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Modelling economic development in the European
Ultra-periphery
Diane PerronsDepartment of Geography and Environment and
Gender Institute [email protected]
Modelling economic development in the European Ultra-periphery
The ultra peripheral regions in the global context
Criteria for a useful ‘scientific’ model
Contributions from ‘economic geography’
Value chain perspective - strengths and limitations
Measures of Regional GDP and Regional well being
Gender mainstreaming and regional analysis
Modelling regional development Convergence – neo-liberalism
Divergence economic geography – clustering perspectives development studies – value chain analysis
Divergence – clustering (1)– quantitative perspective: clusters depend on the balance between centripetal and centrifugal forces (Krugman 1998)
centripetal forces- cumulative growth and clustering
market size – linkages- external economies of scale
thick labour markets low/medium transport
costs pure external economies
(e.g. knowledge spillovers)
centrifugal forces- dispersion
immobile factors (e.g.labour)/land rents
high transport costs
pure external diseconomies (e.g. congestion)
Divergence – clustering (2): clusters depend on the balance between externalities and spatially dependent transaction costs (adapted from Scott 1998)
Externalities Spatially dependent transaction costs Uniformly
low
heterogeneous Uniformly high
Low 1. spatial entropy
2.random dispersal and emerging hierarchical landscapes
3. hierarchical landscape - small market centres – dispersed activity
High 4.small interconnected clusters
5. super clusters 6. small disconnected clusters
Value chains and regional analysis Value chains focus on cross border links and map:
the input output structure, the territorial structure, and the governance structure
of commodities from production to sale.
Analyses the mode of integration of different production units,
and identifies the differential shares of value appropriated at different stages
Provides an analytical link between local regional development and the wider national/ global context
Governance structure and capacity for upgrading (Adapted from Schmitz 2004)
Governance structure Capacity for UpgradingArm’s length market relations Competition in the open market -
Upgrading depends on the firms own capacity, local context and assistance from local authorities
Networks – firms linked by complementary competences
Horizontal or reciprocal relations between firms who coordinate their requirements through sharing information.
Upgrading most likely as local firms already sophisticated.
Quasi hierarchy – asymmetry of power in favour of lead firm
Lead firm exercises control through the supply chain in order to ensure product standards and delivery performance, may give assistance to local firm to meet targets but may impede functional upgrading
Hierarchy – vertical integration
Lead firm owns of some operations in the chain.
Upgrading largely determined by preferences of lead firm
Regional development, economic and social well being GDP or regional well being – see (Dunford 1996)
sPop
EmployPop
EmployPop
GDP
sPop
GDP
Re*
Re
Regional productivity and employment (nuts 1) (2003)
Regional productivity and employment (nuts 2) (2003)
Gender mainstreaming in regional theorising? "Equality between men and women is one of the
EU’s fundamental objectives, and we have a responsibility to see that it is taken into account in the area of regional policy, which accounts for one third of the EU budget and is one of the most visible policies for citizens. Gender mainstreaming is also part of the Lisbon strategy, because gender discrimination, both overt and latent, equates to a great waste of human resources. Eliminating discrimination will
lead to gains in both employment and productivity."Danuta Hübner (2005) , European Commissioner for regional policy, http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/news/2005/may/gender_en.html
circular flow of (a) incomes (b) output of goods and services
Households Government Firms
T G
Consumption C S
H
X I
Incomes (y)
Household Sector
Public Sector
Private Sector
Provisioning values, labour services
Marketed goods and services
PS PS
D
Conclusion
Linking the cluster approach with value chain analysis helps to identify patterns of economic activity that would enhance regional GDP and regional employment.
Research could also be devoted to developing broader models of economic and social well being by adapting some of the measures used by the UNDP in its work on the human development index and by feminist economists with respect to a more holistic understanding of the economy to the regional level.