Mitosis/Meiosis Review Yes, I know the Course description says you don’t have to know names of phases but I don’t know how you can talk about what happens

Mitosis/MeiosisMitosis/MeiosisReviewReview

Yes, I know the Course description says you don’t have to knownames of phases but I don’t know how you can talk about whathappens without calling it something. So yeah, we are goingto learn names of phases

Cell division in Cell division in bacterial cells is bacterial cells is calledcalled

________________ ________________ Binary fission

Phase of the cell cycle in whichDNA is copiedS (synthesis)

What happens in metaphase I that What happens in metaphase I that results in independent assortment?results in independent assortment?

3.A.2.c. 2. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes are paired, with one homologue originating from the maternal parent and the other from the paternal parent. Orientation of the chromosome pairs is random with respect to the cell poles.LO 3.10 The student is able to represent the connection between meiosis and increased genetic diversity necessary for evolution. [See SP 7.1]

Homologous chromosome pairs line up together RANDOMLY with respect to poles. Depending on how they line up, different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes can end up together in the same cell.

Increases in the enzymatic activity of some protein Increases in the enzymatic activity of some protein kinases important for the regulation of the cell kinases important for the regulation of the cell cycle are due to cycle are due to

A. kinase synthesis by ribosomesA. kinase synthesis by ribosomes

B. activation of inactive kinases by binding cyclinsB. activation of inactive kinases by binding cyclinsC. conversion of inactive cyclins to active kinases by C. conversion of inactive cyclins to active kinases by

means of phosphorylationmeans of phosphorylation

D. cleavage of the inactive kinase molecules by D. cleavage of the inactive kinase molecules by cytoplasmic proteasescytoplasmic proteases

E. a decline in external growth factors to a E. a decline in external growth factors to a concentrationconcentration

below the inhibitory thresholdbelow the inhibitory threshold

B

Campbell Self-Quiz

3.A.2.a.3. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle.

LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

Type of cell division in eukaryoticType of cell division in eukaryoticcells that results in 2 identical cells that results in 2 identical diploid daughter cells.diploid daughter cells.

mitosis

Imaginary plane in a cell where chromosomes line up during metaphaseMetaphase plate

This network of fibers that attach to and guideThis network of fibers that attach to and guide

the chromosomes apart is called the the chromosomes apart is called the ____________________________

It is made of ____________________It is made of ____________________

Mitotic spindle

Microtubules

Phase of mitosis that Phase of mitosis that followsfollowsanaphaseanaphase

telophase

Phase of the cell cycle that follows G2

Mitosis (prophase)

Phase of mitosis that Phase of mitosis that followsfollowsmetaphasemetaphaseanaphase

Phase of the cell cycle that follows G1

S

What are some changes What are some changes that a body cell that a body cell undergoes to become a undergoes to become a cancer cell?cancer cell?Loss of control of cell cycle and unlimited

growth due to mutations in master control p53 gene:- growth promoter genes “turned on”- tumor suppressor genes “turned off”- loss of contact inhibition (allows metastasis)- loss of density-dependent inhibition (tumor)- apoptosis genes “turned off” (no suicide)- telomerase gene “turned on” (unlimited division)- blood vessel growth genes “turned on”

3.A.2. a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at the checkpoints. • Cancer results from disruptions in cell cycle control

These areas at the These areas at the poles that organize poles that organize the spindle are the spindle are called called ________________________________centrosomes

In animal cells this area containslog-shaped structures called____________ centrioles

GG11, S, and G, S, and G22 make up this make up this phase of the cell cycle.phase of the cell cycle.

interphase

This is also called the “microtubule organizing center”centrosome

Shortest phase of the cell cycleShortest phase of the cell cyclein which sister chromatids in which sister chromatids separate and begin moving to separate and begin moving to opposite polesopposite poles

anaphase

Plant cells can’t form a cleavage furrow during cytokinesis due to their cell wall, instead they form a _______________to divide.

cell plate

In the meiosis lab you counted parental and recombinant In the meiosis lab you counted parental and recombinant SordariaSordaria asci and used the data to determine gene to asci and used the data to determine gene to centromere distance for the spore color gene.centromere distance for the spore color gene.

Use what you know about crossing over frequencies to Use what you know about crossing over frequencies to MAKE A PREDICTION about the connection between the MAKE A PREDICTION about the connection between the distance between TWO genes on a chromosome and distance between TWO genes on a chromosome and their frequency of crossing over. their frequency of crossing over.

The closer together two genes are on a chromosome the lower their cross over frequency will be.

Genes that are far apart will cross over more frequently. Genes that are close together will cross over less frequently SP.2.3 The student can estimate numerically quantities that describe natural

phenomena.

Image from: http://www.virofond.ulg.ac.be/Collectif/Image/Sordaria2.jpg

In the meiosis lab you counted parental and recombinant In the meiosis lab you counted parental and recombinant SordariaSordaria asci and used the data to determine gene to asci and used the data to determine gene to centromere distance for the spore color gene.centromere distance for the spore color gene.

What was different about the cells What was different about the cells produced by meiosis in this lab andproduced by meiosis in this lab andthe cells produced by meiosis in humans?the cells produced by meiosis in humans?

