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AP Biology
Nervous system
Central nervous system
Brain Spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
Somatic (voluntary)
nervous system
Motor pathways
Sensory pathways
Autonomic (involuntary)
nervous system
Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division
Sympathetic
arousal & energy production
“fight or flight”
Parasympathetic
calming & back to maintenance
“rest & digest”
AP Biology
Types of neurons
dendrites
sensory neuron cell body
axon
cell body
interneuron
cell body
motor neuron
dendrites
“associative”
AP Biology
Cephalization = Brain evolution
Cnidarian
nerve net
Simplest
nervous system
no control of
complex actions
More organization
but still based on nerve
nets; supports more
complex movement
Cephalization = clustering of neurons in “brain” at front (anterior)
end of bilaterally symmetrical animals
Flatworm Platyhelminthes
nerve cords
associative neurons
Simplest, defined
central nervous system
more complex muscle
control
Echinoderm
radial nerve nerve
ribs
where sense organs are
AP Biology
Mollusk
brain
giant axon brain
ventral nerve cords
Arthropod
Further brain
development
ganglia = neuron
clusters along
CNS
increase in interneurons in brain region
Earthworm
central nervous system
peripheral nerves
More complex brains
connected to all other
parts of body by
peripheral nerves
More complex brains
in predators
most sophisticated
invertebrate nervous
system
Cephalization = Brain evolution
AP Biology
Evolution of vertebrate brain
Shark
Frog
Cat
Bird
Human Spinal cord
Hind: Medulla oblongata
Optic tectum
Hind: Cerebellum
Midbrain
Fore: Cerebrum
Olfactory tract
Crocodile
hindbrain
forebrain
forebrain
forebrain dominant cerebrum
AP Biology
Human brain
AP Biology
Functional divisions of brain
Hindbrain
evolutionary older structures of the brain
regulate essential autonomic & integrative
functions
brainstem
pons
medulla oblongata
midbrain
cerebellum
thalamus, hypothalamus
AP Biology
Brainstem
The “lower brain”
medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain
Functions
homeostasis
coordination of movement
conduction of impulses to higher brain
centers
AP Biology
Medulla oblongata & Pons
Controls autonomic homeostatic
functions
heart & blood vessel activity
breathing
swallowing
vomiting
digestion
Relays information
to & from higher
brain centers
AP Biology
Midbrain
Involved in the integration of sensory information
regulation of
visual reflexes
regulation of
auditory
reflexes
AP Biology
Reticular Formation
Sleep & wakefulness produces patterns
of electrical activity in the brain
recorded as an ElectroEncephaloGram
(EEG)
most dreaming
during REM
(rapid eye
movement)
sleep
AP Biology
Cerebrum
Most highly evolved structure of mammalian brain
Cerebrum divided
hemispheres
left = right side of body
right = left side of body
Corpus callosum
major connection between 2 hemispheres
AP Biology
Lateralization of Brain Function
Left hemisphere
language, math, logic operations, processing
of serial sequences of information, visual &
auditory details
detailed activities required
for motor control
Right hemisphere
pattern recognition, spatial
relationships, non-verbal
ideation, emotional
processing, parallel
processing of information
AP Biology
Cerebrum specialization
Regions of the cerebrum are
specialized for different functions
Lobes
frontal
temporal
occipital
parietal
AP Biology
AP Biology
Limbic system
Mediates basic emotions (fear, anger), involved in
emotional bonding, establishes emotional memory
Amygdala
involved in
recognizing
emotional content
of facial
expression
AP Biology
Simplest Nerve Circuit
Reflex, or automatic response
rapid response
automated
signal only goes to
spinal cord
no higher level processing
adaptive value
essential actions
don’t need to think or make decisions about
blinking
balance
pupil dilation
startle
AP Biology
Eye Blink or Pain Withdrawal Reflex
Effector (muscle)
Spinal cord
Interneuron Gray matter
White matter
Motor neuron
Sensory neuron
Receptor in skin
Stimulus
AP Biology 2007-2008
cerebrum
cerebellum
spinal cord cervical nerves
thoracic nerves
lumbar nerves
femoral nerve
sciatic nerve
tibial nerve
Review of
nervous system
With Mr.A
