Micro Grids Results Report

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EIE/05/011/SI2.419343 MICROGRIDS RESULTS REPORT 2008 FEBRUARY

MICROGRIDSPromotion of microgrids andrenewable energy sources

for electrificationin developing countries

www.microgrids-eie.com

The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.


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INDEX

INDEX_________________________________________________________________________i

1. Basic Project Data___________________________________________________________ 1

2. Contact Information _________________________________________________________ 2

3. Summary __________________________________________________________________ 3

4. Objectives__________________________________________________________________ 4

5. Summary of Results _________________________________________________________ 5

5.1. Promotion and Dissemination_____________________________________________ 5

5.2. Training ______________________________________________________________ 6

5.3. Analysis of Local Needs __________________________________________________ 7

5.4. Design Of An Electrification Kit___________________________________________ 7

6. Why Africa?________________________________________________________________ 8

7. Why Senegal? _____________________________________________________________ 10

8. Why Microgrids?___________________________________________________________ 12

9. Microgrids and Renewable Energies ___________________________________________ 14

10. Promotion and Dissemination ______________________________________________ 16

10.1. Potential Deployment for Microgrids for Rural Electrification ______________ 16

10.2. Opportunities of Microgrids for Rural Electrification______________________ 18

10.3. Benefit of Microgrids for Rural Electrification. How to Replicate the MicrogridsExperience__________________________________________________________________ 20

10.4. Last Conferences in Dakar and Bilbao __________________________________ 21

10.5. Additional Activities _________________________________________________ 24 11. Training________________________________________________________________ 25

12. Analysis of Local Needs ___________________________________________________ 27

12.1. Methodology ________________________________________________________ 27

12.2. Results _____________________________________________________________ 30 Socioeconomic data _________________________________________________________ 31Energy data _______________________________________________________________ 34Economic data _____________________________________________________________ 39Estimation of consumption ___________________________________________________ 41The potential of renewable energies ____________________________________________ 43


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13. Design of an Electrification Kit _____________________________________________ 47

13.1. Selection of energy sources ____________________________________________ 47 13.2. Methodology ________________________________________________________ 48

4.1 Introduction ____________________________________________________________ 484.2 Global sizing ___________________________________________________________ 494.3 System layout___________________________________________________________ 494.4 Grid configuration _______________________________________________________ 504.5 System sizing ___________________________________________________________ 524.6 Safety _________________________________________________________________ 524.7 Tariff plan _____________________________________________________________ 534.8 Operation and maintenance ________________________________________________ 54

13.3. Kit Design __________________________________________________________ 54 5.1 Description of the procedure _______________________________________________ 545.2 Load profile ____________________________________________________________ 555.3 Results for Ndram ______________________________________________________ 565.4 Results for the areas of Thies, Fatick and Kaolack ______________________________ 595.4 Wind energy considerations________________________________________________ 615.6 Physical configuration ____________________________________________________ 615.5 Electrical configuration ___________________________________________________ 62

13.4. Financial considerations ______________________________________________ 63

14. Errors to be Avoided ______________________________________________________ 65

15. Recommendations________________________________________________________ 67

15.1. General issues _______________________________________________________ 67

15.2. Community implication _______________________________________________ 68

15.3. Barriers ____________________________________________________________ 69

15.4. Electrification kit design ______________________________________________ 71

16. Lessons Learnt __________________________________________________________ 72

17. Conclusions _____________________________________________________________ 74


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LOCATIONSenegal

DURATIONFrom 2006 January 1st

to 2007 December 31st

WHOROBOTIKER (Spain)LIPSI-ESTIA (France)CERER-UCAD (Senegal)SEMIS (Senegal) ASER-ESP-PERACOD (Senegal)Regional Council of Dakar (Senegal)Ministry of Energy and Mines (Senegal)

MAIN PURPOSEPromotion and dissemination of the use of micro-grids

with high content of RES (Renewable Energy Sources) for theelectrification of villages far away from the grid in Senegal

MAIN RESULTSMobilization of target agents

Analysis of local elecrification needs

Training of local people/ Construction of educational kitDesign of an electrification kit

NAMEPromotion of microgridsand renewable energy

sources for electrificationin developing countries

1. B ASIC PROJECTD ATA


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ROBOTIKER (Spain, Project Coordinator) Jos ngel AlzolaAddress: Parque Tecnolgico, edif. 202

48170 Zamudio, SpainTel: 34 94 600 22 66Email:[email protected] Web: www.robotiker.es

LIPSI-ESTIA (France)Haritza CamblongAddress: Tecnopole Izarbel64210 Bidart, FranceTel: 33 55 943 85 49Email:[email protected] Web: www.estia.fr

CERER-UCAD (Senegal) Tidiane NiangAddress: Universit Cheikh Anta Diop

B.P 5005 Dakar, SenegalTel: 221 869 27 66Email: [email protected] Web: www.ucad.sn

2. CONTACT INFORMATION


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3. S UMMARY

Senegal is a country in West Africa which enjoys some of the highest levels of socialand economic stability of the whole region. Nevertheless, due to its low per capitaincome (approximately 550 US dollars) and other social indicators, Senegal formspart of the List of Least Developed Countries listed by the UN (at position 158 of 174states). To mention some siginificant figures, the literacy rate is around 40% and lifeexpectancy around 56 years.

Though many factors have contributed to create this situation, there is no doubt thatthe limited access to energy services is directly linked to poverty, especially in the

countryside. 50% of the 12 million Senegalese live in rural areas, and 85% of themhave no access to electricity.

It is within this context that the Microgrids project aims to contribute towards thedevelopment of these policies. This project is part of the Intelligent-Energy Europeprogramme of the European Commission. Its objective is the promotion anddissemination of the use of microgrids with a high content of renewable energies(REs) for the electrification of settlements far from the electrical grid in Senegal.

During the years 2006 and 2007 many activities have been carried out to contributetowards this direction:

Training activities in Europe and Senegal to train energy sector professionals on thebasic concepts related to RES, energy efficiency and micro grids.

Implementation of an educational kit for didactical purposes.

Specialised workshops, conferences and workshops in Dakar and in target ruralareas (Thies, Fatick and Kaolack) to facilitate networking, transfer of know-how andsharing of experiences.

