n?;h ]'i

54 T[jh, gzH149 55 T[jh, gzH149

29

pko/ ;'u oj/ ;B fi; ftZu fJzBQK fszBK dk fw;aoD j't/. N?bhc'B tKr @bkJht#,

o/vhU dh soK jo xo ftZu ns/ f;B/wk dh soQK ubdhnK fcodhnK s;thoK

j'D. fJzBQK fszBK d/ ;[w/b ftZu'_ N?bhft}B dk iBw j'fJnk.

i;gkb f;zx ozXktk nB[;ko @@fJj fJZe soQK Bkb f;B/wk, o/vhT[ s/

ozrwzu dhnK ebktK dh seBhe d/ fwFoB ftZu'_ T[gfink gqshs j[zdk j?. f;B/w/

d/ e?wok e'B, o/vhT[ dh X[Bh gqGkt ns/ ozrwzu dh ;ztkd-ebk ftZu'_ g?dk

j'fJnk N?bhft}B BkNe fJZe soQK Bkb fJZe ftbZyD ebk o{g j?, fi;~ i"jB

w?erokE B/ ozrwzu ns/ f;B/wk d/ fwFoB s'_ T[gfink fejk j?. N?bhft}B

BkNe ~ ozrwzu BkNe dk ftef;s j'fJnk o{g th fejk iKdk j?.##56

@j[D/# (Live) dk ;zebg jh N?bhft}B ~ ;wMD bJh e/_doh e[zih j?.

@@d{o d/yD dh ;woZEk jh Nhth dk fBoDkfJe gfjb{ j?. pzd/ ~ nkgD/ xo

ftZu p?m/ jh p/; pkb d/ y/v d/ w?dkB ftZu th fbik ;edk j?, s/ fBtkbk d/

wko{Eb ftZu th (fiZE/ n?Nwh Xwkek j'fJnk j?) s/ T[j th mhe T[; t/b/ id'_

fJj ;G e[M tkgo fojk j[zdk j?.##57 N?bhft}B dk n;b uwseko d{o d[okv/

dhnK uhiK ~ mhe T[;/ t/b/ id'_ fe T[j tkgo ojhnK j[zdhnK jB ~ nkgD/

ewo/ ftZu p?m/ doFe d/ ;kjwD/ gq;s[s eoB d/ ftZu jh d/fynk frnk j?.

F[o{ s'_ jh @f;ZXk gq;koD@ (bkJht N?bhek;N) T[Zgo }'o fdZsk frnk. fJj f;oc

seB"bih eoe/ Bjh_, ;r'_ fJ;d/ ;"_do: ;ak;aso eoe/ ;h. F[o{nksh d"o ftZu

N?bhft}B dh ftbZyD gfjukD i' T[;~ d{i/ wkfXnwK s'_ tyokT[_dh ;h,

@@N?bhft}B f}zdrh Bkb ;zpzX i'VD dk ihtzs wkfXnw ;h, fi;dk ;w[Zuk }'o

ihtzs g/;aekoh T[go ;h. T[;~ ;z;ko tZb y[bdh fJZe fyVeh tKr d/fynk iKdk

;h.##58 2 i[bkJh 1928 ~ nwohek ftZu gfjbh o?r{bo ;afvT{bv N?bhft}B

;oft; Fa[o{ ehsh rJh. fi;~ i/Hn?cHi"BfezB} (J.F.Jonkins) B/ tkf;azrNB d/

fJbke/ tjhN'B fty/ gq:'rksfwe ;N/;aB vpfbT{ Eqh n?e; e/ (W3XK) s'_

po'vek;N eoB dh wkDsk fdZsh. go gfjb/ 18 wjhB/ f;oc SkfJnk fuZso jh 56 ozXktk, i;gkb f;zx N?bhft}B BkNe, ;hwk s/ ;zGktBktK, gzH31 57 William J.Kaufman, ed., How to Direct for Television, p. 13 58 William Uricchio, The Oxfod Hand book of FILM AND MEDIA Studies, edited by ROBERT KOLKER, p. 296

30

po"vek;N ehs/ rJ/. vpfbT{ ihH phH n?; (WGBS) o/vhU ns/ vpfbT{H 2

n?e; ;h nko (W2XCR) N?bhft}B B/ o?r{bo pokvek;N fBT{:koe s'_ 26

ngq?b 1931 s'_ ;a[o{ ehsk, i' o'ikBk 4 xzN/ bJh g/;a ehsk iKdk ;h, fi; ftZu

pokvt/ d/ ebkeko, f;B/wk d/ n?eNo ns/ gqf;ZX n?_eo fjZ;k b?_d/ ;B. n?stko

ns/ j'o S[ZNh tkb/ fdB ~ SZve/ pkeh fdB NqK;fw;aB j[zdh ;h.

coK; ftZu Btzpo 1929 ftZu poBkov BkskB (Bernard Natan) B/ gfjbh

N?bhft}B ezgBh ;Ekfgs ehsh, fi;dk BK N?bhft}B p/nov BkskB (Television

Baird Natan) oZfynk frnk. 14 ngq?b 1931 ~ gfjbh NqoK;fw;aB Fa[o{ ehsh

rJh, i' jcs/ ftZu f;oc fJZe xzN/ bJh j[zdh ;h. 1933 d/ F[o{ ftZu jh fJj

o'}kBk j' rJh.

iowBh ftZu th N?bhft}B dh fJb?eNq'we?Bheb pokvek;N 1929 ftZu

Fa[o{ j'Jh. go T[; t/b/ ntk} Bjh_ ;hl f;oc s;tho j[zdh ;h. 15 iBtoh

1936 ~ e?wo/ okjh_ NqK;fw;aB ehsh rJh, fi; ftZu ntk} s/ fdq;a d'B' ;B.

nr;s 1936 ftZu id'_ pofbB ns/ jwpor ftZu T[bzfge j'JhnK, T[d'_ fcbw

ns/ N?bhft}B e?wo/ dh tos'_ Bkb T[bzfge dk f;ZXk gq;koD ehsk frnk.

eB/vk ftZu gfjbh N?bhft}B pokvek;fNzr 6 ;szpo 1952 ~ wB'Nohnb

(Montreal) fty/ e[J/fpe ;N/;aB ;hHphHn?cHNhH (Quebec station C.B.F.T.) s'_

j'Jh, fi; ftZu co?u ns/ fJzrfb;a d'B'_ Gk;aktK dk fJ;s/wkb ehsk frnk. d'

fdBK pkd jh 8 ;szpo 1952 ~ NoKN' (Toranto) ns/ T[BNkohU (Ontaario) s'_

th Fa[o{ j' frnk.