Fungi use meiosis to produce sporesAnimals use meiosis to produce gametes.


Compare and contrast anaphase of mitosis with Compare and contrast anaphase of mitosis with anaphase I and anaphase II of meiosisanaphase I and anaphase II of meiosis

ANAPHASE of mitosis- homologous chromosomes line up independently

ANAPHASE I of meiosis-homologous chromosomes line up together

ANAPHASE II of meiosis-chromosomes line up independently


3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.3.A.2.c. 2. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes are paired, with one homologue originating from the maternal parent and the other from the paternal parent. Orientation of the chromosome pairs is random with respect to the cell poles.LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]LO 3.10 The student is able to represent the connection between meiosis and increased genetic diversity necessary for evolution. [See SP 7.1]

Which organelle is responsible forWhich organelle is responsible forthe vesicles containing material to the vesicles containing material to build the cell plate during build the cell plate during cytokinesis in plant cells?cytokinesis in plant cells?

Golgi bodies

3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

This phase of This phase of thethecell cycle iscell cycle is__________________________

anaphase

Part of interphase in which thecell grows to mature size and carries out its job. G1

3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]]

What is the difference What is the difference between transformation between transformation and metastasis in a and metastasis in a cancer cell?cancer cell?Transformation= changes a normal

body cell undergoes to become acancer cell

Metastasis-spreading of a cancer cell from its original location to other areas ofthe body

Region where the two Region where the two chromatid copies are chromatid copies are most closely attached most closely attached

=______________=______________centromere

These sister chromatids are produced during which phase of the cell cycle?

result of DNA synthesis during S phase in interphase


Name this structureof proteins associatedwith DNA in this region to which the spindle fibers attach

kinetochore

Image from: https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/908/flashcards/549908/png/kin-13FCFAA8EAE61F3BE13.png


How is prophase of mitosis different How is prophase of mitosis different than prophase I of meiosis?than prophase I of meiosis?

3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.3.A.2.c. 2. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes are paired, with one homologue originating from the maternal parent and the other from the paternal parent. Orientation of the chromosome pairs is random with respect to the cell poles.LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]LO 3.10 The student is able to represent the connection between meiosis and increased genetic diversity necessary for evolution. [See SP 7.1]

BOTH- chromatin condensed into chromosomes; nuclear membrane/nucleoli disappear; centrosomes/spindle appear.

Prophase I of meiosis- Homologous chromosome pairs undergo synapsis and crossing over.

Prophase of mitosis- no synapsis or crossing over

Phase of mitosis in which two nuclei Phase of mitosis in which two nuclei are visible, the nuclear envelope are visible, the nuclear envelope returns, spindle fibers disappear, returns, spindle fibers disappear, and DNA becomes less condensed and DNA becomes less condensed

telophase

Shallow groove in an animal cellmembrane near the old metaphase plate that forms during cytokinesis

Cleavage furrow

3.A.2.a.The cell cycle is a complex set of stages that is highly regulated with checkpoints, which determine the ultimate fate of the cell. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

How many chromosomes are shown in How many chromosomes are shown in the figure at the right? the figure at the right?

How many chromatids?How many chromatids?

4

Campbell Concept check 12.2

8


Kinetochores- - Located in centromeres of condensed chromosomes; -spot on centromere where spindle fiber attaches -hold motor proteins that depolymerize microtubules as they move - Necessary for chromosome positioning and movement.

EXPLAIN the role of kinetochores in cell division


What are some reasons cells undergo mitosis?What are some reasons cells undergo mitosis?

Reason cells undergo meiosis?Reason cells undergo meiosis?

growthrepair injuriesreplace worn out cellsasexual reproductionsmall SA/vol ratio

3.A.2..b.3. Mitosis plays a role in growth, repair, and asexual reproduction3.A.2.c.Meiosis, a reduction division, followed by fertilization ensures genetic diversity in sexually reproducing organisms

Produce gametes for sexual reproduction

Area next to the nucleus in Area next to the nucleus in which the centrioles are found which the centrioles are found that organizes the formation that organizes the formation of the spindleof the spindlecentrosomes

Phase in which the nuclear membranedisappears and the spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores

prophase

3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

Adding cyclin to a CdKAdding cyclin to a CdK

____________ it.____________ it.Activates InactivatesActivates Inactivates

The amount of CdK’s in cellsThe amount of CdK’s in cells

stays the same throughout thestays the same throughout the

cell cycle.cell cycle.

TRUE FALSETRUE FALSE

activates

TRUE- CdK levels stay the same. What changes is TRUE- CdK levels stay the same. What changes is amount of amount of cyclins. High cyclins=CdK’s are activated and cell cyclins. High cyclins=CdK’s are activated and cell divides.divides.Low cyclins= CdK’s are inactive and cell stops dividingLow cyclins= CdK’s are inactive and cell stops dividing

3.A.2.a.3. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle.LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

Phase in which the chromosomesPhase in which the chromosomesline up at the equator of the cellline up at the equator of the cell

metaphase

Phase after S in which cells make the molecules and organelles needed forcell division G2


This is called aThis is called a

__________________________Cleavage furrow

This cell is _____________ cell.

an animal a plant

an animalPlants don’t have cleavage furrows.