Analysis through extensive surveying of the specific electrification needs of thetarget areas.

Design of an electrification kit specially suited to the needs detected in the targetareas.

As a result, it can be said that the main objectives of the project have been reached:

To increase the awareness of public and private sector energy stakeholdersregarding the availability of cost-effective applications of renewable energytechnologies.

To strengthen stakeholder capacity to evaluate, plan, finance and implement

renewable energy policies and projects


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Promotion anddissemination of the useof microgrids with highcontent of RES for the

electrification of villagesin Senegal

4. OBJECTIVES

The main objectives of the project are the promotion and dissemination of the use ofmicro-grids with high content of RES (Renewable Energy Sources) for theelectrification of villages far away from grid in Senegal.

It involves the participation of several partners from a sub-Saharan country, Senegal,interested in the application of RES to address the particular problems of ruralpoverty and sustainable development.

The project aim is to help raise awareness about RES through the training of energysector professionals, lecturers and training professionals, private sector companiesand local authorities in Senegal inconcepts related to RES, energyefficiency and micro grids. Thisformation will also include thenecessary training so that theseprofessionals can later carry out ananalysis of the electrification needs ofthe Senegalese rural areas.

The project builds a critical mass ofhuman capital with up-to-dateknowledge and expertise in the latesttechnologies for increasing the use ofrenewable energies, contributing to the main objective of the COOPENERprogramme.

Operative objectives aim at training of energy sector professionals, lecturers andtraining professionals, private sector companies and local authorities in Senegal inRenewable Energy Sources (RES), energy efficiency and micro grids. Later they willcarry out an analysis of the electrification needs of Senegalese rural areas. TheEuropean partners will then design a KIT with the components necessary to electrifya rural village, using the energy resources locally available and training the energyprofessionals from the developing country about all issues related to its installationand operation.

The project seeks to increase the awareness of public and private sector energystakeholders regarding the availability of cost-effective applications of renewableenergy technologies, and to strengthen stakeholder capacity to implement renewableenergy projects. Planners and technicians will be able to perform high quality and lowcost preliminary feasibility studies for renewable energy projects in rural areas.


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Most of the events tookplace in Senegal since

the aim is themobilisation of all localagents involved in rural

electrification

5. S UMMARY OF RESULTS

5.1. P ROMOTION AND DISSEMINATION

The Microgrids Website (www.microgrids-eie.com) was started in June. It providesall the information needed by the general public, as well as restricted access areasfor information exchange between partners. It has been updated according to theprogress of the project.

The triple Workshop Potential deployment of micro grids for rural electrification was held from December 18 th to 21 st 2006 with different sessions in the areas ofFatick, Kaolack and Thies.

The Conference in Dakar Opportunities of Microgrids for Rural Electrification tookplace in Dakar in April 24 th 2007 under the patronage of the recently createdMinistry of Renewable Energies, with extensive attendance of professionals of thepublic and private sector and visible presence in the media.

The Coopener Contractors meeting Energy Services for Poverty Alleviation inDeveloping Countries held in Berlin in on 6-7 March 2007 was attended by tworepresentatives of the project, who also joined the "Africa-Europe Energy Forum -Towards an Africa-Europe Energy Partnership".

The triple Seminary Benefits of Microgrids for Rural Electrification. The Microgrids experience was held from October 23 rd to 25 th 2007 with different sessions in theareas of Fatick, Kaolack and Thies.

The Conference Benefits of Microgrids for Rural Electrification. The Microgrids

experience took place in Dakarin October 30 th 2007. TheMinister of Renewable Energiesopened the sessions whichgathered agents from all sectors.

The Advanced Training Course in Microgrids was held formOctober 23 rd to 30 th 2007. Theeducational kit was used to


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Lack of local training isone of the main barriers

for the long-term

sustainability ofmicrogrids for rural

electrification

explain in Dakar and in the rural areas the possibilities of microgrids for ruralelectrification.

The Conference Benefits of Microgrids for Rural Electrification. The Microgrids experience took place in Bilbao in November 15 th 2007. The Minister of RenewableEnergies opened the sessions which gathered agents from all sectors.

The Impact Report summarises the effect of the Microgrids project relating thedissemination and diffusion of microgrids for rural electrification in developingcountries.

The Replication Plan reviews the best practices identified during the project andestablishes the steps to be followed when assessing the feasibility of microgrids in

other areas.

5.2. T RAINING

The course Basic Training in RES and Micro grids took place from June 12 th toJune 15 th in ESTIA facilities (Bidart, France). Fifteen people from all Senegalesepartner institutions took part in the event.

A series of visits to energy facilities took place from June 15 th to June 17 th in theBasque Country. The tour included one complete microgrid installation, solarphotovoltaic and wind energy research laboratories, ICE for alternative fuelsmanufacturing company, wind farm,micro-hydraulic facility, solar thermalinstallation and sewage farm.

The seminar Technology Transfer on the Basic Seminar on RES tookplace from July 12 th to July 13 th atCESAG (Centre Africain dEtudesSuperieures en Gestion) facilities(Dakar, Senegal), aimed at trainingSenegalese professionals of theenergy sector. 29 people fromSenegal took part in the event.

An educational kit for renewable energies has been designed and constructed. Itincludes all the basic modules present in solar/wind hybrid installations. It has beenthe base for the training sessions in Senegal and it will be used in the future foreducational purposes in Senegal.


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Socio-economicinformation about thetarget communiyy is amust for implementingthe project on a solid

base

Standardization indeveloping countries isnot as straightforward asin conventional facilities

5.3. A NALYSIS OF LOCAL NEEDS

The Analysis of Local Needsthrough extensive surveyingyielded to the Final Report for Electrification Needs for Rural Areas which includes informationsuch as socio-economic situation,energy needs, service level,existing electrical equipments andenergy sources, power needsestimation, supply priorities,

personal capacity to pay andrenewable energy potential.

5.4. D ESIGN OF AN ELECTRIFICATION KIT

The report Design of an Electrification Kit starts from the Final Report for Electrification Needs for Rural Areas

and builds a methodology for thedesign of isolated microgrids with highcontents of renewable energy which isapplied to the information gathered forthe Senegalese areas of Thies, Fatickand Kaolack. Special focus is given tomaintenance activities.