@@wkou 1935 ~ pofbB (iowB) ftZu v/bh gpfbe N?bhft}B ;oft;

dh Fa[o{nks j'Jh.##59 poskBth y'ih i/Hn?bHp/nov (JOHN LOGIE BAIRD) i' iowB

ns/ coK; d'BK Bkb ;KM/ s"o @s/ ezw eod/ ;B. 1935 ftZu T[bzfge j'

ojhnK ;B, ihtzs nkfXnw j'D eoe/ N?bhft}B ~ fJwfsjkBh rokT{_v wzfBnk

ik fojk ;h. N?bhft}B dh Fa[o{nks sK Gkt/_ j' rJh ;h go fJ; d/ fB:w,

59 Bruce Murray and Christopher Wickham, (ed.) Television as History : Representatations of German Television

Broadcasting,1935-1944, in framing the part: The Historiography of German Cinema and Television, p.168

31

T[d/;a iK f;XKs jkb/ sZe fBoXkfos Bjh_ ;B j'J/. @@tZy-tZy y'ih ns/ ezgBhnK

N?bhft}B d/ wkfXnw ~ nbZr-nbZr wzstK bJh ns/ eJh tko fto'Xh fd;aktK

ftZu fte;s eoB bJh ;zxo;a eo ojhnK ;B. fJzBKQ d/ nbZr-nbZr f;nk;h

gkoNhnK, ;oekoK, tZy-tZy wzsokb/ ;Bnsh ekog'o/;aBK Bkb nkgD/-nkgD/ ;zpzX

;B, i' N?bhft}B d/ ftek; d/ T[; gVkn ftZu nfjw G{fwek fBGk oj/

;B.##60 fJZe XVk T[j ;h i' N?bhft}B ~ o/vhU dhnK bhjK T[Zgo jh

fte;s eoBk ukjz[_dk ;h s/ N?bhft}B ~ fJZe e"wh gqkg/rzvk d/ ;kXB ti'_

tosDk ukj[zdk ;h. d{ik XVk N?bhft}B ~ N?bhc'B tKr d' pzfdnK dh rZbpks

tKr tosDk ;h. vke ftGkr iK j'o gpfbe ndkfonK bJh sK fJj mhe ;h

go ;oeko ~ fJj wBi{o Bjh_ ;h. fJ; rZb ~ b? e/ vke wfB;No ns/

gqkg'rzvk wfB;No ftukb/ ekch bzp/ ;w/_ sZe fyZu'skD ubdh ojh. fJ; fyZu'skD

d/ pkti{d o/vhU dk g?okvkJhw jh N?bhft}B d/ ftek; bJh wkor do;ae

pfDnk. N?bhft}B ~ o/vhU dh ;zg{oBsk d/ s"o @s/ jh d/fynk iKdk fojk.

d[tZb/ ;zuko d/ w[ekpb/ fJZe gk;V ;zuko d/ wkfXnw ti'_ jh T[Gkfonk frnk.

fi; ekoB fJ; wkfXnw ftZu tzB;[tzBsk dh r[zikfJ;a xN rJh.

N?bhft}B ~ ;G s'_ gfjbK gqkg/rzvk d/ ;kXB ti'_ tofsnk frnk.

@@i';c r'fJpbi (Joseph Goebbels) ns/ JhrB jkvkw't;eh (Eugen

Hadamovsky) i' fjNbo dh Bk}h gkoNh d/ gqkg/rzvk wzsoh ;B, T[BQK B/

nkgDh gkoNh ns/ ;oeko d/ f;nk;h ftukoK d/ gquko bJh N?bhft}B ~ fJZe

wkfXnw d/ s"o @s/ tofsnk.##61 T[BQK B/ fpBK you/ d/ N?bhft}B u?Bb s/

;;s/ Gkn N?bhft}B ;?NZ w[jZJhnk eotkJ/. fiE/ d{o d/ fgzvK ftZu pj[s/

N?bhft}B Bjh_ gj[zu ;e/, T[E/ ;w[Zu/ fgzv bJh fJZe tZv/ jkb ewo/ ftZu fJZe

;KMk N?bhft}B ;?`N brke/ gq'rokw fdykJ/ rJ/. gq'rokw th ;oeko d/ gquko

bJh ns/ nkgD/ w[skpe jh fsnko eotke/ fdykJ/ iKd/ ;B. T[; ftZu b'eK

60 William Uricchio, The Oxfod Hand book of FILM AND MEDIA Studies, edited by ROBERT KOLKER, p. 297 61

T[jh, gzH298

32

dh woiah iK wB"oziB dk fynkb Bjh_ ;h oZfynk iKdk. T[BQK B/ b'eK ~ nkgD/

w[skpe jh Ykb fbnk. b'e T[jh gq'rokw d/yd/, i' T[BQK ~ fdykJ/ iKd/. fJjh

T[BQK dh gkfb;h ;h, fi; ftZu T[j g{oh soK ekw:kp j'J/.

N?bhft}B d/ fJfsjk; ~ e[M ftdtkB N?bhft}B gq'rokwK dh foekofvzr

s_' Fa[o{ eod/ jB, fJ; fj;kp Bkb sK fJfsjk; pj[s pkd ftZu Fa[o{ j[zdk j?.

feT[_fe foekofvzr s'_ gfjbK N?bhft}B T[go i' gq'rokw Fa[o{{ j'J/ T[j fJfsjk;

feT[_ Bjh_ j?< ;G s'_ gfjbK sK fJfsjk; d/ noEK pko/ ;g;aN j'Dk gt/rk fe

fJfsjk; fe;~ efjzd/ jB. foekofvzr gq'rokw sK 60 ftnK ftZu Fa[o{ j'J/, j[D

i/ 60 ftnK s'_ N?bhft}B d/ fJfsjk; dh F[o{nks wzBh ikt/ sK T[; s'_ gfjbK

tkbk ;kok fJfsjk; SZfvnk ikt/rk, id fe T[j th sK fJfsjk; j?. T[j

T[;dk w[Ybk ;wK ;h iK fejk ik ;edk j? fe pugB ;h. T[; ;w/_ th Bt/_-

Bt/_ s}op/ j'J/ i' SZv/ Bjh_ ik ;ed/. nZi fi;~ uzrk N?bhft}B fejk ik

fojk j? T[j T[; t/b/ uzrk j'Dk f;Zy fojk ;h. T[; t/b/ T[; e'b fJZe s'_

tX/o/ ;zGktBktK ;B fit/_ fe;/ nkdwh pko/ fejk iKdk j? fe T[;B/ vkeNo

pBDk jh ;h, go pugB ftZu T[; e'b pj[s ;kohnK ;zGktBktK ;B, vkeNo

sK T[BQK ftZu'_ fJZe ;h, T[j j'o e[M th pD ;edk ;h. feT[_fe nZi T[j

vkeNo pD frnk j?, fJ; bJh T[; pko/ nZi fJj fejk iKdk j?.

N?bhft}B ftZu wB'oziB ~ j"bh-j"bh ;kafwb ehsk ikD bZrk feT[_fe

gfjbK sK fJ;~ f;oc ;{uBk iK gqkg/rzvk d/ s"o @s/ jh tofsnk iKdk ;h.