How is segregation different fromHow is segregation different fromindependent assortment?independent assortment?


INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENTEach daughter cell gets ONE copy of each chromosome, but DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS of maternal & paternal chromosomes can end up together in a cell

SEGREGATIONHomologous chromosomes separate and end up in different daughter cells

Motor proteins- - “Pacman-like” proteins attached to kinetochore

that “walk” along microtubules of spindle - depolymerize microtubules as they move - move chromosomes during anaphase separation - involves kinesins and dyneins.

EXPLAIN the role of MOTOR PROTEINS in cell division


How is crossing over different fromHow is crossing over different fromindependent assortment?independent assortment?


CROSSING OVERResults in different combinationsof maternal and paternal allelesTOGETHER ON SAME CHROMOSOME

INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENTEach daughter cell gets ONE copy of each chromosome, results in DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS of maternal & paternal chromosomes TOGETHER IN A CELL

The proteins around which DNAThe proteins around which DNAwraps to from a chromosome arewraps to from a chromosome are

called ____________called ____________histones

One of 2 identical armsthat make up a chromosome

chromatid


MEIOSISMITOSIS

ZYGOTE

GAMETES

FERTILIZATION

ZYGOTE

MEIOSIS

1n

SPORES

2n

MEIOSIS

SPORESMITOSIS

FERTILIZATION

ZYGOTE

GAMETES

PLANTS & SOME ALGAE

(2n)

(1n)

Phase of mitosis that Phase of mitosis that followsfollowsprophaseprophasemetaphase

Phase of the cell cycle that follows S

G2


Explain how cytokinesis is Explain how cytokinesis is different in plant vs animal different in plant vs animal cellscellsAnimal cells divide with a cleavage

furrow; Plants use a cell plate

What prevents plant cells from usinga cleavage furrow during cytokinesis?

Cell wall prevents “pinching”


What enzyme replaces What enzyme replaces telomeres and is elevated telomeres and is elevated inincancer cells?cancer cells?

telomerase

How do telomerase levels in cancercells compare to normal body cells?

Telomerase is increased in cancer cells. Allows them to continue to divide forever (immortality)


How does the Surface area/volume ratio differ in How does the Surface area/volume ratio differ in these TWO diagrams?these TWO diagrams?

Explain the relationship between SA/vol and mitosis.Explain the relationship between SA/vol and mitosis.

One large cell has smaller SA/vol ratio thanmany smaller cells

As cells grow bigger their SA/vol ratio decreases which means they can’t transport needed materials fast enough. Small SA/vol ratio is a trigger to undergo mitosis.

The protective tips at the The protective tips at the ends of chromosomes that ends of chromosomes that prevent loss of information prevent loss of information during replication are calledduring replication are called

______________________________telomeres

What happens to telomeres as cells age?

They shorten each time the DNA is copied; so older cells have shorter telomeres

Checkpoints throughout the cellCheckpoints throughout the cell

cycle control passage to next phase.cycle control passage to next phase.

What happens at the GWhat happens at the G22 checkpoint? checkpoint?

Check to make sureAll chromosomes have beencopied and cell hasproduced everything it needs for cell division


Name some processes that Name some processes that happen during meiosis that happen during meiosis that result in genetic variationresult in genetic variation

Crossing overSegregationIndependent assortment

(Random fertilization also results invariation in offspring but it’s notpart of meiosis)

LO 3.10 The student is able to represent the connection between meiosis and increased genetic diversity necessary for evolution. [See SP 7.1]

This cell is This cell is inin____________________

telophase

The cell above is a _________ cell.

animal plant

Plant

You can see the cell plate forming in center insteadof a cleavage furrow.3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic

process.LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

Phase of the cell cycle where Phase of the cell cycle where cells spend most of their time.cells spend most of their time.

They grow bigger and do their They grow bigger and do their job as body cells.job as body cells.

G1 or G0

List the phases of mitosis in orderstarting with interphase

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis


Disorder in which body Disorder in which body cells lose their ability to cells lose their ability to control cell divisioncontrol cell division

cancer

The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site

metastasis


_________________________________ are proteins_________________________________ are proteins

that give the go ahead signals for cell division whichthat give the go ahead signals for cell division which

are present in cells in inactive forms until they bindare present in cells in inactive forms until they bind

with a cyclin.with a cyclin.

A ________________ is a critical control point where stop A ________________ is a critical control point where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cell cycle.and go-ahead signals can regulate the cell cycle.

Name the phenomenon in which crowded cells stop Name the phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing due to availability of growth factors and dividing due to availability of growth factors and nutrients.nutrients.

Cyclin dependent kinases (CdK’s)

checkpoint

Density dependent inhibition

3.A.2:.a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at the checkpoints. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) 3.A.2:.a.3. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle.

