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NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF MEMORY BY: AZWAN, AZREENA, AMIRAH, FATHIYAH, HASNA

NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF MEMORY BY: AZWAN, AZREENA, AMIRAH, FATHIYAH, HASNA

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Page 1: NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF MEMORY BY: AZWAN, AZREENA, AMIRAH, FATHIYAH, HASNA

NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF MEMORY

BY:

AZWAN, AZREENA, AMIRAH, FATHIYAH, HASNA

Page 2: NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF MEMORY BY: AZWAN, AZREENA, AMIRAH, FATHIYAH, HASNA

WHAT IS NEUROPHYSIOLOG

Y??

Page 3: NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF MEMORY BY: AZWAN, AZREENA, AMIRAH, FATHIYAH, HASNA

Neurophysiology is the study of nervous system function.

The brain is made up of billions of neurons, or nerve cells.

Neurons are the building blocks of the brain and all activity and thinking that is conducted is based on these cells.

The job of a neuron is to process information sent to it and convey this information on to other neurons, ultimately controlling all behaviors and experiences.

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HOW MEMORY WORKS??

Page 5: NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF MEMORY BY: AZWAN, AZREENA, AMIRAH, FATHIYAH, HASNA

3 WAYS OF WORKING MEMORY:

a)ACQUISITION

b)CONSOLIDATION

c) RETRIEVAL

Page 6: NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF MEMORY BY: AZWAN, AZREENA, AMIRAH, FATHIYAH, HASNA

a) ACQUISITION

Process of learning something before remembering.

The information is then put into temporary nerve-cell pathways in the brain.

These pathways are where you store short-term memory.

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b) CONSOLIDATION

The process of strengthening and reinforcing the information.

Can be transform into long-term memory.

Take weeks or months.

Page 8: NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF MEMORY BY: AZWAN, AZREENA, AMIRAH, FATHIYAH, HASNA

c) RETRIEVAL The process of recalling the

information.

The brain reactivates a particular pathway, and information is remembered.

This process can be fast or slow, depending on how familiar you are with the information and how well you learned it in the first place.

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WHAT IS LEARNING & MEMORY??

Page 10: NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF MEMORY BY: AZWAN, AZREENA, AMIRAH, FATHIYAH, HASNA

Learning : Neural mechanism which person

change his or her behaviour as a result of experience.

Memory : Organism's ability to store, retain, and

recall information and experiences.

Page 11: NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF MEMORY BY: AZWAN, AZREENA, AMIRAH, FATHIYAH, HASNA

3 types of memory function Sensory memory Short term memory Long term memory

Page 12: NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF MEMORY BY: AZWAN, AZREENA, AMIRAH, FATHIYAH, HASNA

1. SENSORY MEMORY

Shortest-term element of memory Act as buffer for stimuli received through

sensory senses(sight,hearing,smell,touch,taste)

-visual stimuli….iconic memory-aural stimuli….echoic memory-touch stimuli….haptic memory

Smell more closely linked to memories than other senses(olfactory bulb &olfactory cortex physically very close just 2 or 3 synapses to hippocampus and amygdala)

Page 13: NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF MEMORY BY: AZWAN, AZREENA, AMIRAH, FATHIYAH, HASNA

2. SHORT TERM MEMORY(STM)

Capacity to hold small amount of information (typically around 7 items ) in active mind, available in short period of time (typically from 10 to 15 seconds).

Very sensitive to interruption or interference

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3. LONG TERM MEMORY(LTM)

Storage of information for long period of time STM become LTM through

consolidation(involve rehearsal &meaningful association)

Forgetting occur in LTM when formerly strengthened synaptic connections among neurons become weakened

2 types: a) episodic:serial memory of events

b) semantic:structured memory of facts,skills,concepts

Page 15: NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF MEMORY BY: AZWAN, AZREENA, AMIRAH, FATHIYAH, HASNA

Comparison 3 stages of memory

Sensory memory Short term memory Long term memory

Large capacity Limited capacity Unlimited capacity

Contain sensory information

Acoustically encoded Semantically encoded

Very brief retention sec (visual)2 secs (auditory)

Storage relatively temporary(10-15sec)30sec when rehearsal

Storage relatively permanent

Decays very quickly Decays little over time

Conscious process of information

Information highly organized

Page 16: NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF MEMORY BY: AZWAN, AZREENA, AMIRAH, FATHIYAH, HASNA

WORKING

MEMORY

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Page 18: NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF MEMORY BY: AZWAN, AZREENA, AMIRAH, FATHIYAH, HASNA

Working memory: Three basic stores:

The central executive essentially acts as attention. It channels information to the three component processes: the phonological loop, the visuo-spatial sketchpad, and the episodic buffer.