N?bhft}B T[go j[D BkNe g/;a ehs/ ikD bZr/ feT[_fe fJj ihtzs wkfXnw ;h

s/ foekofvzr dh seBhe jkb/ fte;s Bjh_ ;h j'Jh. Gkt/_ fe nkvhU

foekofvzr bJh rqkw'_c'B nk rJ/ ;B, go thvhU foekofvzr dh ;[ftXk jkb/

T[gbZpX Bjh_ ;h, fJ; bJh BkNe Nhth ;N{vhU ftZu fpBK fe;/ c/o pdb d/

f;ZX/ N?bhek;N ehs/ iKd/ ;B. fJ; Bkb T[; vokw/ dk :EkoE ns/ gqwkfDesk

;kjwD/ nkT[_dh ;h. fe;/ ebkeko dh i/ ubd/ vokw/ ftZu sbtko fvZr iKdh,

T[j th do;ae d/y b?_dk ;h ns/ fJ; soK dh |bsh ~ ;[Xkfonk Bjh_ ;h ik

;edk. vokw/ d/ w[V gq;koD (Repeat Telecast) bJh ;ko/ ebkekoK ~ d[pkok

33

Nhth ;N{vhU ftZu p[bke/ g/;aekoh ehsh iKdh ;h.

fJzrb?_v d/ b'efgqnk BkNeK d/ e[M fjZ;/ iK g{o/ BkNe N?bhft}B T[go

bkJht g/;a ehs/ iKd/ ;B. N?bhft}B dk f}nkdkso ;zpzX EhJ/No ns/ o/vhU Bkb

jh fojk feT[_fe wB'oziB ns/ ;ZfGnkukoe fjZ;k Nhth B/ fJzBQK d'jK s'_ jh fbnk.

frokbv e[e (Gerald Cock) fi; ~ Nhth dk gfjbk vkfJo?eNo fejk

iKdk j?, B/ 23 nes{po 1936 ~ o/vhU NkJhw} ftZu fJZe nkoNheb fbfynk

;h, fi; ftZu T[;B/ fejk, @@w/o/ f]nkb ftZu nkgD/ ;[Gkn ti'_ jh Nhth

wB'oziB d/D dh pikJ/ ;{uBktK d/D bJh tX/o/ Y[etK j?, Gkt/_ fJ; ftZu jbe/-

c[be/ wB'oziB bJh ;zGktBk j?. fJ; dk wsbp fJj Bjh fe fJ; ftZu e'Jh

seBheh ;hwktK jB pbfe fJ;dk nkXko jh ikDekoh d/Dk j?, Bk fe

ebkswe iK wB'ozie g/;aekohnK g/;a eoBk.##62 frokbv e[e dh rZb ni'e/

;w/_ ftZu ekch jZd sZe ;Zu j' ojh j? feT[_fe ni'e/ ;w/_ ftZu 24 xzN/ bJh

y[Zb/ fBT{} u?Bb fJ; rZb dk gqwkD jB. @@wkoFb w?eb{jkB nB[;ko N'oKN'

ftZu 1960 d/ eohp fJZe nfXn?B j'fJnk fi; ftZu Bth_ GkFk d/ frnkB bJh

ftfdnkoEhnK d/ uko tor pDkJ/ rJ/, fJZe tor ~ N?bhft}B okjh_ dZf;nk

frnk, d{i/ ~ o/vhU okjh_, shi/ ~ b?euo s/ u"E/ ~ feskp okjh_. c/o

nfXnkge B/ fJZe jh Yzr Bkb uko/ torK ~ ;wMkfJnk, gqFB-T[so ehs/ ns/

c/o nZX/ xzN/ sZe ;{uBk ;wZrqh dk jo tor B/ nikd Yzr Bkb fBohyD

ehsk, T[;s'_ pkd fbysh gqFB g[ZS/ rJ/ ns/ fi;d/ Bshi/ j?okBhiBe ;B. Nhth

s'_ gVD tkb/ ftfdnkoEh tZX Bzpo b?e/ gk; j'J/.##63 fJ; nfXn?B dk noE

j? fe N?bhft}B ;{uBk iK f;fynk d/D bJh tZX T[g:'rh j? feT[_fe fJ; B/

wB[Zy dhnK frnkB-fJzdqhnK ~ j[D sZe d/ ;ko/ j'o wkfXnwK s'_ f}nkdk

rshFhb, T[s/fis ns/ fsnko eo fdZsk j?.

N?bhft}B T[go Gkt/_ bkJht N?bhek;N ehsk iKdk ;h, c/o th f;B/wk s'_

fgS/ ;h. f;B/wk feT[_fe wB"oziB dk ;kXB j? fJ; bJh N?bhft}B ~ o/vhU d/

62 John Caughie, Television drama, Realism, Modernism, and British Culture, p.31 63 ipkSjh] lq/khj] cjsd ds ckn] i.-34

34

B/V/-s/V/ ofj e/ jh ftek; eoBk g?Dk ;h. o/vhU ~ s[od/-fcod/ th ;[fDnk ik

;edk ;h go N?bhft}B ~ p?me/ jh d/yDk g?_dk ;h, fJ; bJh N?bhft}B

gq'rokw pDkT[D t/b/ fJ; rZb dk fXnkB oZfynk iKdk ;h. go i"B o/E (John

Reith), i' 1927 ftZu gfjb/ vkfJo?eNo iBob pD/) fJ; XkoDk d/ fto'Xh ;B

ns/ T[jBK d/ ftuko ;B, @@nkgD/ do;ae g?dk eo' Bk fe ][d do;aeK d/

wro bZr'.##64

2 Btzpo 1936 ~ phH phH ;hH (B.B.C.) bzdB s'_ gfjbk o?r[bo

;afvT{bv N?bhft}B gq'rokw g{oh d[Bhnk ftZu gq;kfos ehsk frnk. T[; ;w/_

fJ; dk x/ok y/so 25 whb sZe ;h. fJj jcs/ ftZu n?stko ~ SZve/ S/ fdB

gq;kfos j[zdk ;h T[j th ;akw ~ 3 s'_ 4 (fJZe xzN/ bJh) ns/ oks ~ 9 s'_

10 (fJZe xzN/ bJh). fJZe jcsktko o/vhU bkJht (The Weekly British

Television Programme Guide) ftZu N?bhft}B d/ gfjb/ jcs/ dh fog'oN Sgh

fi; ftZu dZf;nk fe 3 Btzpo 1936 ~ fJZe @r'bvB fjzd@ (Golden Hind) BK

dk gq'rokw 3L25 s'_ 3L40 sZe gq;kfos ehsk frnk fi; ftZu pZ; vokJhto

(L.A. Stock) tZb'_ pZ; ~ pDkT[D pko/ dZf;nk frnk. 5 Btzpo 1936 ~ 25

fwzN dh @w?oh o?_po} woeoh p?bN# (Marie Ramber`s Mercury Ballet) dh

g/;aekoh j'Jh s/ fco T[;/ ;akw ~ w[V gq;kfos ehsk frnk. 6 Btzpo 1936 ~

bzvB s'_ o"nkfJbNh EhJ/No gq've;aB (Royalty Theatre Production) nb/B

joeo (Allen Harker) ns/ n?cH nkoH go/n"o (F.R. Pryor) dh fBod/;aBK j/m

pkd d[gfjo ~ fJZe ;ekfN;a ew/vh (Scotish Comedy) wkoh r'bv (Marigold)

g/;a ehsh rJh go T[;dk w[V gq;koD ;akw t/b/ Bjh_ j' ;fenk, feT[_fe ;'ch

;NhtoN (Sophie Stewart) T[; t/b/ o"fJbNh EhJ/No (Royalty Theatre) ftZu

g/;aekoh eo fojk ;h.

