Nervi Glave i Vrata

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fibers: for the

sternocleidomastoid m. from the

ventral primary

rami of spinal nn.C2 and C3 - for

trapezius viaventral primary

rami of C3 and C4

alveolar, anterior

superior

infraorbital n. dental plexus none maxillary canine and

incisor teeth and

gingiva; maxillary

sinus

anterior superior

alveolar n. is

enclosed in bone its

entire length

alveolar, inferior mandibular division of the

trigeminal n.(V3)

n. to mylohyoid;inferior dental

plexus; mentalnerve

mylohyoid muscleand anterior belly

of the digastric m.via n. to

mylohyoid

teeth of themandible; skin of the

chin

inferior alveolar n. passes through the

mandibular canal;the mental n. is its

terminal branch

which emergesthrough the mental

foramen

alveolar, middlesuperior

infraorbital n. dental plexus none maxillary premolar teeth and gingiva;

maxillary sinus

middle superior alveolar n. is

enclosed in bone itsentire length

alveolar, posterior superior

maxillary n. dental plexus none maxillary molar teeth and gingiva;

maxillary sinus

posterior superior alveolar n. enters

bone by passing

2



through the small

foramina on the posterior surface of

the maxilla

ansa cervicalis superior root(C1 and C2) and

inferior root (C2and C3) of the

ansa cervicalis

to infrahyoidmuscles

omohyoid m.,sternohyoid m.,

sternothyroid m.,thyrohyoid m.,

geniohyoid m.

none superior andinferior roots of the

ansa cervicalis arealso known as the

anterior and posterior roots

anterior deep

temporal n.

mandibular

division of thetrigeminal n.

(V3)

no named

branches

temporalis m. no cutaneous

branches

a branch of the

motor root of CNV; temporalis m.

developed from themesenchyme of the

first pharyngealarch

anterior ethmoidal

n.

nasociliary n. internal & external

nasal brs.

none mucous membrane

lining the anterior ethmoid air cells and

upper anterior part of

the nasal cavity; skinof the lower half of

the nose

anterior ethmoidal

n. passes from theorbit into the

anterior ethmoidal

foramen, passesthrough the

cribriform plate, passes anteriorly on

cribriform plate,then exits the

cranial cavity

3



through the

ethmoid fissureinto the nasal

cavity

anterior superior alveolar n.

infraorbital n. dental plexus none maxillary canine andincisor teeth and

gingiva; maxillarysinus

anterior superior alveolar n. is


auriculotemporaln.

mandibular division of the

trigeminal n.

(V3)

parotid brs.,articular brs.,

anterior auricular

brs.

secretomotor tothe parotid gland

by carrying

postganglionic parasympathetic

fibers from theotic ganglion;

[preganglionic parasympathetic

fibers originate in

the lesser petrosal br. of the

glossopharyngealn. (IX)]

skin of anterior ear and the skin

anterosuperior to the

ear; part of theexternal auditory

meatus;temporomandibular

joint

two roots of theauriculotemporal n.

encircle the middle

meningeal a.

brachial plexus ventral primary

rami of C5-8and T1

dorsal scapular,

long thoracic, n. tosubclavius,

suprascapular,lateral and medial

pectoral, medial

muscles of the

upper limb,excluding

trapezius

skin of the upper

limb

plexus is a latin

word meaning"braid"; axons from

spinal cord levelsC5-T1 are mixed

(braided) in the

4



brachial and

antebrachialcutaneous, upper,

middle and lower

subscapular,musculocutaneous,

ulnar, median,axillary, radial

brachial plexus and

repackaged intoterminal branches

so that each branch

contains axonsfrom several spinal

cord segmentallevels

buccal branch of the trigeminal n.


trigeminal n.

(V3)

no named branches

no motor branches skin of the cheek,mucosa lining the

cheek

not a motor nerve;easily confused

with the buccal

branch of the facial

n.

buccal branches of the facial n.

facial n. (VII) no sensory branches

zygomaticusmajor & minor,

buccinator,orbicularis oris,

levator anguli

oris, levator labiisuperioris &

alaque nasi,risorius, procerus,

nasalis

no sensory branches not a sensorynerve; easily

confused with the buccal branch of

the trigeminal n.

C1 ventral primaryramus

C1 spinal n. contributes to thesuperior root of

the ansa cervicalis; brs. to: rectus

capitis anterior

rectus capitisanterior and

lateralis, longuscapitis, omohyoid,

sternohyoid,

none C1 contributes tothe cervical plexus

5



and lateralis mm.,

longus capitis m.

sternothyroid,

thyrohyoid,geniohyoid

C2 ventral primary

ramus

C2 spinal n. contributes to:

superior andinferior roots of

the ansa cervicalis,lesser occipital n.,

great auricular n.,transverse cervical

n.; brs. to: longus

capitis & colli,

sternocleidomastoid

omohyoid,

sternohyoid,sternothyroid,

thyrohyoid,longus capitis and

longus colli

skin behind the ear

and on the neck below the mandible;

proprioception fromthe

sternocleidomastoidm.

C2 contributes to

the cervical plexus

C3 ventral primary

ramus


inferior root of theansa cervicalis,

great auricular n.,

transverse cervicaln., supraclavicular

nn., phrenic n.; brs. to: longus

capitis & colli,

scalenus medius,levator scapulae,

trapezius

omohyoid,

sternohyoid,sternothyroid,

longus capitis &

colli, scalenusmedius, levator

scapulae,respiratory

diaphragm

skin of the

anterolateral neck; proprioception from

the

sternocleidomastoidm. and the trapezius

m

C3 contributes to

the cervical plexus

C4 ventral primary

ramus


supraclavicular

longus colli,

scalenus medius,

skin of the root of

the neck and the

C4 contributes to

the cervical plexus

6



nn., phrenic n.;

brs. to: longuscolli, scalenus

medius, levator

scapulae, trapezius

levator scapulae,

respiratorydiaphragm

upper shoulder;

proprioception fromthe trapezius m.

C5 ventral primary

ramus


phrenic n., longthoracic n.

respiratory

diaphragm,scalene mm.,

muscles of theshoulder and

upper arm

skin of the ventral

arm and ventralforearm

joins the ventral

primary ramus of C6 to form the

superior trunk of the brachial plexus

C6 ventral primaryramus

C6 spinal n. contributes to:long thoracic n.

scalene mm.,muscles of the

lower shoulder and arm

skin of the lateralside of the upper

limb

joins the ventral primary ramus of

C5 to form thesuperior trunk of

the brachial plexus

C7 ventral primary

ramus


long thoracic n.

muscles of the

lower shoulder,

arm forearm

skin of the posterior

side of the upper

limb

continues as the

middle trunk of the

brachial plexus

C8 ventral primary

ramus

C8 spinal n. no named

branches

muscles of the

forearm and hand

skin of the medial

side of the upper limb

joins the ventral

primary ramus of T1 to form the

inferior trunk of the

brachial plexus

cardiac,

sympathetic

cervical

sympathetictrunk

no named

branches

heart

(sympathetic:increases rate and

heart, bronchial tree

and lungs

cervical

sympathetic trunk usually gives 3

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force of

contraction, parasympathetic:

decreases rate andforce of contraction);

bronchial tree &lungs via

pulmonary plexus

cervical cardiac

brs. l (superior,middle and

inferior) to thecardiac plexus

cardiac, vagal vagus n. (X) no named

branches

heart

(parasympathetic:

decreases rate and

force of contraction;sympathetic:

increases rate and

force of contraction);

bronchial tree andlungs via

pulmonary plexus

heart, bronchial tree

and lungs

vagus n. has 2

cervical cardiac

brs. (superior and

inferior) and 1 or more thoraciccardiac brs.