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70% of the population insub-Saharan Africa live inrural areas and less than

10% of these haveaccess to reliablesources of energy

Africa is endowed withresources vast enough to

meet all its energy needsand this potential remains

largely untapped

6. W HY A FRICA ?

Did you know that Africans consume a mere 0.3 to 0.6 toe/per capita? . Bycontrast North Americans consume an astounding 7.5 to 9 toe/per or between 12 and30 times more energy on average. In brief, nowhere is the per capita level of energyconsumption lower than in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is not an aim in itself but a first andclear indicator of how far from well-being and comfort parameters they are. Senegalcurrently has an installed electric generation capacity of 0.2 gigawatts.

Did you know that an estimated 70% of the population in sub-Saharan

Africa live in rural areas and less than 10% of these have access to reliable sources of electricity? . Senegal has apopulation of more than 10 million andmore than half of these people live inrural areas. In 2001, 55% of urbanhouseholds had access to electricitycompared to only 7% of ruralhouseholds. A mere 300 of 13.000Senegalese villages had access to a

reliable source of electricity, whetherthrough a connection to the national grid or from a local electricity generatingcompany.

Did you know that Africa is endowed with resources vast enough to meet all its energy needs and this potential remains largely untapped?. Hydroelectricity is by far the singlebiggest source of electricity in a number

of countries. The region possesses someof the largest water courses in the world,the Nile, Congo, Niger, Volta andZambezi river systems. The hydropotential of the Democratic Republic ofCongo alone is estimated to be sufficientto provide three times as much power as

Africa currently consumes. Oil and gas reserves are concentrated in the north andwest. By contrast, virtually all of Africa's coal reserves are in the south. Geothermalresources are largely in the Red Sea Valley and the Rift Valley. Furthermore, though

import of foreign energy sources grows day by day and ECOWAS has drawn up a


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regional programme to use mini and micro-hydroelectric projects, the problem is notonly the shortage and clear insufficiency of these energy sources but the fact thatconnecting them to a national grid can be costly and often impractical because manyrural communities have low population densities and are situated in remote locations.So, in practice, alternative energy sources such as renewable energies are needed.Much of Africa is well exposed to sunlight. Solar energy could be particularly useful inareas far away from national grids. Alternatives include wind power, solar power,biomass, small diesel or petrol generators and energy conservation.

The sun is a widely available resource that is bound to play a key role in the future of Africa


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During the first half of2005, the value of oils

imports doubled that ofall Senegalese exports

7. W HY SENEGAL ?

The penetration of a new technology must be accompanied by encouragingconditions that support and economically justify the process. For example, rising oilprices in the last years have been the cause of extensive promotion of newtechnologies for new energetic model, such as hydrogen and fuel cells.

In the same way, when proposing the development of renewable rural electrificationin developing countries, it is very important to assess the energetic situation in orderto detect those supporting conditions that can make the difference between successand failure.

Senegal makes extensive use of fossilfuels, which provide 60% of primaryenergy. Power generation,transportation and industry areresponsible for this fact. Since Senegalis not an oil producer, all these productsmust be imported. During the first halfof 2005, the value of oil importsdoubled that of all Senegalese exports.

This fact is a serious issue for theeconomy of the country since thesituation is worsening as time goes byand oil prices keep on rising.

The remaining 40% of primary energy is obtained mainly through conventionalexploitation of forests. Wood and charcoal are used by direct combustion for heatingand cooking. As a result, natural resources are coming closer to an ecologicaldisaster.

Moreover, since 1995 the energy consumption growth rate has increasedsignificantly and only 1% of energy is produced by renewable means (hydropower).

All these questions demand immediate answers. Measures to be taken are quitesimilar to those proposed for developed countries: energy saving, diversification ofsources and promotion of renewable energies.

Senegal has been looking for solutions for a long time. In fact, activity aroundrenewable energy potential started in the sixties. As an example of this early interestin RES, a new regulation was established in 1978 in order to promote solar systemsin public energy supply contracts. Nowadays, existing RES facilities include:


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Thousands of Solar Home Systems (about 50W).

Several dozen Centralized Hybrid Systems (about 25 kW).

Thousands of solar streetlights.

Hundreds of solar pumps.

Hundreds of solar-powered community services: education, health andcommunications.

Some small scale wind pumps and parks in the coastal area.

Aware of the importance of renewable energies and rural electrification for the futureof the country, Senegal has recently been implementing a variety of actions to setclear strategies and develop well coordinated programmes. The most importantmeasures undertaken are the following:

Creation of the Biofuels and Renewable Energies Ministry.

Creation of the Senegalese Agency for Rural Electrification (ASER).

Creation of the Research and Studies Centre for RES (CERER).

Elaboration of a Management Plan for Rural Electrification.

Creation of the Rural Electrification Funds (FER) programme.

Senegal is therefore a country where starting conditions and attitudes are fairlyconductive to the development of renewable rural electrification.

Renewable energies are not new in Senegal


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Distributed generationdiminishes losses and

avoids the need toincrease the capacity of

the grid

8. W HY MICROGRIDS ?

The conventional system of energy generation and distribution corresponds to acentralised model with large production centres and extensive distribution networksto reach the users. The distributed generation model (DG), on the other hand,proposes small scale generation in the local vicinity of the final user.

The distributed generation concept is based on the installation of small generatorswithin the distribution network. The benefits obtained from including these smallgenerators are due to the reduced distances between them to the points ofconsumption, which are less than for traditional generators which channel all their

energy into the grid through the transport network. The installation of DG avoids theneed to increase the capacity of thetransport network but has thedisadvantage that the electrical gridbecomes two-way in as far as energydistribution, thereby increasing thecomplexity of its protection, control andmanagement systems.

The increased complexity of the

management and regulation of electricalgrids with GD can be minimised bygrouping GD installations together intomicrogrids , so that the grid manager onlyviews one single control and monitoring interface. Different low power generationtechnologies may be used in a microgrid, some of which may be controlled by thetype of fuel used (microturbines, diesel generators, fuel cell batteries), while themaximum power available to others is limited by external conditions, largelymeteorological (photovoltaic panels, wind generators). Combining these two types ofsources with a storage system results in an autonomous system which responds to

the needs of the user group covered by the microgrid.Microgrids are especially suitable for employing renewable energies in developingcountries. The renewable generators are generally small-scale, meaning thatproximity to the user allows losses from the grid to be reduced. Microgrids have thefollowing advantages over conventional small-scale individual systems (of around50W):

They allow energy to be efficiently shared for use.