DNA and attached proteins which isDNA and attached proteins which is

less tightly wound in an interphaseless tightly wound in an interphase

nucleus is called________________nucleus is called________________chromatin

Phase of mitosis in which nucleolidisappear and chromatin begins tocondense into chromosomes, centrosome is visible, andmitotic spindle begins to form

prophase3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]



Which checkpoint is called the Which checkpoint is called the “restriction” checkpoint and WHY?“restriction” checkpoint and WHY?

G1 checkpointIt determines whether cellwill stay in interphase orundergo mitosis


The proteins whose concentration fluctuates in cells The proteins whose concentration fluctuates in cells which bind with cyclin-dependent kinases (CdK’s) which bind with cyclin-dependent kinases (CdK’s) to control the cell cycleto control the cell cycle

Proteins released by certain cells Proteins released by certain cells which stimulate other cells to dividewhich stimulate other cells to divide

cyclins

Growth factors

3.A.2.a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at checkpoints. • Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) • Action of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) 3.A.2.a.3. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle.

___________ Produces 4 different haploid cells___________ Produces 4 different haploid cells

___________ NO genetic recombination___________ NO genetic recombination

___________ Synapsis/crossing over occur___________ Synapsis/crossing over occur

___________ Segregation/Independent ___________ Segregation/Independent assortment occur assortment occur

___________ Copies DNA every division___________ Copies DNA every division

MEIOSIS

MITOSIS

MEIOSIS

MEIOSIS

IS IT MITOSIS OR MEIOSIS?

MITOSIS

In this part of interphase In this part of interphase following S cells make the following S cells make the molecules and organelles molecules and organelles needed for cell divisionneeded for cell division

G2

The 2 copies of each chromosomeare called ______________ chromosomes because are the same size, same shape, and carry genes for the same traits.

homologous


Phase of mitosis in which nuclear Phase of mitosis in which nuclear envelope fragments and envelope fragments and microtubules attach to the microtubules attach to the chromosomeschromosomes

prophase

Phase of cell division in whichthe nuclear envelope reforms andchromosomes begin to spread out into chromatin.

telophase


________________ DNA is all spread out as chromatin ________________ DNA is all spread out as chromatin and nuclear envelope & and nuclear envelope &

nucleoli nucleoli are visibleare visible

________________ Chromatin condenses and ________________ Chromatin condenses and chromosomes are first chromosomes are first

visiblevisible

________________ Made up of G1, S, G2 ________________ Made up of G1, S, G2

________________ Chromosomes line up in middle of ________________ Chromosomes line up in middle of cellcell

INTERPHASE

PROPHASE

INTERPHASE

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase TelophaseInterphase

METAPHASE


_______________ DNA is copied and cell prepares to _______________ DNA is copied and cell prepares to dividedivide

_______________ Chromatid arms separate and _______________ Chromatid arms separate and chromosomes move to opposite ends of chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell the cell

_______________ Chromosomes unwind into chromatin _______________ Chromosomes unwind into chromatin & nuclear envelope returns & nuclear envelope returns

_______________ Nuclear envelope fragments & _______________ Nuclear envelope fragments & microtubules attach to chromosomes microtubules attach to chromosomes

INTERPHASE

ANAPHASE

TELOPHASE

METAPHASE

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Interphase

____________________________________ Two nuclei are visibleTwo nuclei are visible

____________________________________ First dividing phaseFirst dividing phase

__________________ Spindle begins to form & __________________ Spindle begins to form & centrosomes move toward centrosomes move toward

polespoles

_________________ Cytoplasm is split between two _________________ Cytoplasm is split between two cellscells

__________________ Spindle fibers and centrosomes __________________ Spindle fibers and centrosomes disappeardisappear

TELOPHASE

PROPHASE

PROPHASE

CYTOKINESIS

TELOPHASE



____________________________________ longest dividing phaselongest dividing phase

____________________________________ shortest dividing phaseshortest dividing phase

__________________ overlaps with telophase__________________ overlaps with telophase

__________________ Could also be called “reverse __________________ Could also be called “reverse prophase”prophase”

__________________ Nonkinetochore (polar) fibers __________________ Nonkinetochore (polar) fibers elongate the cell elongate the cell

METAPHASE

ANAPHASE

CYTOKINESIS

TELOPHASE

ANAPHASE



_______ Phase of the cell cycle most body cells are in _______ Phase of the cell cycle most body cells are in

________ DNA is copied________ DNA is copied

________ centrosomes are copied ________ centrosomes are copied

________ Cells leave the cell cycle and stop dividing________ Cells leave the cell cycle and stop dividing

________ Division of chromosomes happens________ Division of chromosomes happens

________ Growth happens________ Growth happens

G1 or G0

S

G0

S GS G11 G G22 G G00 Mitosis (M) Cytokinesis Mitosis (M) Cytokinesis (C)(C)

M

G1, & G2

G2


_______ Division of cytoplasm happens_______ Division of cytoplasm happens

_______ Follows S and cell makes the molecules _______ Follows S and cell makes the molecules and and organelles organelles needed for cell needed for cell divisiondivision

_______ Made up of telophase, anaphase, _______ Made up of telophase, anaphase, prophase, prophase, and metaphase and metaphase

C

G2

S GS G11 G G22 G G00 Mitosis (M) Cytokinesis (C) Mitosis (M) Cytokinesis (C)

M


During which stages of a cell cycle would During which stages of a cell cycle would a chromosome consist of two identical a chromosome consist of two identical chromatids?chromatids?