carotid body, n. to glossopharynge

al n. (IX)

no named

branches

none sensory receptors in

the carotid body and

carotid sinus

chemoreception

(blood pH) in

carotid body; blood pressure receptors

in carotid sinus; both located near

the bifurcation of the common

8



carotid a.; the

vagus n. (X) mayshare a role in this

innervation

carotid plexus,external

superior cervicalganglion of the

sympathetictrunk, via the

external carotidn.

distributes alongthe brs. of the

external carotidartery

vascular smoothmuscle, arrector

pili muscles,sweat glands of

face & upper neck

none postganglionicsympathetic nerve

fibers use arteriesas roadways to

enter the head andneck

carotid plexus,

internal

superior cervical

ganglion of thesympathetic

trunk, via theinternal carotid

n.

most distribute

along the brs. of the internal carotid

artery, althoughthe deep petrosal

n. is an exception because it runs a

short course

independent of anartery

vascular smooth

muscle of the brain, orbit,

forehead, upper nasal cavity;

arrector pilimuscles of

forehead and

anterior scalp;sweat glands of

the forehead;dilator pupillae m.

none postganglionic

sympathetic nervefibers use arteries

as roadways toenter the head and

neck

carotid, external superior cervical

sympatheticganglion

contributes to the

external carotid plexus

vascular smooth

muscle of theinternal carotid

system of vessels;sweat glands,

arrector pili mm.

none there may be two

or more externalcarotid nn. that join

the external carotid plexus from the

superior cervical

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of the skin of the

forehead

ganglion

carotid, internal superior cervicalsympathetic

ganglion

contributes to theinternal carotid

plexus

vascular smoothmuscle of the

external carotidsystem of vessels;

sweat glands,arrector pili mm.

of the skin of theface and scalp

none internal carotid n.appears to be the

upwardcontinuation of the

sypathetic trunk

cervical plexus ventral primary

rami of spinalnerves C1-C4

brs. to: longus

colli & capitis,sternocleidomastoi

d m., trapezius m.,levator scapulae

m., scalenusmedius m., rectus

capitis anterior

and lateralis mm.;superior & inferior

root of the ansacervicalis, n. to the

thyrohyoid m., n.

to the geniohyoidm., lesser occipital

n., great auricular n., transverse

cervical n.,supraclavicular nn.

longus colli &

capitis mm.,rectus capitis

anterior &lateralis mm.,

infrahyoid mm.,thyrohyoid m.,

geniohyoid m.,

respiratorydiaphragm

skin of the

anterolateral neck;skin of the ear and

skin behind the ear

close association of

the supraclavicular nn. to the phrenic

n. results in painfrom the

respiratorydiaphragm referred

to the shoulder

10



(medial,

intermediate andlateral),

contributions tothe phrenic n.from C3 and C4

cervicofacialdivision

facial (VII) buccal br.,marginal

mandibular br.,cervical br.

muscles of facialexpression of the

lower part of theface; platysma m.

none cervicofacialdivision usually

forms a loop bycommunication

with the

temporofacial

division of thefacial n.

chorda tympani facial (VII) no named

branches

secretomotor to

the submandibular and sublingual

glands (it carries

preganglionic parasympathetic

axons to thesubmandibular

ganglion)

taste to the anterior

2/3 of the tongue

chorda tympani

joins the lingualnerve in the

infratemporal fossa

and continues withit to the tongue

ciliary ganglion preganglionic parasympathetic

axons arrive viathe inferior

division of the


axons whichdistribute via short

ciliary nn.

sphincter pupillaem., ciliary m. of

the eye

none a parasympatheticganglion; ciliary

ganglion is locatedon the lateral side

of the optic n. near

11



oculomotor n.

(III)

the apex of the

orbit; sensory andsympathetic axons

pass through theciliary ganglionwithout synapse -

the sensory root iscarried via the

nasociliary n.andthe sympathetic

root arrives in the

orbit via theinternal carotid a.

ciliary, long nasociliary no named branches

none eyeball (GSA) these nerves bypassthe ciliary ganglion

ciliary, short ciliary ganglion:sensory root -

from the

nasociliary n.(a branch of V1);

sympathetic root- from the

internal carotid

plexus; parasympathetic

root - from theinferior division

of theoculomotor n.

multiple shortciliary nn. which

leave the ciliary

ganglion anteriorly

sphincter pupillae& ciliary mm.

(parasympathetic),

dilator pupillae(sympathetic)

eyeball (GSA) short ciliary nn. aremixed nerves

which contain

sensory and 2 typesof autonomic nerve

fibers; postganglionic

parasympathetic

neurons whoseaxons are located in

these nerves havetheir cell bodies

located in theciliary ganglion

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(III)

cochlear n. vestibulocochle

ar n.

no named

branches

none hearing (SSA) exits the posterior

cranial fossa by passing into the

internal acousticmeatus

cranial nn. nuclei located inthe brain,

branistem andupper cervical

spinal cord

12 pairs: olfactory,optic, oculomotor,

trochlear,trigeminal,

abducens, facial,

vestibulocochlear,glossopharyngeal,

vagus, accessory,hypoglossal

eye muscles,muscles of

mastication,middle ear, face,

tongue, pharynx,

larynx, mostsuprahyoid

muscles,sternocleidomasto

id m., trapeziusm., smooth

muscle of the gut,

cardiac muscle, bronchial smooth

muscle, salivary,lacrimal and

mucous glands in

the head and neck;glands of

digestive system

smell, vision, taste,hearing, balance,

general sensationform the skin of the

face, sense from

viscera of the head,neck, thorax and

abdomen (proximalto the splenic

flexure)

details about eachcranial nerve may

be found elsewherein this chart

deep petrosal n. internal carotid

plexus

no named

branches

vascular smooth

muscle of the

none deep petrosal n.

joins the greater

13



mucous

membranes of thelower nasal

cavity, maxillarysinus and palate

petrosal n. to form

the n. of the pterygoid canal; the

deep petrosal n.contains postganglionic

sympathetic axons(synapse occurred

in the superior cervical

sympathetic

ganglion)

digastric m., posterior belly, n.to

facial n. (VII) no named branches

posterior belly of the digastric m.

none the anterior belly of the digastric m. isformed by

mesenchyme from

the 1st pharyngealarch and is supplied

by the n. to themylohyoid m. (V3)

dorsal scapular n. brachial plexus(br. of C5

ventral primary

ramus)

no named branches

rhomboideusmajor and minor

mm.; levator

scapulae m.

none dorsal scapular n. passes through the

scalenus medius m.

esophageal plexus right and left

vagus (X) nn.;thoracic visceral

brs. of the

anterior and

posterior vagaltrunks

preganglionic

parasympatheticaxons from the

vagus n. supply

vagus: GVA from

the esophagus andabdominal gut

proximal to the left

during

development of thegut, the stomach

and esophagus

14



sympathetic

trunk

smooth muscle

and glands of thethoracic

esophagus andabdominal gut andits derivatives

proximal to theleft colic flexure;

postganglionicsympathetic axons

from the thoracic

visceral brs.supply vascular

smooth muscle inthe esophageal

vessels

colic flexure;

thoracic visceral brs.carry pain from

the esophagus

rotate 90° to the

right with the resultthat the left and

right vagus nervesmix in theesophageal plexus

and emerge asanterior and


ethmoidal, anterior nasociliary n. internal & externalnasal brs.

none mucous membranelining the anterior

ethmoid air cells andupper anterior part of

the nasal cavity; skinof the lower half of

the nose

anterior ethmoidaln. passes from the

orbit into theanterior ethmoidal

foramen, passesthrough the

cribriform plate, passes anteriorly oncribriform plate,

then exits thecranial cavity

through the

ethmoid fissure

15



into the nasal

cavity

ethmoidal, posterior

nasociliary n. no named branches

none mucous membranelining the posterior

ethmoid air cells andsphenoid sinus

posterior ethmoidaln. exits the orbit by

passing through the posterior ethmoid

foramen

external carotid n. superior cervical

sympatheticganglion

contributes to the


vascular smooth

muscle of theinternal carotid

system of vessels;


of the skin of theforehead

none there may be two

or more externalcarotid nn. that join

the external carotid

plexus from thesuperior cervical

ganglion


superior cervicalganglion of the

sympathetic

trunk, via theexternal carotid

n.

distributes alongthe brs. of the

external carotid

artery


pili muscles,

sweat glands of face & upper neck

none postganglionicsympathetic nerve

fibers use arteries


neck

facial n. pons and

medulla:

nucleussolitarius of

medulla vianervus

intermedius

greater petrosal n.