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They contribute to awareness raising and involvement of the localcommunities through the development of a common project.

They allow the use of higher power electrical appliances and thereby fosterthe development of productive activity.

Microgrids contribute to foster the involvement of the communities


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THE ULTIMATE AIMS

To make energy availableto everybody

To foster social endeconomic development

9. M ICROGRIDS ANDRENEWABLEENERGIES

Electrification in developing countries is undoubtedly a key issue for progress. Thesignificance of energy services in international development and cooperation aid hastraditionally been quite limited when compared to other matters such us health oreducation. It can be said that the role of energy as a catalyst has been undervalued,since most of development related subjects are highly dependant on it:

Poverty alleviation.

Education.

Health.

Employment.

Communications.

Production capacity.

Lack of opportunities forwomen.

On the other hand, it is also true that other infrastructures such as water supply,roads, communications, market access or microcredits must be present in order tomake use of the full potential of energy services.

Once the significance of energy has been fully understood, the main objectives to becompleted must be fully internalized:

To make energy available to everybody.

To direct efforts towards social and economic promotion of people.

These objectives must be kept in mind in order to avoid deficient procedures in theelectrification process. For example, when approaching the energy question indeveloping countries, most of the resources aim at the big problem: large generationplants, large distribution grids and large companies. But reality often shows that therural population can be excluded in this process due to its inherent features:scattered habitat, low resources and difficult access to distribution grids.

In this context, hybrid microgrids with high contents of renewable energies are a verypromising option for rural electrification in developing countries since their

advantages are quite remarkable:


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Use of local energy resources.

Substitution of fossil fuels, which contributes to sustainable development

and economic balance of the country.

Substitution of biomass obtained from natural forests as a way to avoidecological disasters.

Suitability for rural areas characterized by disseminated population, lowenergy consumption and difficult access to the distribution grid.

In the same way as for developed countries, environmental issues must also beaddressed. It has been said that energy development plans for Africa should ignore

ecological drawbacks in favour of energy supply itself. This would be the best way torepeat the errors committed by the industrialized parts of the world. The sooner aproblem is faced, the easier and more effective the solution. Renewable energies area very good alternative to combat pollution, greenhouse gases and deforestationfrom an early stage in the electrification process and in educating people about thissubject. Microgrids constitute the best context to integrate these energies into ruralcommunities in an efficient and sustainable way.

Microgrids and Renewable energies are a good combination to protect the natural resources


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The first contact with thelocal agents revealedtheir strong interest in

electrification and a highlevel of involvement in

the event

10. P ROMOTION AND DISSEMINATION

10.1. P OTENTIAL DEPLOYMENT FOR MICROGRIDS FOR RURAL ELECTRIFICATION

The objective of the first workshops carried out in the three target regions was toanalyze the difficulties and needs for the spread of electrification systems in ruralareas and to identify strategies andactions to fulfil these needs and removethese obstacles. The workshops were

organised in Thies, Fatick and Kaolackin December 2006.

The target groups were:

Representatives of governmentalorganizations involved in ruralelectrification and renewableenergies

Representatives of citizens. Renewable energy technicians.

In order to achieve the proposed objectives, the event consisted of the followingtasks:

1. General information about the MICROGRIDS project was issued in order tomake the people aware of the background.

2. A presentation on the Renewable Energy situation in Senegal was madecovering subjects such as previous projects, main barriers, institutionalpolicies and figures (cost, amortization, benefits).

3. A working session was organized to identify all main parameters anddifficulties related to electrification and regarding their particular area ofactivities. Taking all this information as a basis, possible solutions wereproposed and evaluated.

Discussion showed that many project on renewable energies have been startedsince eighties. However the results of these projects have been limited and have not,in general, leaded to long-standing approaches. Among these projects can be cited:

The German cooperation (GTZ): PV power stations, mini power stations, pumpingsystems and familiar PV systems (FPS) in Kaolack, Fatick and Diourbel.


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The Japanese cooperation (JICA): Senegalese-Japanese solar energy project(PSNES), carrying out of the national rural electrificaton plan, a pilot projectinstallation (FPS) in Mar island of Fatick.

Spanish cooperation (ATERSA, ISOPHOTON): FPSs installation in every regionof Senegal, and above all in Fatick (Isophoton), streetlight and FPSs installationon 227 villages of Senegal.

FONDEM NGO (Fondation Energie pour le Monde): solar electrification ofCatholic private health centres of Senegal, particularly in Ziguinchor.

In these workshops, discussions about the difficulties of expanding and perpetuatingrenewable energies lead to the proposal of some solutions to these difficulties. The

barriers identified and solutions proposed have been tackled in subsequent actions.Thus, according to Senegalese experts, the main constraints and solutions to thedevelopment of micro-grids with high content of renewable energies in Senegal are:

Administrative procedures are heavy. They must be streamlined.

The tax system is restrictive. Some incentive measures have to be applied for theenergy sector.

The local or administrative authorities and the regional committees for the

development are not sufficiently involved upstream of and downstream from theelectrification projects. Governors, prefectures and other authorities must beinvolved in the projects.

Beneficiaries, i.e. the population of non-electrified villages, are not involved in thefinancing of the project. They have to take part in the financing to be consideredas partners.

There are no maintenance systems. Training in maintenance of professionalsassociations must be encouraged to professionalize this field.

Spare parts are not available. A toll-house must be created to ease the access totools for the technicians in renewable energies.

There are no monitoring systems to assess the projects. Project partners mustcarry out the monitoring and assessment of the project at medium and long termto facilitate the capitalisation of the projects.

There are few continuing education procedures for local expertise. The localexpertise must be strengthened through seminars and continuing educationsessions.


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The support andimplication of the

recently created Ministryof Renewable Energies

showed the commitmentof Senegal with

Microgrids project

Renewable energies are not included in the training programs. Renewableenergies must be included in the school programs, especially in the scientificeducation.