Compare and contrast cytokinesis in Compare and contrast cytokinesis in animal cells and plant cells.animal cells and plant cells.

From end of S in interphase through the end ofmetaphase of mitosis


Both form two identical daughter cells but mechanism is differentAnimal cells occurs by cleavage, which divides the parent cell in two using a contractile ring of actin;

In plant cells a cell plate forms in the middle and grows until its membrane fuses with the parent cell plasma membrane; A new cell wall is produced from the cell plate



___________ Divides twice; copies DNA once___________ Divides twice; copies DNA once

___________ Makes somatic cells___________ Makes somatic cells

___________ Makes spores in plants/fungi___________ Makes spores in plants/fungi

___________ Makes gametes in plants ___________ Makes gametes in plants

___________ Happens in reproductive organs___________ Happens in reproductive organs like ovaries and testes like ovaries and testes

MEIOSIS

MITOSIS

MEIOSIS

MITOSIS


BOTH


Phase of mitosis where the Phase of mitosis where the cytoplasm is split cytoplasm is split between two cellsbetween two cellsCYTOKINESIS

What kind of chemical reactions dokinases catalyze?

Add phosphate groups to molecules to activate them




What happens at the if a cell does not What happens at the if a cell does not receive a “go” signal at a checkpoint? receive a “go” signal at a checkpoint?

Cell will stay in that phase until signal is given OR cell receives apoptosissignal


Type of cell division used by Type of cell division used by organisms to grow bigger, repair organisms to grow bigger, repair injuries, and replace worn out injuries, and replace worn out cells.cells.

Mass of abnormal cellsMass of abnormal cells

Kinases work by transferring a Kinases work by transferring a _________ group from a high energy _________ group from a high energy donor molecule to another donor molecule to another molecule.molecule.

mitosis

tumor

phosphate


Regulation of the cell cycle is so key to life that genes for Regulation of the cell cycle is so key to life that genes for these regulatory pathways have changed little through these regulatory pathways have changed little through evolution. The genes are basically the same in yeast, evolution. The genes are basically the same in yeast, plants, and animals (including humans). plants, and animals (including humans).

Genes for critical pathwaysGenes for critical pathwaysthat have changed littlethat have changed littleover time and are shared across many domains are over time and are shared across many domains are said to be highlysaid to be highly______________________________________

conserved

3.A.2.a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at checkpoints. • Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) 1.A.4.b.3. Biochemical and genetic similarities, in particular DNA nucleotide and protein sequences, provide evidence for evolution and ancestry.

Cdk’s are inactive unlessCdk’s are inactive unless_________ proteins are_________ proteins areattached attached

cyclin

__________ CdK’s allow cells topass through checkpoints and continue to the next phase of thecell cycle ACTIVE INACTIVE

ACTIVE

3.A.2.a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at checkpoints. • Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) 3.A.2.a.3. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle.

The drug cytochalasin B blocks the function of actin.The drug cytochalasin B blocks the function of actin.

Which of the following aspects of the cell cycle Which of the following aspects of the cell cycle would be most disrupted by cytochalasin B?would be most disrupted by cytochalasin B?

A. spindle formationA. spindle formation

B. spindle attachment to kinetochoresB. spindle attachment to kinetochores

C. DNA synthesisC. DNA synthesis

D. cell elongation during anaphaseD. cell elongation during anaphase

E. cleavage furrow formationE. cleavage furrow formationE

Campbell Self-Quiz


Type of nuclear division that Type of nuclear division that produces 2 diploid daughter cells produces 2 diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical to that are genetically identical to the parent cellthe parent cell

mitosis

Type of division used by bacteria to reproduce

Binary fission3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

Name the proteins that becomeName the proteins that becomeactive when attached to active when attached to cyclins which allow cells to cyclins which allow cells to proceed past cell cycle proceed past cell cycle checkpointscheckpoints

Cdk’s = Cyclin dependent kinases

3.A.2.a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at checkpoints.

• Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) 3.A.2.a.3. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle.

The spread of cancer cells from the original site to a The spread of cancer cells from the original site to a new distant location is called ___________________new distant location is called ___________________

A researcher treats cells with a chemical that A researcher treats cells with a chemical that prevents DNA synthesis. This treatment traps the prevents DNA synthesis. This treatment traps the cells in which part of the cell cycle?cells in which part of the cell cycle?

Proteins released by certain cells that stimulate Proteins released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to grow are called other cells to grow are called ________________________.________________________.

metastasis

G1

Growth factors



One difference between a cancer cell and a One difference between a cancer cell and a normal cellnormal cellis thatis that

A. the cancer cell is unable to synthesis DNAA. the cancer cell is unable to synthesis DNA

B. the cell cycle of the cancer cell is arrested in S B. the cell cycle of the cancer cell is arrested in S phasephase C. cancer cells continue to divide even C. cancer cells continue to divide even when they are when they are tightly packed togethertightly packed together

D. cancer cells cannot function properly because D. cancer cells cannot function properly because they they suffer from density-dependent suffer from density-dependent inhibitioninhibition

E. cancer cells are always in the M phase of the E. cancer cells are always in the M phase of the cell cyclecell cycle

C

Campbell Self-Quiz


How is METAPHASE different in mitosis vs How is METAPHASE different in mitosis vs meiosis?meiosis?