(preganglionic

parasympathetic to pterygopalatine

ganglion, postganglionic

parasympathetic

stapedius m.,

stylohyoid m.,

posterior belly of digastric m.,

muscles of facialexpression;

secretomotor to

taste (SVA) from the

anterior 2/3 of the

tongue; part of theskin of the external

auditory meatus

also known as: CN

VII, 7th cranial

nerve; exits the posterior cranial

fossa by passinginto the internal

acoustic meatus,

16



(SVA sensory

root) fromgeniculate

ganglion;superior salivatory

nucleus (GVE preganglionic

parasympathetic) of pons via

nervus

intermedius;facial motor

nucleus of ponsvia motor root

travels with brs. of

maxillary divisionof V), chorda

tympani (SVAtaste from anterior 2/3 of the tongue;

preganglionic parasympathetic to

the submandibular ganglion,

postganglionic

parasympathetic tothe submandibular

and sublingualglands), n. to

stapedius,

posterior auricular n., intraparotid

plexus withtemporal,

zygomatic, buccal,marginal

mandibular &

cervical brs.

lacrimal,

submandibular,sublingual, and

mucous glands of the nasal and oralcavities

goes through the

facial canal; motor to muscles of facial

expression exits theskull at thestylomastoid

foramen

frontal ophthalmic


(V1)

supraorbital n.,

supratrochlear n.

none skin of the forehead

and the medial partof the upper eyelid;

mucous membrane

of the frontal sinus

the most superior

linear structurewithin the orbit

17



ganglia,

sympathetic chain

preganglionic

sympatheticfibers arrive via

white ramicommunicantesof ventral

primary rami of spinal nerves

T1-L2

postganglionic

sympathetic fibersdepart via gray

ramicommunicantes toall spinal nn.;

internal & externalcarotid nn.;

cervical cardiac brs.; thoracic

direct visceral brs.;

greater, lesser &least thoracic

splanchnic nn.;lumbar splanchnic

nn.; sacral

splanchnic nn.

dilator pupillae,


pili muscles,sweat glands,suprarenal

medulla, heart,lungs and gut

pain from viscera located lateral to

the vertebral bodiesin the neck, thorax

& abdominopelviccavity; the ganglia plus their

interconnectingfibers are also

known as thesympathetic trunk;

preganglionic cell

bodies are locatedin the

intermediolateralgray matter of

spinal cord levels

T1-L2

ganglion, ciliary preganglionic

parasympatheticaxons arrive via

the inferior division of the

oculomotor n.(III)

postganglionic

parasympatheticaxons which

distribute via shortciliary nn.

sphincter pupillae

m., ciliary m. of the eye

none a parasympathetic

ganglion; ciliaryganglion is located

on the lateral sideof the optic n. near

the apex of theorbit; sensory andsympathetic axons

pass through theciliary ganglion

without synapse -

the sensory root is

18



carried via the

nasociliary n.andthe sympathetic

root arrives in theorbit via theinternal carotid a.

ganglion,geniculate

facial n. (VII)(chorda tympani

branch)

nervus intermedius(SVA sensory root

of facial n.)

none taste (SVA) from theanterior 2/3 of the

tongue

a sensory ganglionequivalent in

histologicalstructure and

function to a dorsal

root ganglion;

some taste from the palate travelsthrough the greater

petrosal n. to the

geniculateganglion; located in

the facial canalwithin the petrous

portion of thetemporal bone

ganglion, otic preganglionic parasympatheticvia the lesser

petrosal, fromthe tympanic n.

of theglossopharynge

postganglionic parasympatheticaxons distribute

with the parotid brs. of the

auriculotemporaln. (from V3)


none a parasympatheticganglion; the oticganglion hangs off

of the mandibular division of the

trigeminal n. (V3)inferomedial to the

19



al n. (IX) foramen ovale

ganglion,

pterygopalatine

preganglionic

parasympatheticaxons arrive via

the n. of the pterygoid canal

from greater petrosal n. of

the facial n(VII);

postganglionic

sympathetic

axons arrive viathe n. of the pterygoid canal

from the deep

petrosal n.

postganglionic

parasympatheticaxons distribute

via the greater &lesser palatine nn.,

nasopalatine n.,sphenopalatine n.

and zygomatic n.

secretomotor to:

mucous glands of the palate, nasal

cavity, lacrimalgland


ganglion; the pterygopalatine

ganglion hangs off of the maxillary

division of thetrigeminal n. (V2)

within the pterygopalatine

fossa;

preganglionic

axons of the greater petrosal n. synapsehere;

postganglionic

sympathetic axonsof the deep petrosal

n. pass through theotic ganglion

without synapsing(they synapse in the

superior cervicalsympatheticganglion)

ganglion,semilunar

ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2)

and mandibular (V3) divisions

sensory fibersdepart via the

trigeminal n. (V)

none skin of the face,mucous membranes

of the nasal and oralcavities, mucous

a sensory ganglionequivalent in

histologicalstructure and

20



of the trigeminal

n.

membrane of the

anterior 2/3rds of thetongue (GSA only)

function to a dorsal

root ganglion; alsoknown as.

trigeminal or Gasserian ganglion

ganglion, spiral fibers of the

cochlear hair cells

cochlear n. portion

of thevestibulocochlear

n. (VIII)

none hearing (SSA) a sensory ganglion

of the cochlear partof CN VIII

ganglion, stellate neurons in the

intermediolatera

l cell column of

spinal cord levelT1

gray rami

communicans to

spinal nerves C8

and T1(postganglionicsympathetic);

thoracic visceral br.

vascular smooth

muscle, arrector

pili muscle, sweat

glands of the C8& T1 cutaneousdistribution on

chest & upper limb (C8 and T1

dermatomes);


lungs

pain from lungs a sympathetic

ganglion; stellate

ganglion is formed

by the fusion of theinferior cervicalsympathetic

ganglion and theT1 ganglion of the

sympathetic trunk

ganglion,submandibular


axons from thechorda tympani

(accompanyingthe lingual n.

from the


axons distributeeither directly, or

with branches of the lingual n. to

the submandibular

secretomotor tothe submandibular

and sublingualglands and the

small glands of the lingual

mucosa

none a parasympatheticganglion;

submandibular ganglion is

suspended from thelingual n. near the

deep part of the

21



mandibular

division of thetrigeminal n.)

and sublingual

glands

submandibular

gland

geniculate

ganglion

facial n. (VII)

(chorda tympani branch)

nervus intermedius

(SVA sensory rootof facial n.)

none taste (SVA) from the

anterior 2/3 of thetongue

a sensory ganglion

equivalent inhistological

structure andfunction to a dorsal

root ganglion;some taste from the

palate travels

through the greater

petrosal n. to thegeniculateganglion; located in

the facial canal

within the petrous portion of the

temporal bone

geniohyoid m., n.

to

C1 fibers from

the superior rootof the ansa

cervicalis

no named

branches

geniohyoid m. none nerve to the

geniohyoid m.travels with the

hypoglossal nervefor a short distancein the superior neck

glossopharyngealn.

medulla: spinaltrigeminal

nucleus from

tympanic nerve tothe tympanic

plexus and lesser

GSE:stylopharyngeus;

GVE:

GVA: carotid body,carotid sinus,

pharynx, middle ear;

also known as: CNIX, 9th cranial

nerve; the

22



the superior

ganglion(GVA); nucleus

solitarius fromthe inferior ganglion (SVA);

nucleusambiguus

(GVA); inferior salivatory

nucleus (GVE -


)

petrosal n., carotid

sinus n.,stylopharyngeus

brs., pharyngeal brs.

secretomotor to

the parotid gland(preganglionic

parasympatheticvia the tympanicn. to the lesser

petrosal n. to theotic ganglion;


via the

auriculotemporaln.)

