Microprocessors

Dr inż. ZDZISŁAW PÓLKOWSKI

Polkowice, 2015

University of PitestiDolnośląska Wyższa Szkoła Przedsiębiorczości i Techniki

w Polkowicach

Ion Paul Mihai

TOPICS MENU

MicroprocessorIntel 1st 4004 MicroprocessorIntel 1st 4004 Microprocessor short HistoryParts of MicroprocessorMemoryWhat is Bus?Address busData busControl busSystem Bus8085 Microprocessor8085 KitPin Diagram of 8085The features of INTEL 8085Block Diagram of 8085Family of MicroprocessorConclusion

A Microprocessoris a multipurpose programmable logical device that• Read binary instructios from a storage device called memory.• Accept binary data as input• Process data according to instructions• Provide result as output

Microprocessor

http://svmcs.weebly.com/uploads/3/7/3/7/37376075/mpu_notes_original.pdf

Intel 1st 4004 Microprocessor

http://www.extremetech.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/intel-4004-gold-pins-640x353.jpg

In November, 1971, a company called Intel publicly introduced the world's first single chip microprocessor, the Intel 4004 invented by Intel engineers Federico Faggin, Ted Hoff, and Stanley Mazor. After the invention of integrated circuits revolutionized computer design, the only place to go was down -- in size that is. The Intel 4004 chip took the integrated circuit down one step further by placing all the parts that made a computer think (i.e central processing unit, memory, input and output controls) on one small chip.Programming intelligence into inanimate objects had now become possible.

Intel 1st 4004 Microprocessor short History

http://inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/a/microprocessor.htm

Parts of Microprocessor

Microprocessor is divided into the three parts:•Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) •Register•Control Unit.

https://www.byclb.com/TR/Tutorials/microprocessors/ch1_1_dosyalar/image001.gif

Memory

Memory is one of the most important factor in the microprocessor.It is used to store the data or information in a binary format.

Microprocessor memory Cache memory is a type of memory used to hold frequently used data. Cache memory is relatively small but very fast. Most web browsers use a cache to load regularly viewed web pages fast. The most important type of cache memory is the CPU cache.Computer engineers are always looking for ways to make a computer run faster. A multi-core chip, more memory, and a faster video card can all be used to improve the performance of a computer. One very effective method to improve speed is the use of cache memory, pronounced 'cash.' Cache is a type of memory that is relatively small but can be accessed very quickly. It essentially stores information that is likely to be used again.For example, web browsers typically use a cache to make webpages load faster by storing a copy of the webpage files locally, such as on your local computer. This is referred to as a web cache

http://study.com/academy/lesson/cache-memory-definition-lesson-quiz.html

A bus in computer terms, is simply a channel over which information flows between two or more devices.

There are three types of bus:

1. Address bus

2. Data bus

3. Control bus

What is Bus?

http://homework.uoregon.edu/pub/class/155/io1.gif

Address Bus

A collection of wires connecting the CPU with main memory that is used to identify particular locations (addresses) in main memory. The width of the address bus (that is, the number of wires) determines how many unique memory locations can be addressed. Modern PCs and Macintoshes have as many as 36 address lines, which enables them theoretically to access 64 GB (gigabytes)of main memory. However, the actually amount of memory that can be accessed is usually much less than this theoretical limit due to chipset and motherboard limitations.

http://common.ziffdavisinternet.com/encyclopedia_images/ADDRSBUS.GIFhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/address_bus.html

Data Bus

A bus that operates only within the internal circuitry of the CPU, communicating among the internal caches of memory that are part of the CPU chips design. This bus is typically rather quick and is independent of the rest of the computers operations.Contrast with external data bus. The bit width of internal and external data buses are not always equal.

http://www.phatcode.net/res/260/files/html/images/SystemOrganization8.gifhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/internal_data_bus.html

Control bus

The physical connections that carry control information between the CPU and other devices within the computer. Whereas the data bus carries actual data that is being processed, the control bus carries signals that report the status of various devices. For example, one line of the bus is used to indicate whether the CPU is currently reading from or writing to main memory.