MITOSISMetaphase- homologous chromosomes lineup independently in middle of cell

MEIOSISMetaphase I- homologous chromosomes lineup together in middle of cell

Metaphase II- chromosomes lineup independently in middle of cell3.A.2:.a.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. Evidence of student learning is demonstrated by knowing the order of the processes (replication, alignment, separation)

3.A.2:.c.2. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes are paired, with one homologue originating from the maternal parent and the other from the paternal parent. Orientation of the chromosome pairs is random with respect to the cell poles.


How is spermatogenesis How is spermatogenesis different from oogenesis?different from oogenesis?

Spermatogenesis produces 4 spermatids.

Oogenesis- cytoplasm divides unevenly to produce one egg with most nutrients/organelles and 3 polar bodies

Image from http://www.differencebtw.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Difference-between-Spermatogenesis-and-Oogenesis.jpg

How is ANAPHASE different in mitosis vs How is ANAPHASE different in mitosis vs meiosis?meiosis?

MITOSISAnaphase- sister chromatids separate

MEIOSISAnaphase I- homologous chromosomes separate

Anaphase II- sister chromatids separate

3.A.2:.a.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. Evidence of student learning is demonstrated by knowing the order of the processes (replication, alignment, separation)

3.A.2:.c.3. Separation of the homologous chromosomes ensures that each gamete receives a haploid (1n) set of chromosomes composed of both maternal and paternal chromosomes.


The decline of MPF activity at the end of mitosis The decline of MPF activity at the end of mitosis is is caused by

A. the destruction of the protein kinase (CdK)

B. decreased synthesis of cyclinC. the degradation of cyclinD. synthesis of DNAE. an increase in the cell’s volume to

genome ratio

C

Campbell Self-Quiz

3.A.2.a.3. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle.


In some organisms, mitosis occurs In some organisms, mitosis occurs without cytokinesis occurring. This will without cytokinesis occurring. This will result inresult in

A. cells with more than one nucleusA. cells with more than one nucleus

B. cells that are unusually smallB. cells that are unusually small

C. cells lacking nucleiC. cells lacking nuclei

D. destruction of chromosomesD. destruction of chromosomes

E. cell cycles lacking S phaseE. cell cycles lacking S phase

A

Campbell Self-Quiz




What happens at the M checkpoint? What happens at the M checkpoint?

Check at metaphase to make surespindle apparatus isset up and all chromosomes have beenare attached to spindle fibers


Disease in which body cells Disease in which body cells lose their ability to lose their ability to control cell divisioncontrol cell divisioncancer

Repeating sequence of events thatcells go through during their lifetime

Cell cycle

Essential knowledge 3.A.2:.a.2. The cell cycle is a complex set of stages that is highly regulated with checkpoints, which determine the ultimate fate of the cell. • Cancer results from disruptions in cell cycle control

Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate beginning to develop across the middle of beginning to develop across the middle of the cell and nuclei re-forming on either side the cell and nuclei re-forming on either side of the cell plate. This cell is most likely of the cell plate. This cell is most likely

A. an animal cell in the process of cytokinesisA. an animal cell in the process of cytokinesis

B. a plant cell in the process of cytokinesisB. a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis

C. An animal cell in the S phase of the cell cycleC. An animal cell in the S phase of the cell cycle

D. a bacterial cell dividingD. a bacterial cell dividing

E. a plant cell in metaphaseE. a plant cell in metaphase

B

Campbell Self-Quiz

3.A.2.b.2. Mitosis followed by cytokinesis produces two genetically identical daughter cells.LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

Phase in which the nucleus Phase in which the nucleus dividesdivides mitosis

Phase in which cells have stopped dividing and left the cycle

G0

3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.3.A.2.b.5. When a cell specializes, it often enters into a stage where it no longer divides, but it can reenter the cell cycle when given appropriate cues. Nondividing cells may exit the cell cycle; or hold at a particular stage in the cell cycle.LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

FALSESome cells stay in G0 once they are mature (ex: nerve/muscle cells) BUTmost cells can reenter the cell cycle when given appropriate signals.

TRUE OR FALSEOnce cells have left the cycle, theycan never return and divide again

3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.3.A.2.b.5. When a cell specializes, it often enters into a stage where it no longer divides, but it can reenter the cell cycle when given appropriate cues. Nondividing cells may exit the cell cycle; or hold at a particular stage in the cell cycle.LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

The joining of gametes is The joining of gametes is called ______________called ______________fertilization

The cell formed during fertilizationis called a ______

zygote

Essential knowledge 3.A.2.c.5. Fertilization involves the fusion of two gametes, increases genetic variation in populations by providing for new combinations of genetic information in the zygote, and restores the diploid number of chromosomes.