GSA: skin of the

external ear; SVA:taste from the

posterior 1/3 of thetongue

glossopharyngeal

n. exits the posterior cranial

fossa by passingthrough the jugular foramen;it may

penetrate thestylopharyngeus m.

gray ramus

communicans

cell bodies

located in the

sympatheticchain ganglia

none carries

postganglionic

sympathetic axonsto the spinal

nerve; spinalnerve will carry

those axons peripherally to the

skin, bloodvessels, etc.

none gray rami

communicantes

connect thesympathetic chain

to spinal nerves atall vertebral levels

great auricular n. cervical plexus

(contributionsfrom the ventral

primary rami of spinal nerves

mastoid n.,

auricular n.

none skin of the ear and

skin below the ear

the great auricular

n. crosses thesuperficial surface

of thesternocleidomastoi

23



C2&C3) d m.

greater occipital n. dorsal primary

ramus of spinalnerve C2

(medial br.)

no named

branches

posterior neck

muscles


surface of the scalp

muscles innervated

by this nervedevelop from

epimeres in theembryo

greater palatine n. maxillarydivision of the

trigeminal n.(V2)

posterior inferior lateral nasal brs.

none mucous membraneof the inferior part of

the lateral nasal wall;mucosa of the hard

palate

greater palatine n. passes through the

greater palatinecanal and foramen

greater petrosal n. facial (VII) no named branches

secretomotor (preganglionic

parasympathetic)to: lacrimal gland,

mucous glands of the lower nasal

cavity, maxillary

sinus and palate

none greater petrosal n. joins the deep

petrosal n. to formthe n. of the

pterygoid canal; thegreater petrosal n.

contains:


axons bound for

the pterygopalatineganglion where

they will synapse;it passes through

the hiatus of canalof greater petrosal

n. in the petrous

24



part of the temporal

bone

hypoglossal n. medulla:hypoglossal

nucleus

no named branches; branches

of the ventral primary ramus of

spinal nerve C1are carried by this

nerve and are notconsidered to be

branches of the

hypoglossal nerve

intrinsic andextrinsic muscles

of the tongue(except the

palatoglossus m.)

none also known as: CNXII, 12th cranial

nerve; thehypoglossal n. exits

the posterior cranial fossa by

passing through thehypoglossal canal;

the superior root of

the ansa cervicalis

travels with thehypoglossal n. for ashort distance

inferior alveolar n. mandibular division of the

trigeminal n.

(V3)

n. to mylohyoid;inferior dental

plexus; mental

nerve

mylohyoid muscleand anterior belly

of the digastric m.

via n. tomylohyoid

teeth of themandible; skin of the

chin

inferior alveolar n. passes through the

mandibular canal;

the mental n. is itsterminal branch

which emergesthrough the mental

foramen

inferior laryngealn.

recurrentlaryngeal br. of

the vagus n. (X)

no named branches

all intrinsicmuscles of the

larynx except thecricothyroid;

those muscles are:

mucous membraneof the larynx below

the vocal fold

inferior laryngeal n.is the continuation

of the recurrentlaryngeal n., the

name change

25



thyroarytenoid,

oblique andtransverse

arytenoid, posterior andlateral

cricoarytenoid,aryepiglottic,

thyroepiglottic,vocalis;

secretomotor to

the mucousmembrane of the

larynx below thevocal fold

occurs at the

cricothyroidarticulation

inferior oblique,

nerve to

inferior branch

of theoculomotor n.

parasympathetic

root to the ciliaryganglion

preganglionic

parasympatheticsupply to the

ciliary ganglionfor innervation of

the sphincter pupillae m. and

ciliary m.; inferior oblique m.

none parasympathetic

root carries GVE(preganglionic

parasympatheticaxons) to the ciliary

ganglion - shortciliary nn. carry the

postganglionic parasympatheticaxons from the

ciliary ganglion tothe eyeball

infraorbital n. maxillarydivision of the

middle alveolar n.,anterior superior

none mucous membraneof the maxillary

infraorbitaln.passes through

26



trigeminal n.

(V2)

alveolar n. sinus; upper

premolar, canine andincisor teeth;

maxillary gingiva;skin of the lateralnose, lower eyelid,

upper lip andzygomatic region

the infraorbital

groove, canal andforamen

infratrochlear n. nasociliary br.of the

ophthalmic

division of the

trigeminal n.(V1)

no named branches

none skin and conjunctivaof the medial upper

and lower eyelids;

skin of the lateral

surface of the nose

infratrochlear n. passes inferior to

the trochlea

(pulley) of the

superior oblique m.

intermediate

supraclavicular n.

cervical plexus

(C3&C4)

no named

branches

none skin of the root of

the neck and upper chest, near the mid-

clavicle

pain from

respiratorydiaphragm is

referred to the

shoulder

internal carotid n. superior cervical

sympathetic

ganglion

contributes to the

internal carotid

plexus

vascular smooth

muscle of the

external carotidsystem of vessels;


of the skin of theface and scalp

none internal carotid n.

appears to be the

upwardcontinuation of the

sypathetic trunk

internal carotid superior cervical most distribute vascular smooth none postganglionic

27



plexus ganglion of the

sympathetictrunk, via the

internal carotidn.

along the brs. of

the internal carotidartery, although

the deep petrosaln. is an exception because it runs a

short courseindependent of an

artery

muscle of the

brain, orbit,forehead, upper

nasal cavity;arrector pilimuscles of

forehead andanterior scalp;

sweat glands of the forehead;

dilator pupillae m.

sympathetic nerve

fibers use arteriesas roadways to


lacrimal n. ophthalmic

division of thetrigeminal n.(V1)

no named

branches

carries

secretomotor axons to thelacrimal gland

skin of the lateral

portion of the upper eye lid and itsassociated

conjunctiva

lacrimal n. carries

the postganglionic parasympatheticaxons from the

zygomaticotempora

l br. of themaxillary n. that

originate in the pterygopalatine

ganglion

laryngeal, inferior recurrent

laryngeal br. of the vagus n. (X)

no named

branches

all intrinsic

muscles of thelarynx except thecricothyroid;

those muscles are:thyroarytenoid,

oblique andtransverse

mucous membrane

of the larynx belowthe vocal fold

inferior laryngeal n.

is the continuationof the recurrentlaryngeal n., the

name changeoccurs at the

cricothyroidarticulation

28



arytenoid,

posterior andlateral

cricoarytenoid,aryepiglottic,thyroepiglottic,

vocalis;secretomotor to

the mucousmembrane of the

larynx below the

vocal fold

laryngeal,recurrent vagus n. (X) esophageal brs.,tracheal brs.,cardiac brs.,

pharyngeal brs.,

inferior laryngealn.

upper esophagus,lower pharynx,laryngeal mm.

(except

cricopharyngeus);smooth muscle of

the trachea;secretomotor to

mucosal glands inthe upper

esophagus, lower

pharynx, larynx below the vocal

fold, trachea;cardiac muscle of

the heart (slows

heart rate,

upper esophagus,lower pharynx,larynx below the

vocal folds, GVA

from heart

right recurrentlaryngeal n. loops posteriorly around

the right subclavian

a.; left recurrentlaryngeal n. loops

posteriorly aroundthe aortic arch and

ligamentumarteriosum; the

inferior laryngeal

br. supplies allintrinsic muscles of

the larynxEXCEPT the

cricothyroid m.

