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16
attributable to smoking was about 80% in
this series. Pipe smoking was as common as
cigarette smoking and gave similar relative
risk. The pipe smoking cases, however, had
significantly higher mean age and mean smok-
ing years at the time of diagnosis than the
cigarette smoking cases. An obvious dose-
response relation was found for both
cigarette and pipe smoking. In ex-smokers,
the relative risk gradually decreased from
five years after cessation of smoking. This
decrease was, however, much less pronounced
in ex-pipe smokers than in ex-cigarette
smokers. High relative risks were obtained
for small cell and squamous cell carcinomas.
For adenocarcinomas the relative risk was
considerably lower but still significantly
increased. Two types of controls were used,
i.e. deceased and living. Comparison with
living controls gave generally higher risk
estimates than comparison with deceased con-
trois.
Nested Case-Control Study Lung Cancer among
Chemical Workers.
Bond, G.G., Flores, G.H., Shellenberger,
R.J. et al. Dow Chemical USA, Epidemiology,
H & ES, Midland, MI 48674, U.S.A. Am. J.
Epidemiol. 124: 53-66, 1986.
A recent cohort mortality study of
19,608 male employees of a major Texas
chemical production facility had suggested
that they might be at higher risk of lung cancer compared with the male population of
the United States or Texas but not with the
male population of the five-county area in
which they reside. An occupational exposure
was a possible explanation for this pattern,
and a nested case-control study was under-
taken of the 308 lung cancer deaths observed
between 1940 and 1981. Two control groups,
one a decedent and the other a 'living'
series, were individually matched to cases
one-for-one. Interviews were conducted with
subjects or their next of kin to collect in-
formation on smoking and other potential
confounders. These data were combined with
employee work history records and industrial
hygiene data to form the basis of the
analyses. Traditional stratification methods
and conditional logistic regression were
employed to examine for effect modification
and to control confounding. Statistically
significant, positive and negative associa-
tions were found for assignment to several
work areas within the facility. Suggestive
associations were observed for exposure to
sulfur dioxide and heat. These and addi-
tional associations are discussed relative
to evidence from other studies.
Morphology of Bronchogenic Carcinoma in
Workers Formerly Exposed to Crocidolite at
Wittenoom Gorge in Western Australia.
Baker, J.E., Reutens, D.C., Graham, D.F. et
al. N.H. and M.R.C. Research Unit in
Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine,
University of Western Australia, Nedlands,
WA, Australia. Int. J. Cancer 37: 547-550,
1986.
Cytology and histology material from 46
bronchogenic carcinomas occurring in ex-
workers from the Wittenoom crocidolite mine
and mill in Western Australia and a matched
random sample of 234 other bronchogenic car-
cinomas occurring in Western Australia over
the same period were reviewed by a single
histopathologist without knowledge of asbes-
tos exposure status. Squamous-cell car-
cinomas formed 45.7% of the cancers in the
asbestos-exposed group but only 32.5% of the
cancers in the comparison group. This dif-
ference could not be explained by dif-
ferences in smoking history between the two
groups of lung cancer patients or in the
type of histopathological material available
for review. The excess of squamous-cell can-
cers was observed in subjects both with and
without parenchymal asbestosis.
Investigation of Lung Cancer Among Female
Cosmetologists.
Osorio, A.M., Bernstein, L., Garabrant,
D.H., Peters, J.M. Division of Occupational
Health, Department of Preventive Medicine,
University of Southern California, School of
Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, U.S.A. J.
Occup. Med. 28: 291-295, 1986.
Using a population-based cancer
registry to identify subjects, a case-
control study of female cosmetologists in
Los Angeles County was conducted to inves-
tigate possible occupation and environmental
causes for the elevated lung cancer risk
found in this group. A standardized ques-
tionnaire was administered to proxy inform-
ants for deceased lung cancer patients and
deceased nonpulmonary cancer control
patients. No association between lung cancer
and specific beauty shop tasks, beauty
product use, or environmental exposures were
observed in the crude analysis or after con-
trolling for smoking status. Case subjects
had held more jobs outside of cosmetology