What is the relationship between meiosis and fertilization and maintenance of the correct number of chromosomes in cells throughout the life cycle of a sexually reproducing organism?Sexually reproducing organisms need their gametes to have ½ the number of chromosomes (1n) as a body cell (2n) so that when gametes join the offspring will have the correct number of chromosomes. Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes by ½ ; Fertilization restores the diploid number in the zygote.

Essential knowledge 3.A.2.c.5. Fertilization involves the fusion of two gametes, increases genetic variation in populations by providing for new combinations of genetic information in the zygote, and restores the diploid number of chromosomes.

What affect does increasing the levels of What affect does increasing the levels of cyclins have on on CDK’s? cyclins have on on CDK’s?

High levels of cyclin activates CdK’s into MPF “maturation promoting factor” or “M-phase promoting factor”

This is the signal to enter mitosis

3.A.2:.a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at the checkpoints. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:

• Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) 3.A.2:.a.3. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle.

Phase in which the DNA is Phase in which the DNA is copiedcopied

S or SYNTHESIS

Phase in which cells leave the cycleand stop dividing all together

G0

3.A.2.a.1. Interphase consists of three phases: growth, synthesis of DNA, preparation for mitosis. 5. When a cell specializes, it often enters into a stage where it no longer divides, but it can reenter the cell cycle when given appropriate cues. Non-dividing cells may exit the cell cycle; or hold at a particular stage in the cell cycle.

Which of the following explains how the cell cycle is Which of the following explains how the cell cycle is regulated?regulated?

A. Increases in cyclin proteins increase the length of telomeres A. Increases in cyclin proteins increase the length of telomeres which slows cell divisionwhich slows cell division

B. Increases in cyclin proteins inactivate CdK’s which results in B. Increases in cyclin proteins inactivate CdK’s which results in cells undergoing mitosiscells undergoing mitosisC. Increases in cyclin proteins activate CdK’s which results in C. Increases in cyclin proteins activate CdK’s which results in cells undergoing mitosis.cells undergoing mitosis.

D. Decreases in cyclin proteins phosphorylate CdK’s which D. Decreases in cyclin proteins phosphorylate CdK’s which results in cells stopping at the “restriction checkpoint”results in cells stopping at the “restriction checkpoint”

E. Cyclin proteins act as second messengers to phosphorylate E. Cyclin proteins act as second messengers to phosphorylate G-protein receptors in the cytoplasm G-protein receptors in the cytoplasm

C

Campbell Self-Quiz


Phenomenon in which Phenomenon in which crowded cells stop crowded cells stop dividingdividing

Density dependent inhibition

Most animal cells must be attached to a substrate such as a culture dishor extracellular matrix. This iscalled ______________anchorage

dependence

_____________ cells or body cells have 2 copies of _____________ cells or body cells have 2 copies of each chromosome.each chromosome.

A cell’s genetic information is called its A cell’s genetic information is called its __________________________

Reproductive cells like sperm and eggs which Reproductive cells like sperm and eggs which have one copy of each chromosome are called have one copy of each chromosome are called ___________.___________.

Somatic

genome

gametes


Name the three phases that make up interphase and Name the three phases that make up interphase and describe what happens in each.describe what happens in each.

A cell spends most of its life in which phase? A cell spends most of its life in which phase?

G1 - Growth, cell is “doing its job”, S – DNA synthesis G2 – Growth, make organelles needed for cell division (ex: centrosomes duplicated)

G1 or G0.

3.A.2.a.1. Interphase consists of three phases: growth, synthesis of DNA, preparation for mitosis

How many chromatids are in a How many chromatids are in a duplicated chromosome?duplicated chromosome?

After synthesis of DNA during mitosis,After synthesis of DNA during mitosis,sister chromatids aresister chromatids are

IDENTICAL SIMILAR BUT NOT IDENTICALIDENTICAL SIMILAR BUT NOT IDENTICAL

After synthesis of DNA during mitosis,After synthesis of DNA during mitosis,homologous chromosomes arehomologous chromosomes are


2

LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]LO 3.9 The student is able to construct an explanation, using visual representations or narratives, as to how DNA in chromosomes is transmitted to the next generation via mitosis, or meiosis followed by fertilization. [See SP 6.2]

After prophase I of meiosis, sister After prophase I of meiosis, sister chromatids arechromatids are


What happens during prophase I that What happens during prophase I that results in this difference?results in this difference?

3.A.2.c.4. During meiosis, homologous chromatids exchange genetic material via a process called "crossing over," which increases genetic variation in the resultant gametes. [See also 3.C.2]

LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]LO 3.9 The student is able to construct an explanation, using visual representations or narratives, as to how DNA in chromosomes is transmitted to the next generation via mitosis, or meiosis followed by fertilization. [See SP 6.2]

CROSSING OVER

A koala bear has 16 chromosomes in its somatic A koala bear has 16 chromosomes in its somatic cells; cells;

how many did the koala inherit from each parent?how many did the koala inherit from each parent?

How many chromosomes are in each of the How many chromosomes are in each of the koala’s gametes? koala’s gametes?