29



decreases force of

contraction)

laryngeal, superior vagus n. (X) internal br.,external br. cricothyroid m.,inferior

pharyngealconstrictor m.;

secretomotor tomucosal glands of

the larynx abovethe vocal folds

mucous membraneof the larynx above

the vocal folds

external br.supplies the

cricothyroid m.; allother intrinsic

muscles of thelarynx are supplied

by the recurrentlaryngeal n.

lateral

supraclavicular n.

cervical plexus

(C3&C4)

no named

branches


the neck and upper

shoulder

pain from

respiratory

diaphragm isreferred to theshoulder

lesser occipital n. ventral primaryramus of spinal

nerve C2

no named branches

none skin behind the ear lesser occipital n.arises from the

cervical plexus

lesser palatine n. maxillarydivision of the

trigeminal n.(V2)

no named branches

none mucous membraneof the soft palate and

posterior hard palate

lesser palatine n. passes through the

greater palatinecanal and lesser

palatine foramen

lesser petrosal n. tympanic nerve,

from the

glossopharyngeal n. (IX)

otic ganglion secretomotor

(preganglionic

parasympathetic)for the parotid

none lesser petrosal n.

synapses in the otic

ganglion and postganglionic

30



gland axons distribute to

the parotid gland by joining the

auriculotemporal n.

lingual n. mandibular division of the

trigeminal n.(V3)

no named branches

none general sense fromthe anterior 2/3 of

the tongue and floor of the mouth

lingual n. is joined by the chorda

tympani (taste and preganglionic

parasympathetic)from the facial n. in

the infratemporal

fossa; the

submandibular ganglion hangsfrom the lingual

nerve in the

paralingual space

long ciliary n. nasociliary no named

branches

none eyeball (GSA) these nerves bypass

the ciliary ganglion

mandibular

division of the

trigeminal n.

trigeminal

ganglion; motor

root arises fromthe pons

meningeal br.,

medial pterygoid

and lateral pterygoid nn.,

masseteric n.,anterior and

posterior deeptemporal nn.,

buccal n.,

SVE: mylohyoid

m., anterior belly

of the digastricm.; tensor

tympani m., tensor veli palatini m.;

muscles of mastication

(temporalis,

GSA: skin of the

lower lip and jaw

extending superiorlyabove level of the

ear; mucousmembrane of the

tongue and floor of the mouth; lower

teeth and gingiva of

also known as: V3;

passes through the

foramen ovale toexit the middle

cranial fossa; theotic ganglion is

associated with themedial side of V3

below the foramen

31



auriculotemporal

n., lingual n.,inferior alveolar n.

masseter, medial

pterygoid andlateral pterygoid)

the mandibular

alveolar arch

ovale; the

auriculotemporal n.carries

postganglionic parasympatheticaxons to the parotid

gland; thesubmandibular

ganglion isassociated withe

the lingual n. near

the submandibular gland;

postganglionic parasympathetics

from the

submandibular ganglion supply the

submandibular gland and the

sublingual gland

mandibular,

marginal

facial n.

(cervicofacial

division)

no named

branches

orbicularis oris

m., depressor

anguli oris m.,depressor labii

inferioris m.,mentalis m.

none branches of the

facial nerve

innervate musclesderived from the

mesenchyme of thesecond pharygeal

arch

masseteric n. mandibular no named masseter m. none masseteric n.

32



division of the

trigeminal n.

branches passes over the

mandibular notchto reach the deep

surface of themasseter m.

maxillary division

of the trigeminal n.

trigeminal

ganglion

meningeal br.,

posterior superior alveolar n.,

pharyngeal, posterior superior

medial and lateral

nasal brs.,

nasopalatine n.,greater and lesser palatine nn.,

zygomatic n.,

infraorbital n.

none GSA: skin of the

upper lip, cheek,lower eyelid;

mucous membraneof the palate; teeth

and gingiva of the

maxillary alveolar

arch; the mucousmembrane liningmost of the nasal

cavity; the mucous

membrane lining themaxillary sinus

also known as: V2;

maxillary divisionof the trigeminal n.

passes through theforamen rotundum

to enter the

pterygopalatine

fossa; the pterygopalatineganglion is

associated with it in

the pterygopalatinefossa;


fibers distributewith branches of

the maxillary

division to mucousglands of the nasal

cavity and palate;the zygomatic n. &

its brs. carry

postganglionic

33



parasympathetic

axons to the orbitto reach the

lacrimal n. andlacrimal gland

medial

supraclavicular n.

cervical plexus

(C3&C4)

no named

branches


the neck and upper chest, anteriorly

pain from

respiratorydiaphragm is

referred to theshoulder

mental n. inferior alveolar

n.

no named

branches

none skin of the chin the

lower lip

mental n. passes

through the mental

foramen

middle superior alveolar

infraorbital n. dental plexus none maxillary premolar teeth and gingiva;

maxillary sinus

middle superior alveolar n. is


mylohyoid, n. to inferior alveolar

n., a branch of the mandibular

division of the

trigeminal n.(V3)

no named

branches

mylohyoid m.,

anterior belly of the digastric m.

none n. to mylohyoid

arises near thelingula of the

mandible; course

within themylohyoid groove

of the mandible

nasociliary n. ophthalmic


communicating br.

to the ciliaryganglion, long

none eyeball, skin of the

nose and medialsides of the eyelids;

the distribution of

this nerve isindicated by its

34



(V1) ciliary n., anterior

and posterior ethmoidal nn.,

infratrochlear n.

conjunctiva of the

medial sides of theeyelids; mucous

membranes of theupper nasal cavity,ethmoid and

sphenoid sinuses

name - nasociliary

nasopalatine n. maxillary


(V2)

no named

branches


of the nasal septum;mucous membrane

of the anterior

portion of the palate

nasopalatine n.

innervates themucosa overlying

the primary palate

(development); it passes through two

openings in bone:sphenopalatine

foramen and

incisive canal

nervus intermedius pons & medulla:

nucleussolitarius of

medulla (SVAsensory root)

from geniculateganglion;superior

salivatorynucleus (GVE


joins with the

motor root to formthe facial n. (VII);

its fibers arecontained in the

greater petrosal n.and the chordatympani

secretomotor to

the lacrimal glandand mucous

glands of thelower nasal

cavity;secretomotor tothe mucosa of the

maxillary sinusand palate

(synapse occurs atthe

taste from the

anterior 2/3 of thetongue

nervus intermedius

occupies anintermediate

position betweenthe motor root of

VII and cranial n.VIII when theyenter the internal

acoustic meatus

35



) of pons pterygopalatine

ganglion);secretomotor to

submandibular and sublingualglands (synapse

occurs at thesubmandibular

ganglion)

occipital, greater dorsal primary

ramus of spinal

nerve C2(medial br.)

no named

branches

posterior neck

muscles


surface of the scalp

muscles innervated

by this nerve

develop fromepimeres in the

embryo

occipital, lesser ventral primary


no named

branches

none skin behind the ear lesser occipital n.

arises from thecervical plexus

occipitalis tertius dorsal primary


(medial br.)

no named

branches

posterior neck

muscles


surface of the neck

muscles innervated

by this nervedevelop from

epimeres in the

embryooculomotor n. oculomotor

nuclei of themidbrain

(extraocular muscles);

accessory

superior br.,

inferior br.