10.2. O PPORTUNITIES OF MICROGRIDS FOR RURAL ELECTRIFICATION

This conference was carried out in Dakarin April 2007. The objective of theconference was to meet Energyprofessionals and Energy policy makers inorder to present:

The results of the needs analysis forrural electrification;

The development of opportunitiesthrough their activity by the installationof MICROGRIDS based on renewableenergies.

The target groups were therefore energy professionals and energy policy makers.

The main activities of the conference entitled La politique des EnergiesRenouvelables du Sngal et le projet Micro rseaux (Microgrids) were:

1. MICROGRIDS project presentation by European partners. Brief description ofthe last three events.

2. The rural electrification and renewable energy situation in Senegal, presentedby the Renewable Energy Ministry. The following subjects were treated: thecurrent institutional policies in this area, previous projects and the barriers tocross.

3. Results description of the study made in WP3 by the Senegalese partners(SEMIS/CERER) about the Analysis of local needs for electrification of ruralareas.

4. An important session consisted in presenting the Final Report of the previousevents-group: Barriers and Solutions for Potential Deployment for microgridsfor Rural Electrification.

5. Opportunities of rural electrification for the companies concluded theconference with the participation of energy professionals, institutions and


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Senegalese partners. Special attention was paid to the figures (cost,amortization, benefits).

It must be noticed that just some weeks before the conference, the Government ofSenegal created the Renewable Energies Ministry. The new minister Christian SinaDiatta took actively part in the conference and its organisation. The impact of theconference was very significant thanks to him. All experts and important decisionstakers of institutions, universities, research centers and entrerprises concerned byrenewable energies were present at the conference. Moreover, this event was verywidely disseminated by TV, newspapers and radio.

The impact of the Conference through the mass-media was extensive

The discussions which closed the conference underlined: The need to alleviate administrative procedures.

The need to ensure technical and financial maintenance of facilities resulting fromprojects.

The opportunity to create a Financing Commission to support the penetration ofRenewable Energies.

New strategies: Introduction of Renewable Energies in school and Cyber Forums.


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10.3. B ENEFIT OF MICROGRIDS FOR RURAL ELECTRIFICATION . HOW TO REPLICATETHE MICROGRIDS EXPERIENCE

The objective of these second workshops in the target regions was again to bringtogether Energy professionals and politicians from Fatick, Thies and Kaolak regionsto:

Disseminate Microgrids project results.

Measure the Project acceptance by Senegalese agents.

Identify the next step of the project: objectives, technological and financial means.

The target groups were:

Energy professionals.

Politicians (Fatick/Thies/Kaolak).

Energy agencies and companies.

The final results concerning the analysis of the electrification needs in the rural areas

investigated (Thies, Fatick and Kaolack) were presented and discussed. Then, theconceptual rural electrification Kit designed using the results of the rural electrificationneeds surveys was presented. In addition, the didactic Kit, designed to trainMicrogrids installation, maintenance and operating technicians, was demonstrated.

These workshops have also allowed to be presented the Rural Electrification Fundscreated by decree N2006-247 of 21 March 2006.

A significant part of the time of the workshops has been reserved for discussionswhich have allowed the involvement of local personalities in relation to the rural

electrification problem and renewable energies.

In conclusion local governors and authorities have expressed their satisfaction withthe results of Microgrids project. They have also expressed the eagerness of localpopulation to have access to electricity.

Workshops have allowed the main results of the Microgrids project to be spread.They have led to some debates about the permanence of the systems based inRenewable Energies in Senegal. Questions from Presidents of Rural Communities


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and Regional services for development were answered from Senegalese institutionsas ASER, the DE, ESP and private actors as SEMIS.

Local media have disseminated the information given about the needs of ruralelectrification, the nature of exploitable energy resources and the specificity ofMicrogrids projects Hybrid Systems.

Information media in rural areas also showed great interest in the events

10.4. L AST CONFERENCES IN DAKAR AND BILBAO

The conference in Dakar: la Politique des Energies Renouvelables du Sngal et leProjet Micro rseaux (Microgrids) was held in October 2007 while the conference inBilbao was held in November.


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The last conference in Dakar was a great success

These final conferences of the MICROGRIDS project in Dakar and Bilbao have dealtwith different subjects such as:

Presentation to a large public of the MICROGRIDS project objectives.

Dissemination of the results of the project (project assessment): Analysis of localneeds, presentation of the Kits; conclusions of the precedent events (mainparameters and difficulties related to rural electrification, possible solutions ...).

Funding for micro grids projects for rural electrification: example of PLE (LocalElectrification Plan) and ERIL (Rural electrification issued from local initiative).

Encouragement of energy agencies and energy professionals from Senegal touse the MICROGRIDS experience in the development of suitable solutions forelectrification of remote areas.

Involvement of the energy companies and investors to identify the financial andtechnological means for the next step after the end of the project. Debate onmeasures to highlight in order to bring the project to another level (a micro gridinstallation based on KIT architecture).


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The presence of the Minister of Biofuels and Renewable Energies Mr. Christian Sina Diatta confirmed the interest of the country in microgrids and renewable energies

The conference in Dakar has created synergies between specialists of ruralelectrification from different backgrounds. Nevertheless, it has been noted that thenumber of organization involved in the field of rural electrification and renewableenergies is still not sufficient. This problem would be studied and taken into accountin the project (Microgrids II) which would take over from Microgrids project.

The success of this conference has proved that more and more people are interestedin renewable energies and rural electrification. All partners and participants haveunderlined the need to extend the application field and partners of Microgrids, bycarrying out a Microgrids II project which would apply the results of the first projectand thus allow a durable and high quality rural electrification.

The conference in Bilbao has allowed Spanish and French NGOs, educationalcentres and enterprises to be informed about Microgrids project results and topropose them to take part in rural electrification based on renewable energies inAfrica.


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10.5. A DDITIONAL ACTIVITIES

Additional diffusion activities include: Diffusion and distribution of leaflets at the International Conference on

Electrical Equipment (Bilbao, November 2007) and in the IV Conference onRenewable energies and Human Development: Appropriate Technologies(Bilbao, November 2007).

Writing of two papers for publication in Elsevier Renewable Energies. One ofthem is based on the analysis of local needs for rural electrification and theother one on the design of the electrification kit.