How many chromosomes will be in each somatic How many chromosomes will be in each somatic cellcellof the koala’s offspring?of the koala’s offspring?

16 total; 8 from each parent

8

16

3.A.2. c.1. Meiosis ensures that each gamete receives one complete haploid (1n) set of chromosomes

What is the function of non-kinetochore What is the function of non-kinetochore microtubules?microtubules?

What role do actin microfilaments play in What role do actin microfilaments play in cytokinesis?cytokinesis?

Elongate cell during anaphase

Actin microfilaments -Assemble under the membrane at the cytokinesis site; - Create a ring around cell that tightens to pinch cell during cytokinesis (cleavage furrow) - Interact with myosin motor proteins to generate force to pinch cell in two;


3.A.2.b. 2. Mitosis followed by cytokinesis produces two genetically identical daughter cells. 4. Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. Evidence of student learning is demonstrated by knowing the order of the processes (replication, alignment, separation).

What is the function of non-kinetochore What is the function of non-kinetochore microtubules?microtubules?

Identify three similarities between bacterial Identify three similarities between bacterial chromosomes and eukaryotic chromosomes, chromosomes and eukaryotic chromosomes, considering both structure and behavior considering both structure and behavior during cell division.during cell division.

Elongate cell during anaphase


Each consists of a single molecule of DNA with attached proteins; During cell division the two copies actively move apart; After cell division, one copy ends up in each daughter cell



Which of the following does Which of the following does NOTNOT occur occur during mitosis?during mitosis?

A. condensation of the chromosomesA. condensation of the chromosomes

B. replication of DNAB. replication of DNAC. separation of sister chromatidsC. separation of sister chromatids

D. spindle formationD. spindle formation

E. separation of the centrosomesE. separation of the centrosomes

B happens in interphase (S)Campbell Self-Quiz

3.A.2.b.4. Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

In the light micrograph below dividing cells near In the light micrograph below dividing cells near the tip of an onion root, identify a cell in each the tip of an onion root, identify a cell in each of the following stages:of the following stages:

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophasetelophase Campbell Self-Quiz

PROPHASE

METAPHASE

ANAPHASE

TELOPHASE

REST ARE INTERPHASE


A particular cell has half as much DNA as A particular cell has half as much DNA as some of the other cells in a mitotically some of the other cells in a mitotically active tissue. The cell in question is active tissue. The cell in question is most likely inmost likely in

A. GA. G11

B. GB. G22

C. prophaseC. prophase

D. metaphaseD. metaphase

E. anaphaseE. anaphase

A

Campbell Self-Quiz

3.A.2.b. 1. Mitosis occurs after DNA replication LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle.

___________ Produces 2 identical diploid cells___________ Produces 2 identical diploid cells

___________ Results in genetic recombination___________ Results in genetic recombination

___________ Used for growth, repair___________ Used for growth, repair

___________ NO synapsis/No crossing over ___________ NO synapsis/No crossing over

___________ Produces gametes for sexual___________ Produces gametes for sexual reproduction in animals reproduction in animals

MITOSIS

MEIOSIS

MITOSIS

MITOSIS


MEIOSIS

Vinblastine is a standard chemotherapeutic drug usedVinblastine is a standard chemotherapeutic drug used

to treat cancer. Because it interferes with theto treat cancer. Because it interferes with the

assembly of microtubules its effectiveness must be assembly of microtubules its effectiveness must be related to related to

A. disruption of mitotic spindle formationA. disruption of mitotic spindle formation

B. inhibition of regulatory proteins phosphorylationB. inhibition of regulatory proteins phosphorylationC. suppression of cyclin productionC. suppression of cyclin production

D. myosin denaturation and inhibition of cleavage furrow D. myosin denaturation and inhibition of cleavage furrow formationformation

E. inhibition of DNA synthesisE. inhibition of DNA synthesis

A

Campbell Self-Quiz


Explain when AND why DNA is switched Explain when AND why DNA is switched between CHROMOSOME and between CHROMOSOME and CHROMATIN forms.CHROMATIN forms.

DNA is less tightly packed in order to read or copy information (in non-dividing cells)

DNA is condensed because its easier to move during cell division

http://www.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/mitosis/mitosis.cartoon.jpg


TELOPHASETELOPHASE

• nuclear membrane disappears in prophase nuclear membrane disappears in prophase and returns in telophas and returns in telophas

• centrosome/centrioles/spindle appear in prophasecentrosome/centrioles/spindle appear in prophase and disappear in telophase and disappear in telophase

• chromatin condenses into chromosomes in prophasechromatin condenses into chromosomes in prophase and unwinds in telophase and unwinds in telophase

Which phase of mitosis could be Which phase of mitosis could be called “reverse prophase” ?called “reverse prophase” ?

Discuss events that happen in these Discuss events that happen in these phases to provide evidence for your phases to provide evidence for your answer. answer.

SP6.1 Student can justify claims with evidence.

THE ENDTHE END

Documents

Mitosis/Meiosis Review Yes, I know the Course description says you don’t have to know names of phases but I don’t know how you can talk about what happens