GSE: superior br.:

levator palpebraesuperioris m.,

superior rectus m.;inferior br: medial

rectus m., inferior

none also known as: CN

III; oculomotor n. passes through the

superior orbitalfissure to exit the

middle cranial

36



oculomotor

nucleus (nucleusof Edinger-

Westphal - preganglionic parasympathetic

)

rectus m., inferior

oblique m.; GVE:ciliary m. &

sphincter pupillaem. (preganglionic parasympathetic

axons go to theciliary ganglion

via the parasympathetic

root,


go from the ciliaryganglion to the

eyeball via short

ciliary nn.)

fossa

of the pterygoid

canal

formed by the

union of thegreater petrosal

n.(preganglionic

parasympathetic

) and the deep petrosal n.

(postganglionicsympathetic)

ends in the

pterygopalatineganglion

(parasympathetic)

secretomotor

(parasympathetic)to: lacrimal gland

and mucousglands of nasal

cavity and

maxillary sinus;sympathetic

innervation tovascular smooth

muscle in the

same region

none contains:

preganglionicaxons of the greater

petrosal n. boundfor pterygopalatine

ganglion where

they will synapse; postganglionic

sympathetic axonsof the deep petrosal

n. which will pass

through the

37



pterygopalatine

ganglion withoutsynapsing

olfactory n. the filaments of

the bipolar olfactory

epithelial cellsconstitute the

olfactory n.

second order

olfactory nervecell bodies located

in the olfactory bulb

none smell (SVA) also known as: CN

I, 1st cranial n.;multiple olfactory

filaments passthrough the

cribriform plate toenter the anterior

cranial fossa and

synapse in theolfactory bulb; the

olfactory tractcarries the signal

from the bulb to

olfactory cortex of the forebrain

ophthalmicdivision of the

trigeminal n.

trigeminalganglion

meningeal br.,lacrimal n., frontal

n., nasociliary n.

none (GSA) skin of theforehead, upper

eyelid and nose;mucous membrane

of the upper nasalcavity, frontal sinus,ethmoid air cells and

sphenoid sinuses

also known as: V1;the ophthalmic

division of thetrigeminal n. passes

through thesuperior orbitalfissure to exit the

middle cranialfossa; the lacrimal

n. receives postganglionic

38



parasympathetic

axons to thelacrimal gland from

thezygomaticotemporal br. of the

zygomatic n.

optic n. ganglion layer

of the retina tothe forebrain

none none vision (SSA) also known as: CN

II, 2nd cranialnerve; the course of

the optic nerve is:

through the opticcanal to the optic

chiasma, then theoptic tract to the

lateral geniculate

body and opticradiation

otic ganglion preganglionic parasympathetic

via the lesser petrosal, from

the tympanic n.of theglossopharynge

al n. (IX)


axons distributewith the parotid

brs. of theauriculotemporaln. (from V3)


none a parasympatheticganglion; the otic

ganglion hangs off of the mandibular

division of thetrigeminal n. (V3)inferomedial to the

foramen ovale

palatine, greater maxillary

division of the

posterior inferior

lateral nasal brs.


of the inferior part of

greater palatine n.

passes through the

39



trigeminal n.

(V2)

the lateral nasal wall;

mucosa of the hard palate

greater palatine

canal and foramen

palatine, lesser maxillary


(V2)

no named

branches


of the soft palate and posterior hard palate

lesser palatine n.

passes through thegreater palatine

canal and lesser palatine foramen

petrosal, deep internal carotid plexus

no named branches


mucous

membranes of the

lower nasalcavity, maxillarysinus and palate

none deep petrosal n. joins the greater

petrosal n. to form

the n. of the

pterygoid canal; thedeep petrosal n.contains

postganglionicsympathetic axons

(synapse occurred

in the superior cervical

sympatheticganglion)

petrosal, greater facial (VII) no named

branches

secretomotor

(preganglionic parasympathetic)

to: lacrimal gland,mucous glands of

the lower nasal

none greater petrosal n.

joins the deep petrosal n. to form

the n. of the pterygoid canal; the

greater petrosal n.

40



cavity, maxillary

sinus and palate

contains:


axons bound for the pterygopalatineganglion where

they will synapse;it passes through

the hiatus of canalof greater petrosal

n. in the petrous

part of the temporal bone

petrosal, lesser tympanic nerve,from the

glossopharynge

al n. (IX)

otic ganglion secretomotor (preganglionic

parasympathetic)

for the parotidgland

none lesser petrosal n.synapses in the otic

ganglion and

postganglionicaxons distribute to

the parotid gland by joining the

auriculotemporal n.

pharyngeal plexus motor

contributed bythe vagus n.(X); sensory

contributed bythe

glossopharyngeal n. (IX),

no named

branches

vagus: all muscles

of the pharynxexceptstylopharyngeus;

sympathetic:smooth muscle in

the pharyngealvasculature

glossopharyngeal:

mucous membranelining the pharynx

the muscles of the

pharyngeal wall areskeletal m. derivedfrom the

mesenchyme of the4th pharyngeal arch

41



vasomotor

contributed bythe superior

cervicalsympatheticganglion

phrenic n. ventral primaryrami of spinal

nerves C3-C5(cervical plexus)

no named branches

skeletal muscle of the respiratory

diaphragm

diaphragmatic pleura; some fibers

contributed to the pericardium and to

the adjacent

mediastinal andcostal pleurae

phrenic n. crossesthe anterior surface

of the anterior scalene m.

plexus, brachial ventral primaryrami of C5-8

and T1

dorsal scapular,long thoracic, n. to

subclavius,suprascapular,

lateral and medial

pectoral, medial brachial and

antebrachialcutaneous, upper,

middle and lower subscapular,musculocutaneous,

ulnar, median,axillary, radial

muscles of theupper limb,

excludingtrapezius

skin of the upper limb

plexus is a latinword meaning

"braid"; axons fromspinal cord levels

C5-T1 are mixed

(braided) in the brachial plexus and

repackaged intoterminal branches

so that each branchcontains axonsfrom several spinal

cord segmentallevels

plexus, cervical ventral primary brs. to: longus longus colli & skin of the close association of

42



rami of spinal

nerves C1-C4

colli & capitis,

sternocleidomastoid m., trapezius m.,

levator scapulaem., scalenusmedius m., rectus

capitis anterior and lateralis mm.;

superior & inferior root of the ansa

cervicalis, n. to the

thyrohyoid m., n.to the geniohyoid

m., lesser occipitaln., great auricular

n., transverse

cervical n.,supraclavicular nn.

(medial,intermediate and

lateral),contributions to

the phrenic n.

from C3 and C4

capitis mm.,

rectus capitisanterior &

lateralis mm.,infrahyoid mm.,thyrohyoid m.,

geniohyoid m.,respiratory

diaphragm

anterolateral neck;

skin of the ear andskin behind the ear

the supraclavicular

nn. to the phrenicn. results in pain

from therespiratorydiaphragm referred

to the shoulder

plexus, esophageal right and left

vagus (X) nn.;thoracic visceral

brs. of the

sympathetic

anterior and


preganglionic

parasympatheticaxons from the

vagus n. supply

smooth muscle

vagus: GVA from

the esophagus andabdominal gut

proximal to the left

colic flexure;

during

development of thegut, the stomach

and esophagus

rotate 90° to the

43



trunk and glands of the

thoracicesophagus and

abdominal gut andits derivatives proximal to the

left colic flexure; postganglionic

sympathetic axonsfrom the thoracic

visceral brs.

supply vascular smooth muscle in

the esophagealvessels

thoracic visceral

brs.carry pain fromthe esophagus

right with the result

that the left andright vagus nerves

mix in theesophageal plexusand emerge as

anterior and posterior vagal

trunks

plexus, external

carotid

superior cervical

ganglion of thesympathetic

trunk, via theexternal carotid

n.

distributes along

the brs. of theexternal carotid

artery

vascular smooth

muscle, arrector pili muscles,

sweat glands of face & upper neck

none postganglionic

sympathetic nervefibers use arteries


neck

plexus, internal

carotid

superior cervical

ganglion of thesympathetictrunk, via the

internal carotidn.