d{ih ;z;ko izr B/ N?bhft}B d/ ftek; ~ pj[s tZvh Ykj bkJh. 3

;szpo 1939 ~ d[BhnK d/ bZrGr ;ko/ N?bhft}B u?BbK T[go o'e brk fdZsh

64 Jacobs, Jason, British Television Drama: The Intimate Screen, p.29

35

rJh. izr ]sw j'D s'_ fJZe ;kb pknd i{B 1946 ftZu fJ; dh w[V ;a[o{nks

j'Jh. izr s'_ gfjbK dk ;wK j't/ iK pknd dk, vokwk N?bhft}B ;afvT{b dk

jw/;ak jh e/_do fpzd{ fojk j?. @@25 d;zpo 1938 ~ izr s'_ gfjbK feq;fw;

tkb/ fdB 22 xzN/ s/ 30 fwzN NqK;fw;aB gq;kfos ehsh rJh, fi; ftZu w[V

gq;koD (Repeat Telecast) ~ fwbke/ 14 xzN/ s/ 10 fwzN f;oc vokw/ ~ fdZs/

rJ/. fJ; feq;fw; jcs/ ftZu N?bhft}B o{gKso vokw/ th ;B. fizBKQ ftZu'_ @j/

chto@ (Hay Feaver) fouov nkc p"ovhne; (Rechard of Bordeaux) @dk w{B

fJB dk :?b' foto@ (The Moon In The Yellow River) 'ukobh} nKN@

(Charley`s Aunt) ns/ 'dk BkJhN; nkc dk pofBzr g/;N@ (The Knights Of

The Burning Paste) nkfd gqw[Zy jB.##65 fJj sK feq;fw; jcsk ;h, t?;/ th

40ftnK d/ nzs ftZu vokw/ bJh nZm s'_ d; xzN/ jcs/ ftZu nkw ;B. fJj

wfj;{; ehsk ik fojk ;h fe j'o wkfXnwK d/ w[ekpb/ N?bhft}B jh vokw/

okjh_ b'eK dh wkBf;e g{osh eodk ;h ns/ xo/b{ wB'oziB ftZu nfjw o'b

ndk eo fojk ;h ukj/ T[j S'N/ vokw/, tZv/ vokw/ iK fco vokfwnK d/ e[M

;hB fdyke/. f;B/wk jkb ftZu ;?_eV/ do;ae fJeZm/ p?me/ fcbw d/yd/ jB go

N?bhft}B ~ do;ae nkgD/ xo ftZu p?me/ nkgD/ wBg;zd b'eK Bkb d/ydk j?

i' b'eK ~ uzrk bZrDk F[[o{ j' frnk ;h. fJ; rZb ftZu sK e'Jh ;aZe jh

Bjh_ fe vokw/ ~ gqwZ[ysk fdZsh ik ojh ;h, fJ; s'_ th wjZstg{oB rZb fJj

;h fe ;G s'_ wjZstg{oB ;wK (Prime Time) vokw/ bJh okytK oZfynk iKdk

;h. @@fJ; BkNe dk ozrwzu Bkb'_ d{;ok tZvk \oe fJ; dk ][d uZb e/

doFe d/ ;kjwD/ nk ikDk ;h. ozrwzu doFe ~ nkgD/ e'b p[bkT[_dk ;h

ukj/ ozrwzu d/yDk j't/ iK f;B/wk, doFe uZb e/ EhJ/No ftZu iKdk ;h go

N?bhft}B B/ o/vhT[ tKr ][d doFe d/ vokfJzr-o{w iK p?vo{w ftZu x[; e/

nkgD/ nkg ~ gq;s[s ehsk. fJj fJZe soQK Bkb nfijh gq;s[sh ;h i' nfs

65 John Caughie, Television drama, Realism, Modernism, and British Culture, p.33

36

gqGktFkbh sohe/ Bkb Bth_ f}zdrh dhnK wip{ohnK ftZu nzfes j' rJh.##66

izr s'_ pkd pZfunK d/ gq'rokw ftZu th tkXk ehsk frnk. N'vbo}

No{; (Toddler`s Truce) BK d/ pZfunK d/ gq'rokw dk ;wK 6 s'_ 8 ti/ d/

ftueko j[zdk ;h feT[_fe fJ; s'_ pkd pZfunK d/ ;"D dk ;wK j[zdk ;h s/ wkg/

ed/ th 8 ti/ s'_ pkd pZfunK ~ N?bhft}B Bjh_ ;h d/yD fdzd/ fJ; bJh fJj'

;wK pZfunK bJh oZfynk frnk ;h. 1954 sZe fJj' o[MkB ikoh fojk. fJ; s'_

pknd ;wK xNDk Fa[o{ j' frnk feT[_fe j[D fJ; ftZu ]poK ;akfwb j' rJhnK

;B. gq;koD f;oc d' s'_ fszB xzN/ jh j[zdk ;h fJ; eoe/ N?bhft}B dh ;wK-

;{uh (;afvT{fbzr) th w?r}hB dh soK jh ehsh iKdh ;h fejVk ;wK pZfunK

bJh, fejVk y/vK bJh, fejVk fpiB; bJh s/ fejVk wB'oziB bJh nkfd.

jcs/ d/ uko fdB w?r}hB dh pDso (ckowN) tKr jh gq'rokwK dh ;wK-;{uh

fsnko j[zdh ;h Gkt gpbhe/;aB tkbk sohek jh N?bhft}B gq'rokwK bJh ;wK-

;{uh pDkT[D ;w/_ ngDkfJnk iKdk ;h. fi; ;akw ~ vokwk gq;kfos j'Dk j[zdk

;h, T[j ;akw ;ko/ gq'rokwK ftZu'_ ]k; wzBh iKdh ;h fit/_ Gkos ftZu 80ftnK

ftZu N?bhft}B T[go id'_ e'Jh fcbw nkT[Dh j[zdh ;h sK b'e T[; fdB nkgDk

e'Jh j'o o[M/tK Bjh_ ;h oZyd//, fJj' jkbks T[d'_ vokw/ bJh ;B. 1939 ftZu

fJZe b'efgqnsk t'fNzr o/vhU ns/ N?bhft}B d/ 20,000 bkJh;?_; Xkoe

d/yD$;[BD tkfbnk s'_ eotkJh fi; ftZu pj[s/ b'eK B/ ;G s'_ tZX ;g'N; ~

ns/ tokfJNh gq'rokw s'_ E'Vk fijk xZN vokw/ ~ g;zd ehsk. fJ; s'_ ;ze/s

fwbd/ jB fe vokw/ B/ xo/b{ ;ZfGnkuko ftZu nkgDh uzrh EK pDkJh j'Jh ;h.

phH phH ;hH tobv EhJ/No gq've;aB (B.B.C. World Theatre Production) B/

r'r'b d/ 19th_ ;dh d/ o{;h EhJ/No ebkf;e @dk rtoBw?_N fJz;g?eNo@ (The

Government Inspector) (i' @fJz;g?eNo iBob@ d/ BK Bkb th ikfDnk iKdk

j?) dh g/;aekoh ehsh. fi;~ 9H5 fwbhnB b'eK B/ d/fynk ns/ fJ;B/ T[; ;w/_

d/ gqf;ZX e[fJ} gq'rokw @tN; wkJh bkJhB@ (What`s my Line?) ~ th fg`S/ SZv 66 ozXktk, i;gkb f;zx, N?bhft}B BkNe, ;hwk s/ ;zGktBktK, gzH 33

37

fdZsk ;h.