A replication plan has been produced summarising the best and worstpractices identified during the project and providing a series of advices andactivities to be followed when assessing the feasibility of the application ofmicrogrids for rural electrification.

An impact report has also been produced summarising all the activities andsupporting effects of the project on the promotion of microgrids for ruralelectrification.


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11. T RAINING

A four day training course in LIPSI-ESTIA was organised at the beginning of theproject on concepts related to RES, energy efficiency and micro grids. During thesesessions the attendees developed their abilities to:

Train other persons.

Analyse the electrification needs of the rural areas in their country.

Take technological decisions on installing of micro grids.

Dimension Hybrid Power Systems and micro grids according to the data site(consumption, meteorological data).

Raise awareness in the population and decision-makers to these systems inorder that they will support all actions addressed to the development ofmicro grids containing hybrid power systems in stead of slowing down thedeployment of this kind of project.

Design micro grids development policies.

Design adapted regulatory frameworks.

The course included the following sessions such as:

Introduction to microgrids. Electric resources management.

PV development politics.

Renewable energy sources.

Conventional generators and energy storage systems.

Power electronics modules.

Standards and regulations for the connection to the distribution grid.

Discussion on techno-economic parameters for the development ofmicrogrids and renewable energy sources.

Example of wind park project.

This course was repeated in Dakar some months later.

A two day study tour to energy related facilities was also made in Bilbao and itssurroundings, including the following visits:

TECNALIA facilities where a complete microgrid facility was visited.

Oiz mountain wind farm.


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Vitoria sewage farm and its generation plant fed by waste.

Mini hydraulic facilities.

Thermosolar installation.

The training activities were reinforced by the construction of an educational kit. Atraining kit in the 200w range has been designed. It provides a platform for trainingon solar-wind systems. It consists of a complete (protections, solar panel, windturbine, regulator, battery, inverter, loads) which includes measurement devicesaimed at educational activities. It was constructed and tested in July 2007 and it wasused for the Advanced training course on micro grids training sessions in October2007. The kit was completed with a Guide for Teaching Practices which was thebase for the training. It was left in Senegal for future training courses.

Educational kit embedded in a case for transportability and micro wind-turbines.


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12. A NALYSIS OF L OCAL NEEDS

12.1. M ETHODOLOGY

The methodology of the Microgrids project has been widely accepted among thetarget communities and this fact is mainly due to the key role that is given to thecommunity itself. Actions that do not take local needs into account are bound to fail. Itis projects and technologies which must fit people. One of the first steps to be takenis to gain some insight and interaction with the community.

The need for this action and its crucial importance can be explained with quite asimple example. When talking about the implementation of SHS (Solar HomeSystems in Senegal), Senegalese technicians confirm that evolution in manufacturingprocesses is becoming a problem for them. While the international trend is toincrease the size of basic solar modules, this new dimension turns out to be too largefor the needs of a typical rural home.

This case shows the risk of approaching the problem from a technological point ofview. Even if the base is a well proven technology coming from the developed world,it will be useless if it does not fit the reality of rural communities. The followingproblems can arise:

Economic. Lack of resources to sustain the system.

Operative. Inadequate solution or lack of knowledge and education fromthe people.

Social. Lack of involvement from the community.

Therefore, we must resist the temptation to take the technological resource as a

starting point to implement a project. Let us turn it the other way round. It is thecommunity itself which must state the needs and questions to be solved.

The philosophy and methodology of the Microgrids project is perfectly aligned withthis direction. Its aim is to offer solutions based, not so much on previouslypre-established technological concepts, but on the real needs of rural communities.The only way to ensure the sustainability of the services is to combine deepknowledge of the local agents with technical expertise, management capacity andfinancial resources.


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Surveys have led to the

generation of a database that gathers village,household and technical

information

The main tool used in the Microgrids project to acquire this knowledge is the analysisof electrification needs of rural areas in Senegal. This type of report is a must for theevaluation of microgrids feasibility in one particular area. Several subjects, not onlythose directly related to energy, have been surveyed in order to get a well definedimage of the community:

Socio-economic parameters of the village, involving subjects such as:

- Population andnumber of households.

- Type of habitat(grouped, dispersed).

- Employment andglobal economicactivities.

- Production facilities:wells, mills...

- Social infrastructure:health, education, administration, religion.

- Infrastructure such as roads, communication facilities, water supply,access to markets and credit.

Domestic use:

- Economic activities.

- Number of residents and emigrants.

- Number of buildings in the household and distribution (number of roomsand layout).

- Energy supply. Use of batteries in % of households. Medium distanceto recharge them. Use of kerosene in % of households. Mediumdistance for kerosene supply. Use of diesel generators in % ofhouseholds. Medium distance for diesel supply.

- Current uses of energy: lighting (candles, kerosene), entertainment(radio/TV). Number of appliances and daily use in number of hours.

- Energy use foreseen by the user in case of electrification. Power and

energy estimations per household.


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- Current costs of energy services. Substitutable expenses on candles,kerosene and batteries that could be used in the future as a payment tosustain a microgrid.

- Costs that users would be willing to pay in a microgrid.

- Familiarity of users with financial tools, especially with loans.

Non domestic use:

- Social infrastructure: health, education, administration, religion.

- Public lighting.

- Commerce.

- Productive use: water pumping, mills, engines.

- Power and energy estimations.

Global data:

- Global hourly consumption profile.

- Supply priorities in case of shortage.

- Estimation of renewable energies potential: solar, wind, biomass,hydraulic.

- Fuel prices.

- Economic data for equipment: purchase costs, operating andmaintenance costs, engineering costs.

Villages to be surveyed must be carefully selected according to the following criteria:

Distance to the distribution grid further than 10 km. This is the referencefigure which makes a microgrid cheaper than a conventional gridconnection.

Electrified and unelectrified samples. It is obvious that surveys must befocused on the unelectrified communities which will be the target of theaction. Anyway, there are certain estimations which are difficult to carryout, such as future energy uses when the village is electrified. A speciallysensitive parameter is the willingness to pay, since it is the main referencefor the analysis of economic viability. In this case, data gathered in the


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Surveys in electrifiedvillages offer valuable

information about futureuses in non-electrified

villages

microgrids project have proved to be quite difficult to analyse, showinggreat variations for similarusers in different villages.Furthermore, sometimes thewillingness to pay does notsteadily grow with the level ofconsumption in thehouseholds. This indicatesthat people can notaccurately estimate theresources that could bededicated for this service.Maybe this is due to the factthat current use is alwaysbased on prepayment (fuel, recharge of batteries) and never on periodicalfees. The conclusion is that surveys must also be carried out in alreadyelectrified villages. This way, energy consumption and paying capacity area reality that can be measured and taken as a reference for unelectrifiedvillages.