most distribute

along the brs. of the internal carotidartery, although

the deep petrosaln. is an exception

because it runs ashort course

vascular smooth

muscle of the brain, orbit,forehead, upper

nasal cavity;arrector pili

muscles of forehead and

none postganglionic

sympathetic nervefibers use arteriesas roadways to


44



independent of an

artery

anterior scalp;

sweat glands of the forehead;

dilator pupillae m.

plexus, pharyngeal motor contributed by

the vagus n.(X); sensory

contributed bythe

glossopharynge

al n. (IX),vasomotor

contributed bythe superior

cervical

sympatheticganglion

no named branches

vagus: all musclesof the pharynx

exceptstylopharyngeus;

sympathetic:smooth muscle in

the pharyngeal

vasculature

glossopharyngeal:mucous membrane

lining the pharynx

the muscles of the pharyngeal wall are

skeletal m. derivedfrom the

mesenchyme of the4th pharyngeal arch

posterior deeptemporal n.


trigeminal n.(V3)

no named branches

temporalis m. no cutaneous branches

a branch of themotor root of CN

V; temporalis m.developed from the

mesenchyme of thefirst pharyngealarch

posterior ethmoidal n.

nasociliary n. no named branches

none mucous membranelining the posterior

ethmoid air cells and

posterior ethmoidaln. exits the orbit by

passing through the

45



sphenoid sinus posterior ethmoid

foramen

posterior superior

alveolar n.

maxillary n. dental plexus none maxillary molar

teeth and gingiva;

maxillary sinus

posterior superior

alveolar n. enters

bone by passingthrough the small

foramina on the posterior surface of

the maxilla

pterygopalatine

ganglion

preganglionic

parasympathetic

axons arrive via

the n. of the pterygoid canalfrom greater

petrosal n. of the facial n

(VII);

postganglionicsympathetic

axons arrive viathe n. of the

pterygoid canalfrom the deep petrosal n.

postganglionic

parasympathetic

axons distribute

via the greater &lesser palatine nn.,nasopalatine n.,

sphenopalatine n.and zygomatic n.

secretomotor to:

mucous glands of

the palate, nasal

cavity, lacrimalgland


ganglion; the

pterygopalatine

ganglion hangs off of the maxillarydivision of the

trigeminal n. (V2)within the

pterygopalatine

fossa; preganglionic

axons of the greater petrosal n. synapse

here; postganglionicsympathetic axons

of the deep petrosaln. pass through the

otic ganglionwithout synapsing

46



(they synapse in the

superior cervicalsympathetic

ganglion)

ramuscommunicans,

gray

cell bodieslocated in the

sympatheticchain ganglia

none carries postganglionic

sympathetic axonsto the spinal

nerve; spinalnerve will carry

those axons

peripherally to theskin, blood

vessels, etc.

none gray ramicommunicantes


to spinal nerves atall vertebral levels

ramus

communicans,white

cell bodies

located in thelateral horn gray

matter of spinal

cord levels T1-L2;

none axons contained

within white ramicommunicantes

will synapse on

postganglioniccell bodies that

will ultimatelyinnervate the skin,

viscera, glands, blood vessels, etc.

pain from viscera is

carried back to thespinal cord through

the white ramus

communicans

white rami

communicantesconnect the

sympathetic chain

to spinal nerves atvertebral levels T1-

L2; carries preganglionic

sympathetic axons

recurrent laryngeal

n.

vagus n. (X) esophageal brs.,

tracheal brs.,cardiac brs.,

pharyngeal brs.,

upper esophagus,

lower pharynx,laryngeal mm.

(except

upper esophagus,

lower pharynx,larynx below the

vocal folds, GVA

right recurrent

laryngeal n. loops posteriorly around

the right subclavian

47



inferior laryngeal

n.

cricopharyngeus);

smooth muscle of the trachea;

secretomotor tomucosal glands inthe upper

esophagus, lower pharynx, larynx

below the vocalfold, trachea;

cardiac muscle of

the heart (slowsheart rate,

decreases force of contraction)

from heart a.; left recurrent

laryngeal n. loops posteriorly around

the aortic arch andligamentumarteriosum; the

inferior laryngeal br. supplies all

intrinsic muscles of the larynx

EXCEPT the

cricothyroid m.

semilunar ganglion ophthalmic (V1)

, maxillary (V2)and mandibular

(V3) divisionsof the trigeminal

n.

sensory fibers

depart via thetrigeminal n. (V)

none skin of the face,

mucous membranesof the nasal and oral

cavities, mucousmembrane of the

anterior 2/3rds of thetongue (GSA only)

a sensory ganglion

equivalent inhistological

structure andfunction to a dorsal

root ganglion; alsoknown as.

trigeminal or

Gasserian ganglion

short ciliary n. ciliary ganglion:

sensory root -from the

nasociliary n.(a branch of V1);

multiple short

ciliary nn. whichleave the ciliary

ganglion anteriorly

sphincter pupillae

& ciliary mm.(parasympathetic),

dilator pupillae(sympathetic)

eyeball (GSA) short ciliary nn. are

mixed nerveswhich contain

sensory and 2 typesof autonomic nerve

48



sympathetic root

- from theinternal carotid

plexus; parasympatheticroot - from the

inferior divisionof the

oculomotor n.(III)

fibers;


neurons whoseaxons are located inthese nerves have

their cell bodieslocated in the

ciliary ganglion

spiral ganglion fibers of the

cochlear hair cells

cochlear n. portion

of thevestibulocochlear

n. (VIII)

none hearing (SSA) a sensory ganglion

of the cochlear partof CN VIII

stellate ganglion neurons in the

intermediolateral cell column of

spinal cord level

T1

gray rami

communicans tospinal nerves C8

and T1

(postganglionicsympathetic);

thoracic visceral br.

vascular smooth

muscle, arrector pili muscle, sweat

glands of the C8

& T1 cutaneousdistribution on

chest & upper limb (C8 and T1

dermatomes);vascular smoothmuscle of the

lungs

pain from lungs stellate ganglion is

formed by thefusion of the

inferior cervical

sympatheticganglion and the

T1 ganglion of thesympathetic trunk

submandibular

ganglion

preganglionic

parasympathetic

postganglionic

parasympathetic

secretomotor to

the submandibular

none a terminal

parasympathetic

49



axons from the

chorda tympani(accompanying

the lingual n.from themandibular

division of thetrigeminal n.)

axons distribute

either directly, or with branches of

the lingual n. tothe submandibular and sublingual

glands

and sublingual

glands and thesmall glands of

the lingualmucosa

ganglion;

submandibular ganglion is

suspended from thelingual n. near thedeep part of the

submandibular gland

suboccipital n. dorsal primaryramus of spinal

nerve C1

no named branches

muscles of thesuboccipital

triangle: rectus

capitis posterior major m., rectus

capitis posterior minor m.,

obliquus capitis

superior m.,obliquus capitis

inferior m.

no cutaneous branches

spinal nerve C1 has NO cutaneous

distribution

superior laryngeal

n.

vagus n. (X) internal br.,

external br.

cricothyroid m.,

inferior pharyngeal

constrictor m.;secretomotor tomucosal glands of

the larynx abovethe vocal folds

mucous membrane

of the larynx abovethe vocal folds

external br.

supplies thecricothyroid m.; all

other intrinsicmuscles of thelarynx are supplied

by the recurrentlaryngeal n.

supraclavicular, cervical plexus no named none skin of the root of pain from

50



intermediate (C3&C4) branches the neck and upper

chest, near the mid-clavicle

respiratory

diaphragm isreferred to the

shoulder

supraclavicular,lateral

cervical plexus(C3&C4)

no named branches

none skin of the root of the neck and upper

shoulder

pain fromrespiratory

diaphragm isreferred to the

shoulder

supraclavicular,

medial

cervical plexus

(C3&C4)

no named

branches


the neck and upper

chest, anteriorly

pain from

respiratory

diaphragm is

referred to theshoulder

supraorbital n. frontal n, from

the ophthalmicdivision of the

trigeminal n.