N?bhft}B feT[_fe xoK ftZu uzrh soQK gqt/;a eo u[ek ;h, s/ wB'oziB

tZb th tX fojk ;h. fJ; bJh N?bhft}B gqpzXe fJ; rZb'_ g{oh soK ;[u/s

;B fe e'Jh nfijk gq'rokw Bk pDkfJnk ikt/, fi; Bkb gfotkoe ihtB T[`go

wkVk gqGkt gt/ s/ fi; Bkb gfotko N[ZND dh B"ps nkt/. go nDikD/ jh

N?bhft}B dk b'eK d/ xo/b{ ihtB T[`go n;o g?Dk Fa[o{ j' frnk. o/vhU ~

sK b'e nkgDk ezw eod/ j'J/ th ;[D ;ed/ ;B go N?bhft}B feT[_fe d/yD

dk wkfXnw j?, fJ; bJh fJ; ~ d/yD bJh eZfYnk ;wK b'eK dh xo/b{

f}zdrh ftu'_ eZfNnk ikDk ;[Gkfte ;h, i' ;wK gfotko bJh ;h, T[j j[D

N?bhft}B B/ b? fbnk ;h. gfjbK EhJ/No iK Bku ;zrhs d/yD bJh pkjo

ikDk g?_dk ;h, T[j th do;ae dh wo}h T`[go fBoGo eodk ;h fe T[j ikt/

iK Bk ikt/ go j[D sK fJj fpB-p[bkJ/ wfjwkB dh soKQ xoK d/ ftjfVnK

ftZu fpok}wkB j' u[fenk ;h, fi; eoe/ N?bhft}B ~ xoK ftZu x[;g?mhnk

wzfBnk ikD bZrk ;h. gfjbK pzdk id'_ xo gj[zudk ;h sK wfj;{; eodk ;h

fe T[j j[D g{oh d[BhnK s' eZN e/ nkgD/ gfotko e'b xo gj[zu frnk j?.

go j[D pzdk xo gj[zu e/ th xo Bjh_ ;h gj[zudk feT[_fe N?bhft}B T[;~

fJ`Xo-T[Xo x[wkT[_dk ofjzdk ;h. xo ftZu T[;d/ gfotko s'_ fJbktk, j}koK b'e

T[;d/ xo ftZu w"i{d j[zd/ ;B. fJ; bJh N?bhft}B ~ pj[s tZvh s/ y[Zbh

fyVeh, i' xo ftZu y[b rJh, d/ o{g ftZu d/fynk ikD bZfrnk, p/FZe o/vhU

th ntk}K okjh_ gq/;akB sK eodk ;h, go N?bhft}B B/ fJj f}nkdk wfj;{;

eotkfJnk. fJj ;'u th nkw nkdwh dh Bjh_ ;h, fJj fJZe tor ;h i' fJ;

soK wfj;{; eo fojk ;h. fJ; d/ pkti{d N?bhft}B dh b'egqhnsk tXdh

rJh. @@1955 sZe fJzrb?_v ftZu 4H50 bZy b'eK e'b o/vhU s/ N?bhft}B dk

;KMk bkfJ;?_; ;h. (Gkt/_ fe 1953 s'_ pkd pVh s/ih Bkb tkXk j'fJnk).##67

id'_ do;aeK dh frDsh ftZu tkXk j[zdk j? sK gq'rokwK dhnK fe;wK ftZu th

tkXk j'Dk bk}wh j? feT[_fe jo do;ae dh g;zd dk f]nkb oZyDk }o{oh j' 67 Ivor Brown,Television in EngliShman's castle, p.17

38

iKdk j?. N?bhft}B d/ gfjb/ djke/ ftZu f}nkdkso b'eK dk fJjh ftuko ;h

fe T[BQK B/ gfjbh tko N?bhft}B nkgD/ xo dh pikJ/ d{i/ d/ xo ftZu ik e/

d/fynk. 1950 ftnK d/ nzs, ns/ 1960 ftnK d/ nozG ftZu N?bhft}B ;jh

noEK ftZu nkw b'eK d/ wB'oziB dk ;kXB pD frnk. fizBK b'eK e'b

N?bhft}B Bjh ;h, T[jBK B/ N?bhft}B d/yD bJh xo'_ fBebDk F[o{ eo fdZsk

s/ fizBQK e'b N?bhft}B ;h, T[jBK B/ pekfJdk b'eK ~ nkgD/ xo ;ZdDk F[o{

eo fdZsk ;h .fJt'o po'B w[skpe @@ N?bhft}B noX Ffjoh b'eK ~ fJZe d{i/

Bkb i'VB tkbh c'o; pD ojh j?.##68 1960 sZe ;ko/ vokw/ seohpB

o{gKsfoe jh ;B, iK ebk;heb ;fjs, Bktb tr?ok fizBQK ~ B'pb g[o;eko

fwb u[Ze/ ;B iK i' BkNe b'efgqnk j' u[Ze/ ;B, T[BQK ~ jh N?bhft}B T`[go

g/;a ehsk iKdk ;h fi; ekoB N?bhft}B dh nkgDh Gk;ak fte;s Bjh_ ;h j'