Different sizes in the typical range of the country must be explored to studythe variation of all these parameters with growing population.

The main problem with renewable rural electrification is the difficulty to sustain theproject economically due to the low income level of the community. This fact makes itnecessary to explore all mechanisms that can help to solve the problem. Theanalysis of productive activities which could be optimized or started up by means ofelectrification is then a key point. Economic activity is highly focused on agriculture,so post-processing of products will be the first subject to be considered. Furtherpossibilities must also be explored such as the development of microenterprisesthrough microcredits (for example, recharging stations for batteries).

In the end it must be fully understood that the needs in developing and developed

countries, as well as in urban and rural scenarios, are completely different andshould therefore be addressed according to all these particularities.

12.2. R ESULTS

Extensive surveys were carried out in the regions of Thies, Fatick and Kaolak. Asummary of the results is described in the rest of this section.


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Location of target areas

Socioeconomic data

As shown in Table 1, the main activity carried out in the villages concerned isagriculture. In Fatick agriculture is the first activity for all families. Families have oftena second, and sometimes a third activity. In general, the second activity is livestockfarming and the third activity is commerce.

Table 1Data about socioeconomic activities in the three regions

Type of villages Activity 1 Activity 2

Small villages Agriculture

(89.8%)

Livestock farming (57.1%), Commerce(12.2%), Agriculture (10.2%), No otheractivities

Medium villages Agriculture

(94.7%)


Kaolackregion

Large villages Agriculture

(94.7%)


All the villages Agriculture

(92.5%)



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Small villages Agriculture(100%)

Livestock farming (37.5%), Commerce(50%), No other activities (12.5%)


(100%)

Livestock farming (31.66%), Commerce(14.16%), Craft (5.3%), Other / No otheractivities

Fatickregion


(100%)

Livestock farming (42.85%), Commerce(14.28%), Masonry (7.1%), Other activities


(100%)

Livestock farming (35.13%), Commerce(19%), Craft (4%), Other / No otheractivities

Small villagesAgriculture(92.7%)



(77.8%)


Thiesregion


(89.3%)

Livestock farming (25%), Commerce(7.1%), Agriculture (10.7%), No otheractivities (46.4%)


(84.8%)

Livestock farming (23%), Commerce

(13.3%), Agriculture (11.4%), No otheractivities

Table 2 shows the number of residents and emigrants per household. It is importantto know the number of residents to estimate the electrical energy needs. Moreover,the emigrants are often the most important financing source of the families. Thus, thenumber of emigrants is normally linked to the purchasing power of families.

It can be seen that, on average, there are more residents in Kaolack than in Fatickand even than in This. In Kaolack and This, the number of residents per familyincreases with the size of villages. Similar conclusions can be made about thenumber of emigrants per family. There is at least one emigrant per family in the threeregions villages and the number of emigrants increases with the proximity of thecapital of Senegal, Dakar, as it can be verified in the map.


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Table 2

Number of residents and of emigrants by household

Type of villages Mean number ofresidents byhousehold

Mean number ofemigrants by

household

Small villages 14.18 0.97

Medium villages 16.57 1.75 Kaolack

Large villages 18.14 2.33 region

All villages 16.02 1.58

Small villages 11 2.5

Medium villages 13.2 1.75 Fatick



Small villages 13.36 2

Medium villages 14.33 3.22 Thies



Table 3 shows some statistics about housing in the studied regions. It can be seenthat nearly every family has at least one secondary building close to the mainbuilding. In Kaolack and Fatick more than half of the families have at least foursecondary buildings, and three in This. The table also shows the existing distancesbetween the different buildings. This information is useful to estimate the length ofthe electrical cable which would have to be installed if the village is electrified with amicro-grid. The statistics about the number of rooms per building allow the number ofbulbs needed to light every room to be estimated.


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Table 3Statistics about housing: number of buildings per family

Building Main Sec. 1 Sec. 2 Sec. 3 Sec. 4

% of households 100% 98.51% 94.03% 81.34% 61.18%

Mean number ofrooms bybuilding

1.76 1.25 1.12 1.06 1.08 Kaolackregion

Mean distance tothe main building

/ 5.71 6.78 8.79 9.97

% of households 100% 100% 97.29% 64.86% 56.73%


1.7 1.39 1.33 1.03 1.05 Fatickregion


/ 3.13 4.93 5.83 7.35

% of households 100% 95.24% 76.19% 53.33% 32.38%


2.92 2.13 1.55 1.77 1.27 Thiesregion


/ 6.43 7.15 6.13 3.39

Energy data

Inhabitants of non-electrified villages use three main kinds of lights or energy: Oil-lamps, candles.

Batteries for torch, butane gas.

Solar PV panels with batteries feeding bulbs.

Some people use batteries charged in another village. As shown in table 4, morethan 5 km have to be covered on average to get oil in the three regions. In Kaolackand Fatick, families who use batteries have to cover about 20 km on average to

charge them.


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Table 4Constraints linked to the supply of energy

Villages from Meandistance tobuy the oil(km)

Mean distance tocharge thebatteries (km)

% of householdsconcerned by thecharge of the batteries

Kaolack 6.88 22 13%

Fatick 5.84 13 1.19%

Thies 6.83 19.23 33.33%

Table 5 gives some information about the electric equipments used by families innon-electrified and electrified villages.