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/control_bus.htmlhttp://qph.is.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-1941e6933a15550a8d2bc5e18723afcd?convert_to_webp=true

• The bus that connects the CPU to main memory on the motherboard. I/O buses, which connect the CPU with the systems other components, branch off of the system bus.

• The system bus is also called the frontside bus, memory bus, local bus, or host bus.

System Bus

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/system_bus.html

The Intel 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor introduced by Intel in 1977. Intel 8085 is an 8-bit, NMOS microprocessor. It is a 40 pin C package

fabricated on a single LSI chip. The Intel 8085A uses a single +5V D.C supply for its operation. Its clock speed is about 3 MHz. The clock cycle is of 320 ns. The time for the back cycle of the Intel 8085 A-2 is 200 ns. It has 80 basic instructions and 246 opcodes.

Microprocessor 8085

8085 Microprocessor

http://www.daenotes.com/electronics/digital-electronics/Intel-8085-8-bit-microprocessor#axzz3btxbu5lV

8085 Kit

http://www.vinyticsppl.com/labimages/VMC-ICE8085.jpg

It is a single chip with 40 pins.

Pin Diagram of 8085

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5HF3Ws2l_HA/T_sLTteExnI/AAAAAAAAAJc/L04cwH6QuJY/s1600/pin+diag.png

It is an 8 bit processor. It has multiplexed address and data bus. (AD 0 -AD 7 ). It works on 5 Volt dc power supply. It provides 72 instructions with 5 different addressing modes. 8085 microprocessor is a single chip, NMOS device implemented with

6200 transistors. 8085 microprocessor provides on chip clock generator, therefore there

is no need of external clock generator, but it requires external tuned circuit like LC, RC or crystal.

The maximum clock frequency of 8085 microprocessor is 3MHz where as minimum clock frequency is 500 KHz.

8085 provides 74 instructions with the following addressing modes: register, direct, immediate,indirect, implied.

The data bus is multiplexed with the address bus, hence it requires external hardware to separate data lines from address lines (this is one of the disadvantage of 8085).

The features of INTEL 8085

http://www.slideshare.net/sweetjims/8085-paperpresentationhttp://www.myclassbook.org/features-of-intel-8085-microprocessor/

Block Diagram of 8085

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_AKu7oTnPcy8/TAC4Re9GNWI/AAAAAAAAAB4/XACO0DQmmYA/s1600/664px-Intel_8085_archsvg.png

1. 4004 (4 bit) 2. 8080 (8 bit) 3. 8085 (8 bit) 4. 8086 (16 bit) 5. 8088 (16 bit) 6. 80186 (16 bit) 7. 80188 (16 bit) 8. 80286 (16 bit) 9. 80386 (32 bit) 10. 80486 (32 bit)

11. Pentium pro (32bit)

12. Pentium II (32 bit)

13. Pentium III (32 bit)

14. Pentium IV (32bit)

15. Intel core (64 bit)

16. Dual core (64 bit)

17. Core 2 duo (64 bit)

18. Core i3 (64 bit)

19. Core i5 (64 bit)

20. Core i7 (64 bit)

Family of Microprocessor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessors

http://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/MicroprocessorHistory.htm

Conclusion

The microprocessor has become a formidable force in computing. From a humble beginning as a concept of reducing the price of a calculator to high powered, uniprocessor and multiprocessor machines in only two and a half decades is astounding pace. Like most classic inventions, its early years belong firmly to the start-ups and pre-pubescent companies. These didn't have the baggage of the established companies and grew quickly. However, the mid 1980s saw a changeover, mainly due to the spiralling cost of research into process technologies and the greater man-hours needed to implement hundreds of thousand transistors design. This was headed by Motorola, Intel, IBM and DEC. It is now acknowledged that the RISC concept is the superior architectural concept and all the forementioned companies have leading designs using RISC.The microprocessor was originally designed for a calculator, yet in recent years it has found its way into a multitude of designs.