ojh. @@N?bhft}B bJh w"fbe BkNe w;aj{o BkNeeko gkNfoe j?wbNB (Patric

Hamlton) d[nkok fbfynk frnk i' 23 wkou 1952 ~ N?bhek;N j'fJnk.##69

@@N?bhft}B BkNeK B/ fJZe ftbZyD gSkD pDkT[D s/ fJZe ;[szso ftXk

dh ;Ekgsh bJh go s'bD/ F[o{ ehs/. gksoK d/ vkfJbkr tZyo/ o{g ftZu

foekov eod/ j'J/ ns/ T[BQK ~ ftfGzB yzvK ftZu foekov eoe/, n?fvN eoe/ s/

fco X[Bh gqGktK okjh_ tZyo/ o{g ftZu f;oi e/ BkNe pDkT[D dh seBhe B/

nkgDk ozr fdykfJnk. fJ; seBhe dh nkwd Bkb N?bhft}B BkNe gquZfbs

wzuh BkNe Bkb'_ tX/o/ buehbk j' frnk ns/ nkgDh fJZe tZyoh gSkD pDkT[_dk

fdZ;D bZrk. fJ; tZyo/ ;o{g ftZu e?wok, X[Bh-gqpzX s/ seBhe ndkekoK Bkb'_

tX/o/ wjZstg{oB j' rJ/. ozrwzu T[Zs/ doFeK d/ fpbe[b ;kjwD/ ns/ B/V/ yVk

ndkeko th d{oh pDkJh oZydk ;h. e?wo/ B/ T[;~ eb'}nZg dh seBhe Bkb

doFeK d/ nfs B/V/ b? nKdk. nktk} dh T[Zusk dh EK fJZE/ ndkeko dhnK

ndktK B/ gqw[Zysk jkf;b ehsh. fujo/ d/ jktK-GktK B/ p'b e/ rZb efjD d/

T[`u/ ;to ~ ;{]wsk ftZu gfotofss eo fdZsk. ;zuko dhnK nfs ;{]w

68 T[jh, gzH 17 69 John Caughie, Television drama, Realism, Modernism, and British Culture, p.38

39

w[doktK b? e/ nkfJnk N?bhft}B BkNe ozrwzu Bkb'_ tX/o/ gqGktFkbh pDB

bZrk. ftF/F gqGktK dh seBhe B/ fJ;~ wB[Zy d/ j'o B/V/ b? nKdk.##70

N?bhft}B BkNe dk fJj ;o{g :EkoEtkd dh fJefjoh g/Fekoh d/ ;o{g

ftZu'_ fBeb e/ f}zdrh dhnK ftfGzB g/uhdrhnK Bkb f}zdrh dh ifNbsk ~

BthnK seBheK okjh_ g/F eoe/ Bth_ wkBf;esk d/ tX/o/ B/V/ j' frnk. fJ; d/

cb;o{g fJj pj[s ibdh wep{b j'fJnk. @@w{b b/ye, gNeEk b/ye, ;ztkd

b/ye, ftT[_s, o"FBh, X[Bh-gqpzX nkfd dh ftnkge ;wZroh ~ nkXko pDk e/

ozrwzuh BkNe d/ fdqF ~ e?wok FkN; (Shots) ftZu gfotofss eoe/ fJ;

BkNe d/ ;o{g ~ e[M fJ; edo ebfgnk ns/ ftT_[_fsnk frnk fe fJ;B/ fJZe

ftbZyD ;o{g rqfjD eoB tZb s/} edw g[ZN/. fNeN fyVeh s'_ w[esh gk e/

fJj BkNe wB[Zyh nzsjeoB d/ ;{]w nfj;k;K dh gVQs g/F eoB bZrk.

pdbdh f}zdrh Bkb pdb oj/ wkBth-foFfsnK d/ ;o{g ~ o{gwkB eod/ fJ;

BkNe B/ iB-;XkoB ~ nkgDk doFe pDk fbnk.##71 ozrwzuh BkNe dk

ndkeko th ftF/F ;h s/ doFe th feT[_fe T[j uZb e/ BkNe sZe gj[zudk ;h

fJ;d/ T[bN N?bhft}B BkNe ][d uZb e/ doFe sZe gj[zfunk. fJ; fJBebkph

spdhbh B/ fJ; BkNe ~ iB-;XkoB dk BkNe pDk fdZsk. N?bhft}B BkNe

dh nkwd B/ ozrwzuh BkNe Bkb'_ fJZe j'o ftbZ]Dsk fJj jkf;b ehsh fe fJj

BkNe ndkeko dk Bk j' e/ fBod/Fe dk BkNe pD frnk fJ; bJh fBod/Fe

N?bhft}B bJh nfjw pD frnk. T[j fBod/FB dh gqfeqnk ;w/_ nkgDhnK

GktBktK, nkgDh p[ZXh ns/ f;oiBksfwe ehwsK ~ jh g/Fekoh dh fBod/FBk

ftZu pdbdk j?.

Gkos ftZu N?bhft}B dh nkwd

n}kdh s'_ pkd :[B?;e' B/ ;e{bh pZfunK dh o;wh_ f;fynk s'_ fJbktk

70 ozXktk, i;gkb f;zx, N?bhft}B BkNe, ;hwk s/ ;zGktBktK, gzH 33 71 T[jh, gzH 34

40

;w{fje ftek; gq'rokw fdykT[D bJh Gkos ftZu d{odoFB dh F[o{nks ehsh.

fJ; d/ bJh thj j}ko vkbo dk G[rskB th ehsk. Gkos ftZu N?bhft}B dk

nkrwB gZSw d/ w[ekpb/ Gkt/_ d/o Bkb j'fJnk go fJ; B/ pj[s xZN ;w/_ ftZu

pj[s ftek; ehsk. @@Gkos ftZu N?bhft}B d/ gfjb/ gq;koD dk T[dxkNB

Gkos d/ ok;aNogsh vkH okfizdo gq;kd B/ 15 ;szpo 1959 ~ nek;atkDh GtB,

Bth_ fdZbh fty/ ehsk, i' 25 feb'whNo d/ x/o/ ftZu ;hws ;h.##72 fJj gq;koD

jcs/ ftZu d' tkoh, fJZe xzN/ bJh j[zdk ;h. f}nkdkso gq'rokw f;fynk ns/

y/shpkVh Bkb ;zpzXs ;B. gq'rokwK ~ fdykT[D bJh N?bhebZpK dh ;EkgBk

ehsh rJh.ebZpK ftZu N?bhft}B ;?`N brkJ/ rJ/ ns/ jo ebZp ftZu 20

nkdwh jh p?m e/ gq'rokw d/y ;ed/ ;B. 1969 sZe nkT[_d/ nkT[_d/ fiZE/ ebZpK

dh frDsh 101 j' rJh T[E/ gq'rokw d/yD tkfbnK dh frDsh 50-100 d/

ftueko j' rJh. 1960 ftZu rDszso fdt; dk f;ZXk gq;koD fdykfJnk frnk.

;e{bh pZfunK bJh jo wzrbtko ~ 3 ti/ s'_ 4 ti/ sZe gq'rokw fdykfJnk

ikD bZfrnk. 23 nes{po 1961 s'_ fJj ;e{bh gq'rokw o'}kBk eo fdZsk

frnk. ;e{bh f;fynk ;/tk bJh c'ov ckT{_v/FB B/ uko bZy u"jZso j}ko

vkbo dk ;fj:'r fdZsk.

@@15 nr;s 1965 ftZu Gkos dk gfjbk ;wkuko p[b/fNB Fa[o{

j'fJnk.##73 fJ; fdB s'_ gq'rokw o'}kBk fdykJ/ ikD bZr/. 26 iBtoh 1966 s'_

y/sh gq;koD ;/tk d/ nXhB @feqFh doFB# gq'rokw dk nkozG ehsk frnk. fJ;

gq'rokw s'_ Gkosh fe;kBK ~ ftF/F bkG j'D bZfrnk ns/ T[j nkgDh g;zd

d{odoFB ~ G/iD bZr/. 2 nes{po 1972 ftZu N?bhft}B dk gq;koD pzpJh

fty/, 26 iBtoh 1973 ~ Fqh Bro, 9 nr;s 1975 ~ ebeZs/ ftZu, 15

nr;s 1975 ~ wdok;, s/ 27 Btzpo 1975 ~ byBT{ FN/FB dk T[dxkNB

j'fJnk.