The phonological loop stores auditory information by silently rehearsing sounds or words in a continuous loop: the articulatory process (for example the repetition of a telephone number over and over again). A short list of data is easier to remember.

The visuospatial sketchpad stores visual and spatial information. It is engaged when performing spatial tasks (such as judging distances) or visual ones (such as counting the windows on a house or imagining images).

The episodic buffer is dedicated to linking information across domains to form integrated units of visual, spatial, and verbal information and chronological ordering (e.g., the memory of a story or a movie scene). The episodic buffer is also assumed to have links to long-term memory and semantical meaning.

Page 19: NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF MEMORY BY: AZWAN, AZREENA, AMIRAH, FATHIYAH, HASNA

Brain and it’s parts

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Page 21: NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF MEMORY BY: AZWAN, AZREENA, AMIRAH, FATHIYAH, HASNA

Medulla Oblongata

Helps control the body's autonomic functions (things you don't need to think about to perform) like respiration, digestion and heart rate. Also acts as a relay station for nerve signals going to/from the brain

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PONS

Has roles in your level of arousal or conciousness and sleep. Relays sensory information to/from the brain. Also involved in controlling autonomic body functions.

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Cerebellum

Mostly deals with movement. It regulates and coordinates movement, posture and balance.

Also involved in learning movement.

Page 24: NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF MEMORY BY: AZWAN, AZREENA, AMIRAH, FATHIYAH, HASNA

Thalamus

The thalamus is the relay station in the brain.

Most of the sensory signals, auditory (sound), visual, somatosensory (from your skin and internal organs), go through this organ on their way to other parts of the brain for processing.

It also plays a function in motor control.

Page 25: NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF MEMORY BY: AZWAN, AZREENA, AMIRAH, FATHIYAH, HASNA

Hypothalamus

It should be called the Hyperthalamus because it does so much.

It's linked closely with the pituitary gland to control many of the body's functions.

It monitors and controls your circadian rhythms (your daily sleep/wake cycle), homeostasis (making sure your body is running smoothly), apetite, thirst, other bodily urges and also plays a role in emotions, autonomic functions and motor functions.

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Amygdala & Hippocampus

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Amygdala Location: Directionally, the amygdala is located medial to

the hypothalamus and adjacent to the hippocampus.

It is an almond-shaped.

It helps in storing and classifying emotionally charged memories.

The amygdala is also responsible for determining what memories are stored and where the memories are stored in the brain.

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Hippocampus Location: Directionally, the hippocampus is located within

the temporal lobes, adjacent to the amygdala.

It's primary role is in memory formation, classifying information, long-term memory. Like the RAM in your computer it processes and stores new and temporary memory for long term storage.

Damage ? May cause memory loss and problems with

memory storage.

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LOBES OF THE BRAIN

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Page 31: NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF MEMORY BY: AZWAN, AZREENA, AMIRAH, FATHIYAH, HASNA

Lobes of the Brain (related to memory)

Page 32: NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF MEMORY BY: AZWAN, AZREENA, AMIRAH, FATHIYAH, HASNA

Temporal Lobe Located on the bottom section of the brain.

There are two temporal lobes. They also help in sorting new information and are believed to be responsible for short-term memory.

Right Lobe - Mainly involved in visual memory Left Lobe - Mainly involved in verbal memory

Damage to the temporal lobe can lead to problems with memory, speech perception and language skills.

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DISORDER REGARDING MEMORY

Page 34: NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF MEMORY BY: AZWAN, AZREENA, AMIRAH, FATHIYAH, HASNA

Disorders:

1. Amnesia( loss of memory)

2. Alzheimer's disease.

3. Parkinson's disease.

4. Hyperthymesia or hyperthymesic syndrome.

5. Korsakoff's syndrome also known as Korsakoff's psychosis.

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So, HOW to IMPROVE our MEMORY??

Page 36: NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF MEMORY BY: AZWAN, AZREENA, AMIRAH, FATHIYAH, HASNA

Ways to improve the memory:

1. Simple lifestyle changes:a) exercises.b) healthy eating & balance diet.c) reduce stress.

2. A lot of reading.

3. Watching animation.

Page 37: NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF MEMORY BY: AZWAN, AZREENA, AMIRAH, FATHIYAH, HASNA