(V1)

medial and lateral

brs.

none skin of the forehead;

mucous membraneof the frontal sinus

supraorbital nerve

passes through thesupraorbital

foramen (notch)

supratrochlear n. frontal n, from

the ophthalmic


(V1)

no named

branches

none skin of the medial

forehead and the

medial part of theupper eyelid;

associatedconjunctiva

supratrochlear n.

passes superior to

the trochlea(pulley) of the

superior oblique m.

sympathetic chainganglia, cervical

preganglionicsympathetic

postganglionicsympathetic depart

dilator pupillaem.; vascular

pain from viscera located parallel tothe vertebral bodies

51



fibers arrive via

white ramicommunicantes

of ventral primary rami of spinal nerves

T1-T5

via gray rami

communicans tocervical spinal nn.;

internal andexternal carotidnn.; cervical

cardiac brs.

smooth muscle;

arrector pilimuscles and sweat

glands of headand neck; heartand lungs

in the neck; there

are no white ramicommunicantes at

cervical levels

temporal, anterior

deep

mandibular


(V3)

no named

branches


branches

a branch of the


developed from the

mesenchyme of thefirst pharyngeal

arch

temporal, posterior

deep

mandibular


(V3)

no named

branches


branches

a branch of the


developed from the

mesenchyme of thefirst pharyngeal

arch

temporofacial

division of the

facial n.

facial n. temporal,

zygomatic and

buccal brs.

muscles of facial

expression of the

upper part of theface; frontalis m.,

anterior andsuperior

auricularis mm.

none temporofacial

division of the

facial n. usuallyforms a loop by

communicationanteriorly with the

cervicofacial

52



division

to carotid body glossopharyngeal n. (IX)

no named branches

none sensory receptors inthe carotid body and

carotid sinus

chemoreception(blood pH) in

carotid body; blood

pressure receptorsin carotid sinus;

both located near the bifurcation of

the commoncarotid a.; the

vagus n. (X) may

share a role in thisinnervation

to digastric m., posterior belly

facial n. (VII) no named branches

posterior belly of the digastric m.

none the anterior belly of the digastric m. is

formed bymesenchyme from

the 1st pharyngeal

arch and is supplied by the n. to the

mylohyoid m. (V3)

to geniohyoid m. C1 fibers from

the superior root

of the ansacervicalis

no named

branches

geniohyoid m. none nerve to the

geniohyoid m.

travels with thehypoglossal nerve

for a short distancein the superior neck

transverse cervical cervical plexus no named none skin of the anterior transverse cervical

53



n. (C2 and C3) branches surface of the neck n. penetrates the

platysma m. butdoes not innervate

it

trigeminal n. motor rootarises from the

trigeminalmotor nucleus

in the pons(SVE); sensory

part arises from

the trigeminalganglion (GSA)

and projects intothe pons to the

primary sensory

nucleus of V or more inferiorly

to the nucleus of the spinal root

of V (medullaand upper spinal

cord)

ophthalmic,maxillary and

mandibular divisions

SVE: anterior belly of the

digastric m.,mylohyoid m.,

tensor veli palatinim., tensor tympani

m.; muscles of

mastication:temporalis m.,

masseter m.,lateral pterygoid

m., medial

pterygoid m.

skin of the face;mucous membranes

of the nasal and oralcavities; general

sensation (GSA) tothe anterior 2/3 of

the tongue

also known as: CNV, 5th cranial

nerve; some brs.carry pre- or


fibers; the

trigeminal n.divides into three

divisions at thetrigeminal

ganglion; SVE

supplies muscles of 1st pharyngeal arch

origin

trochlear n. trochlear nucleus of the

midbrain

no named branches

superior obliquem. of the eye

(GSE)

none also known as: CNIV, 4th cranial

nerve; the trochlear n. passes through

the superior orbitalfissure to exit the

54



middle cranial

fossa; it is thesmallest cranial

nerve and the onlycranial nerve toarise from dorsum

of brainstem

tympanic n. glossopharynge

al n.

tympanic plexus,

which gives rise tothe lesser petrosal

n.

secretomotor

(preganglionic parasympathetic

axons which will

synapse in the oticganglion) to the

parotid gland

mucous membrane

lining the middle ear cavity

tympanic n. passes

from the inferior ganglion of CN IX

through the

tympaniccanaliculus to reach

the middle ear

vagus n. medulla: dorsal

motor nucleus(GVE

preganglionic

parasympathetic); inferior

ganglion(GVA); nucleus

ambiguus(SVE); superior ganglion (GSA);

inferior ganglion(SVA)

auricular br.,

pharyngeal br.,superior laryngeal,

superior and

inferior cervicalcardiac brs.,

recurrent laryngealn., thoracic cardiac

brs., brs. to the pulmonary plexus, brs. to the

esophageal plexus,anterior and


SVE: intrinsic

muscles of thelarynx, pharynx

(except

stylopharyngeus),and palate (except

tensor veli palatini); GVE:

smooth muscle of the respiratorytree & gut

(proximal to theleft colic flexure),

heart;secretomotor:

GSA: skin of the

external auditorymeatus; GVA:

viscera of head,

neck, thorax &abdomen proximal to

the left colic flexure;SVA: taste from the

epiglottis

also known as: CN

X, 10th cranialnerve; the vagus n.

passes through the

jugular foramen toexit the posterior

cranial fossa; vagusmeans "wanderer"

in reference to itsextensivedistribution to the

body cavities

55



mucous glands of

the larynx,respiratory tree,

pharynx and gut;secretomotor todigestive glands

vestibular n. pons andmedulla

no named branches

none balance/proprioception (SSA)

vestibular n. is partof the

vestibulocochlear n.

vestibulocochlear

n.

pons & medulla:

vestibular nuclei

from thevestibular ganglion of the

semicircular ducts; cochlear

nuclei in the

inferior cerebellar

peduncle

divides within the

temporal bone into

vestibular andcochlear parts

none vestibular:

balance/propriocepti

on (SSA); cochlear:hearing (SSA)

also known as: CN

VIII, 8th cranial

nerve; auditorynerve; passes intothe internal

auditory meatus

white ramus

communicans

cell bodies

located in the

lateral horn graymatter of spinal

cord levels T1-L2;

none axons contained

within white rami

communicanteswill synapse on

postganglioniccell bodies that

will ultimately

pain from viscera is

carried back to the

spinal cord throughthe white ramus

communicans

white rami

communicantes


to spinal nerves atvertebral levels T1-

L2; carries

56



innervate the skin,

viscera, glands, blood vessels, etc.

preganglionic

sympathetic axons

zygomatic n. maxillarydivision of thetrigeminal n.

(V2)

zygomaticofacial&zygomaticotempor

al

carriessecretomotor fibers

skin of the facelateral and superior to the orbit

zygomatic n.carries postganglionic

parasympatheticfibers from the

pterygopalatineganglion to the

lacrimal gland (via

the communicating br. of the

zygomaticotemporal n. which joins the

lacrimal n.)

zygomaticofacial

n.

zygomatic from

the maxillary


(V2)

no named

branches

none skin of face lateral to

the orbit

zygomaticofacial n.

passes through the

zygomaticofacialforamen

zygomaticotempor

al n.

zygomatic from

the maxillary


(V2)

communicating br. carries

secretomotor

fibers

skin of face

superolateral to the

orbit

zygomaticotempora

l n. carries


fibers from the pterygopalatine

ganglion to the

57



lacrimal gland (via

the communicating br. which joins the

lacrimal n.)

58

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Nervi Glave i Vrata