@@1 ngq?b 1976 s'_ N?bhft}B ~ nekFtkDh s'_ nbZr eo fdZsk frnk 72 India, p. 220 73 T[jh, gzH 220

41

ns/ fJ;~ d{odoFB d/ BK Bkb p[bkfJnk ikD bZfrnk. fJ; ;kb jh

d{odoFB ftfrnkgB fdykT[D/ F[o{ ehs/ ns/ 1977 ftZu ftfrnkgBK okjh_

d{odoFB B/ eo'VK o[gJ/ ewkJ/.##74

bkj"o ftZu Nhth ;N/;aB 1958 ftZu ;Ekfgs j'fJnk. @@nzfwqs;o Nhth

;N/;aB (29$09$1973 ~) fdZbh fty/ nkozG j'fJnk. fJ; dk T[dxkNB ykb;k

ekbi nzfwqs;o fty/ j'fJnk ;h, feT[_fe ;kok gq'rokw pk;oe/ frZbK d/ bkr/

pD/ Nhth Nkto s'_ j'Dk ;h. gfjbh oks fJ; ;N/;aB s'_ gfjbk BkNe fceo

s"_;th dk @;arB uzrk Bjh_@ g/;a ehsk frnk. nzfwqs;o bJh ;kok gq'rokw

o'}kBk fdZbh s'_ foekov j' e/ nkT[_dk ;h, fJE'_ sK f;oc fob/n j[zdk ;h.

e/tb ]poK jh nzfwqs;o s'_ f;ZXhnK N?bhek;N j[zdhnK ;B. 1978 ftZu

nzfwqs;o Nhth ;N/;aB pdbe/ ibzXo nk frnk.;kok gq'rokw j[D fdZbh dh EK

fJE/ fsnko s/ foekov j'D bZr fgnk go fJj gq'rokw ibzXo'_ (Nkto dk

y/so-x/ok S'Nk j?) s/ nzfwqs;o'_ d'jK EktK s' N?bhek;N j[zdk ;h.##75

Gkos ftZu ozrhB N?bhft}B dh F[o{nks 15 nr;s 1982 s'_ j'Jh. fJ;

fdB d{odoFB e/_doK ~ ;?N/bkJhN okjh_ i'fVnk frnk. fJ; ;kb jh d/F dh

okiXkBh ftZu J/;ahnB y/vK F[o{ j'JhnK fiBQK dk gq;koD ozrhB N?bhft}B okjh_

eotkfJnk frnk.

N?bhft}B d/ ftek; dh rsh fszB gVkn tkbh ojh j?. gfjbK 1959 s'_

71 sZe d{odoFB dh rsh j"bh s/ ;[;s ojh feT[_fe ftd/Fh ;fj:'r Bkb

bkJ/ rJ/ gq:'rkswe e/_do s/ ikoh gq;koD ~ ;oeko B/ fJ; ekfpb jh Bjh

;wfMnk fe piN ftZu T[; bJh e'Jh yk; oew gqdkB eo/. fJ; ~ fJZe

ckbs{ vZpk ;wM e/ T[; tZb e'Jh fXnkB jh Bjh_ fdZsk frnk. d{odoFB

fdZbh d/ ukbh feb'whNo d/ x/o/ ftZu jh gq;koD eo ;edk ;h. pzpJh ftZu

d{odoFB e/_do dh ;EkgBk 1972 ftZu j'Jh. 13 ;kb sZe d{odoFB dk e'Jh

ft;Eko jh Bjh_ ;h j'fJnk. 26 iBtoh 1973 ~ shik e/_do eFwho ftZu ;Ekfgs 74 xkSre] #ipan] ehMh;k ys[ku] i`-134 75 c[Zb, r[ofdnkb f;zx, gzikph BkNe, ;o{g, f;XKs s/ ftek;, gzH220

42

ehsk frnk.

gZSw dk N?bhft}B f}nkdkso gqkJht/N ndkfonK d/ ep}/ ftZu j?. Gkos

ftZu N?bhft}B dk iBw ;oekoh ;ogq;sh nXhB j'fJnk ;h ns/ gq;ko Gkosh

d/ rmB s'_ pknd y[dw[yfsnko j' frnk j?. ;Zsth_ gzi-;kbk :'iBk s'_ gfjbK

S/th_ :'iBk d/ nXhB N?bhft}B ~ tZv/ iB-;zuko wkfXnw d/ o{g ftZu ftef;s

eoB dh ;oeko dh fuzsk tXh. fJ; bJh 1980 ftZu o/vhU s'_ bkfJ;?_; ch;

jNk fdZsh rJh ns/ 1985 ftZu Nhth dk bkfJ;?_; ysw eo fdZsk frnk. fJ;

Bkb fJ; d/ ft;Eko ftZu s/ih nkJh. @@;Zsth_ :'iBk d/ nzs sZe nZ;h ch;dh

iBsk sZe N?bhft}B dh gj[zu ;zGt pDkJh rJh. ;Zsth_ :'iBk dh ;wkgsh sZe

1990 ftZu d/F d/ NqK;whNoK dh frDsh e[b ;zfynk 520 sZe gj[zu rJh.

nZmth_ gzi-;kbk :'iBk d/ F[o{ j'D sZe d/F ftZu 550 Nhth Nkto ;Ekfgs j'

u[Ze/ ;B. d{odoFB B/ Gkos dk 78 gqshFs G{r'fbe y/so nkgD/ gq;ko y/so

ftZu b? fbnk ;h ns/ 57H7 eo'V doFeK sZe fJ; dh gj[zu j' rJh ;h.

nZmth_ gzi-;kbk :'iBk ftZu d{;o/ u?BbK #s/ fXnkB fdZsk frnk ns/ ;?N/bkJhN

seBhe d/ ftek; ~ s/i eoB dh :'iBk pDkJh rJh. d{odoFB bJh 2300

eo'V o[gJ/ oZy/ rJ/ fi; d/ ftu'_ 340 eo'V ;?N/bkJhN bJh jh you ehs/

rJ/.##76

nZi Gkos ftZu N?bhft}B d/ nDfrDs ;?N/bkJhN u?BbK dh Gowko j'

u[eh j?. fBT{}, ;g'oN;, fwT[fie, fcbwh, ekoN{B, Xkofwe, wB'ozie u?Bb

nkfd Gkt jo rshftXh bJh nbZr-nbZr u?Bb nk rJ/ jB. gqkJht/N u?Bb

;oekoh u?BbK d/ w[ekpb/ f}nkdk b'efgqnk jB.

N?bhft}B T[`s/ ftykJ/ iKd/ gq'rokwK ftZu'_ BkNe fJZe gqw[Zy ns/ gqEw

ftXk j?. f\bwK, d;skt/ih f\bwK, rhs, ;zrhs, fBqs, \?FB-F'n, ]poK, tkd-

fttkd nkfd dhnK N?bhft}B g/FekohnK ftZu BkNe dh ;odkoh ekfJw j?.

fJ; dk gqw[Zy ekoB FkfJd fJ; dh fJZe nfijh gqdoFBh ebk j'Dk j? i' Bk

76 ipkSjh] lq/khj] cjsd ds ckn] i- 33] 34

43

f;oc gq;s[s j[zdh j? ;r'_ ][d fiT[_dh th j?.77

thvhUrqkch d/ ftek; dh rZb ehsh ikt/ sK Gkos ftZu N?bhft}B BkNe

bJh w[ZYb/ gqeoD e?wok ns/ thvhU N/g foekovo (VCR) ;B. @@Gkt/_ gfjbK

gfjb pj[s ;ko/ N?bhft}B BkNe fcbw e?wo/ Bkb th fcbwkJ/ rJ/ (okwkfJD,

wjKGkos, Gkos J/e y'i, nkfd) gozs{ NhH thH BkNe n;b ftZu thvhU BkNe

jh j?.##78 gfjbK N?bhft}B ftZu :{H w?fNe b'n-p?_v O jkJh-p+v (U.Matic

Low-band+ Hi-band) ns/ ;N{vhU fBowkD bJh ph ;h n?B (BCN) seBhe

dh tos'_ jh ehsh iKdh ;h. fi; nB[;ko ;N{vhU ftub/ tZv/-tZv/ e?wo/, ;N{vhU

ftZu bZrhnK tZvhnK N/gK T[s/ jh foekofvzr eo fdzd/ ;B. N?bhft}B ftZu

thvhU dh seBhe ftZu T[d'_ fJZe Bth_ eqKsh nkJh id'_ phNke?w (betacam)

e?wo/ dh nkwd j'Jh ns/ fJ; dh fwnkoh s;tho B/ ;G ~ gqGkfts ehsk.

fi; B/ nZi sZe nkgDh j'_d poeoko oZyh j'Jh j?. d{odoFB ibzXo dh

g/FeF @SthnK dh o[Zs# ~ gfjbh tko phNke?w (betacam) e?wo/ dh seBhe

okjh_ fcbwkfJnk frnk. @@fJj d{odoFB d/ fJfsjk; ftZu T[j ;wK ;h id'_

thvhU dh jkJhp?_v (high band) seBhe Bth_-Bth_ phNke?w (betacam) seBhe

ftZu spdhb j' ojh ;h. joihs f;zx B/ fJ; Bth_ thvhU seBhe dk th

Gog{o \kfJdk T[mkT[_d/ j'J/ fJ; g/Fekoh ~ ;ztkd, ;zrhs, X[Bh gqGktK ns/

thvhU gqGktK dh pj[-fttXsk okjh_ gzikph doFeK ~ fJZe fBo'b sk}k g/Fekoh

fdZsh.##79

N?bhft}B BkNe dk gqwkfDe ;zebg fJZe s'_ tZX e?wfonK Bkb fBowkD

ekoi d/ ;zebg ti'_ T[`Go fojk j? feT[_fe nZieZb v/bh-;'g dk o[MkB gquZfbs

j'fJnk j?, fi; eoe/ fJ; dh tos'_ wip{oh th ejh ik ;edh j? s/ wzr th.

n?vhfNzr gfjbK bhBhno ftXh okjh_ ehsh iKdh ;h.fJ; n?vhfNzr ftXh

ftZu thvhU N/g dk fJ;s/wkb j[zdk ;h. fJ; ftXh ftZu eqw nB[;ko jh

77 ozXktk, i;gkb f;zx, N?bhft}B BkNe, ;hwk s/ ;zGktBktK, gzH30 78 T[jh, gzH 42 79 T[jh, gzH66

44

n?vhfNzr ehsh ik ;edh ;h, noEks fe;/ N/g ftZu'_ 20tK FkN b?D bJh gfjbK

19tK FkN b?Dk }o{oh j[zdk ;h. fe;/ FkN ~ Bk jh ftZu i'fVnk ik ;edk ;h

s/ Bk jh ftZu'_ eZfYnk ik ;edk ;h. BkB-bhBhno n?vhfNzr ftXh nkT[D Bkb

n?vhfNzr dk ezw pj[s nk;kB j' frnk. fv;e #s/ nXkfos n?vhfNzr ~ BkB-

bhBhno n?vhfNzr fejk iKdk j?. fJj ftXh ezfgT{No Bkb ubdh j? ns/ fJ;

ftZu fv}hNb f;rBb Bkb jh ezw ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJj gqDkbh E.S.S

(Electronic Still Store) ftXh dh soK jh j?, fi; ftZu FkN d/ jo co/w ns/

;he{n?_; ~ fJZe ;?feZv ftZu d/fynk ik ;edk j?. BkB-bhBhno j'D eoe/ jh

ezfgT{No fJZe jh ;eohB #s/ d' iK d' s'_ f}nkdk co/w n;kBh Bkb d/ye/

n?vhfNzr bJh p/jso FkN; dh u'D eo ;edk j?. nZieZbQ fJ; ftXh dk jh

f}nkdk fJ;s/wkb ehsk iKdk j?.

X[Bh dh r[DtZsk ns/ fJ; d/ T[geoDk_ ftZu th pj[s tZvh spdhbh

nkJh j?. gfjbK wkJhe ;N{vhU dh SZs s'_ j/mK tZb bNekn fdZs/ iKd/ ;B.

ndkekoK ~ b'V s'_ tZX T[`uh p'bDk g?_dk ;h fi; eoe/ ndkekoh ftZu

;[Gkftesk dh EK BkNehnsk T[Godh ;h go b?gb wkJhe nkT[D Bkb ndkekoh

ns/ X[Bh dk fwnko T[`uk j' frnk j?.

;?`N gfjbK ;N{vhU ftZu jh brkJ/ iKd/ ;B go nZieZbQ n;bh b'e/FBK

#s/ ik e/ F{fNzr ehsh ikD bZrh j?. gfjb/ d"o ftZu ;?`N dk doFeK ~ gfjb/

jh FkN ftu Bebh j'D dk gsk bZr iKdk ;h. ni'e/ ;w/_ ftZu ;?`N bkT[D dh

seBhe B/ th pj[s soZeh ehsh j?. ;?`N Bebh j[zd/ j'J/ th doFeK ~ n;bh

j'D dk nfj;k; eotk fdzd/ jB feT[_fe ;?`N pDkT[D ;w/_ pj[s poheh Bkb

ezw ehsk iKdk j?.

nfXnkfJ d/ nzs ftZu fejk ik ;edk j? fe N?bhft}B dk fJfsjk; fJ;

eoe/ E'Vk r[zMbdko j? feT[_fe tZy-tZy w[[beK ftZu N?bhft}B d/ w[Yb/ ftek;

bJh nB/e jh nfXekoh ns/ fJziBhno nkgD/-nkgD/ gZXo @s/ fJe' ;w/_ ezw

eo oj/ ;B, go 1884 ftZu gfjbk fJb?eNq'-we?Bheb N?bhft}B f;;Nw dk

gq;skt g/;a eoB ns/ g/N?_N eotkT[D tkbk, iowBh :{Bhtof;Nh dk 20 ;kbk

45

B"itkB ftfdnkoEh fBe"t ;h. F[o{nksh d"o ftZu fJ; ~ nkgD/ o;s/ ns/

wzf}b pko/ pj[sk fJbw Bjh_ ;h fJ; bJh fJ; B/ ozrwzu dk ;jkok fbnk

ns/ ozrwzuh BkNe N?bhft}B #s/ g/F ehs/. j"bh-j"bh fJ;B/ nkgDk ft;Eko

ns/ ftek; ehsk. N?bhft}B e'b nkgDh e'Jh seBhe Bjh_ ;h, fJ; B/ fcbw

s'_ jh ;koh seBhe bJh ns/ pkd ftZu fJ; B/ nkgD/ wkfXnw nB[;ko

spdhnK eo e/ nkgDh fJZe tZyoh seBhe fJ}kd eo bJh j?.