Table 5Electric equipments in non-electrified and electrified household

Equipments In the non-electrifiedhouseholds

In theelectrifiedhouseholds

Radio-cassette 83.58% 0.00%

Radio 58.96% 40.00%

B&W TV 3.73% 0.00%

Colour TV 1.49% 73.33%

Refrigerator 0.00% 60.00% Kaolack region

Fan 0.00% 40.00%

Video 0.00% 20.00%

Freezer 0.00% 13.33%

Parabolicantenna

0.00% 6.67%

Mobile phone 0.00% 53.33%


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Radio-cassette 33.78% 60%

Radio 66.22% 26.66%

B&W TV 6.75% 0%

Colour TV 0.00% 80%

Refrigerator 0.00% 20% Fatick region

Fan 0.00% 53.33%

Video 0.00% 46.66%

Freezer 0.00% 6.66%


DVD/CD Player 0.00% 6.66%

Radio-cassette 43.60% 60.00%

Radio 96.00% 33.00%

Black and white

TV

62.00% 26.70%

Colour TV 20.00% 73.30%

Freezer 0.00% 13.30% Thies region

Fan 0.00% 26.70%

Video 0.00% 20.00%


Refrigerator 0.00% 6.70%

Electric pump 0.00% 46.70%

In non-electrified villages of Kaolack, most of people use radio-cassettes and radios.In Fatick more or less 10% of the families have a black and white television. In Thisalmost every family has a radio and 84% of the families have black and whitetelevisions.


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Compared to non-electrified household, electrified households generally use colourtelevisions, refrigerators, fans, videos and phones. It can be noticed that in This,unlike in the other two regions, electricity is also used for power-driven pumps. Thesurveys have been carried out by different teams in each region. The questions wereprobably not asked in the same manner in the three regions. Some differencesbetween data of different regions can be explained like this.

Table 6 shows the Substitutable Energetic Expenses (SEE) for lighting. Itcorresponds to total money that households would save if they were electrified andthey could use electricity instead of the other lighting systems they are using today.

Table 6Substitutable Energetic Expenses (SEEs) for lighting

Largevillages

Medium villages Smallvillages

All thevillages

Batteries(Fcfa)

1244 1654 1528 1522

Candles (Fcfa) 1898 5148 3000 3495 Kaolackregion

Oil (Fcfa) 5002 4467 3988 4432

Total amount 8144 11269 8516 9449

WithoutISS

WithISS

Batteries(Fcfa)

1664.3 2026.44 1349.61 1003.13 1635.14

Candles (Fcfa) 0 812.39 9.38 294.64 281.35 Fatickregion

Oil (Fcfa) 8492.3 4970.11 64.58 2326.79 3963.44

Total amount 10156.6 7817.94 1423.57 3624.56 5879.93

Batteries(Fcfa)

1829 1515.9 2775 1754 1740.3

Candles (Fcfa) 155.4 400 150 312.8 352.3 Thiesregion

Oil (Fcfa) 7728.4 3482.3 2543.7 1244 1752.8

Total amount 9712.8 5398.2 5468.7 3310.8 3845.4


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In Fatick and This the SEEs decrease with the size of the village. Moreover, takingdata as a whole, the trend is that SEEs decrease with proximity to Dakar. This isprobably due to the fact that lighting systems are cheaper as the distance to Dakardecreases.

In some villages, households have Individual Solar Systems (ISS). It can beremarked that in these villages, SEEs are logically lower.

Four service levels have been defined to facilitate the estimation of domesticelectrical energy needs (see table 7). The first level considers only 2 or 3 lamps anda radio, while the fourth level takes into account more than 8 lamps, one radio, onecolour television, one video and other devices such as refrigerator or fans.

Table 7Definition of service levels

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4

2-3 Lamps 3-5 Lamps 6-8 Lamps More than 8Lamps

Radio Radio Radio Radio

Black and whiteTV or Radio-cassette

Black and whiteTV or Radio-cassette

Colour TV

1 device Video

and other devices

Table 8 shows the distribution of households per Service Level (SL).

Table 8Distribution of household per Service Level (SL)

SL1 SL2 SL3 SL4

Number ofhouseholds

3 47 41 42 Kaolackregion

Percentage ofhouseholds

2.30% 35.30% 30.80% 31.60%

Number ofhouseholds

3 20 26 25 Fatickregion


4.06% 27.03% 35.13% 33.78%


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Number ofhouseholds

0 2 14 86 Thiesregion


0% 1.69% 13.21% 81.13%

In Kaolack the number of families who would like to have a 2, 3 or 4 SL is more orless the same. The collected data is similar in Fatick, even if in general, people of thisregion are rather more demanding. The service level demand is much higher in Thiswhere more than 81% of households declare that if their village was electrified, theywould take out a subscription corresponding to the fourth level. It can also be noticedthat very few households are situated in the first SL whatever the region is.

Economic data

The following figure shows the sum the household are Willing To Pay (WTP) perservice level. In general, fortunately, families who want a higher SL are willing to paymore. There is, however, a small contradiction in Kaolack where families who wouldlike SL 2 are willing to pay less than those who would like to have SL 1.

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

SL1 SL2 SL3 SL4

Service le vel

W T P ( F C F A )

Kaolack

Fatick

Thies

A comparison between the SEE for lighting and the WTP is made for each region inTable 9.


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Table 9Comparisons of the SEE (for lighting) and the WTP

SL1 SL2 SL3 SL4

SEE 3952 7079 14847 14524 Kaolack region

WTP 3833 3298 6561 11429

SEE 10444 4715 7129 11208 Fatick region

WTP 3000 4600 9500 14200

SEE - 1987 3972 6305 Thies region

WTP - 2250 6929 16267

In This households declare to be willing to pay more than their substitutable energyexpenses. This declaration seems to be coherent. This fact is also more or less truefor Fatick except for SL 1 families who declare they spend quite a lot on lighting.They may be families who spend too much money in comparison with theirpurchasing capacity. In Kaolack households declare they are willing to spend lessmoney than their SEE. Compared to the other two regions, it is true that their SEEs

are higher and it is probable that their incomes are lower.

Some questions in the surveys were prepared to see if households are used to takingout loans. Actually, if micro-grids are to be installed in the non-electrified villages, it isimportant to see whether local population would be willing to take out loans to pay forpart of the installation. The next figure shows that some families of the three regionsare used to taking out loans and that the majority of loans are lower than 400thousand Francs CFA (656 F CFA = 1 ).

02468

10121416

[ 0 - >

1 0 0 [

[ 1 0 0

- > 2 0

0 [

[ 2 0 0

- > 3 0

0 [

[ 3 0 0

- > 4 0

0 [

[ 4 0 0

- > 5 0

0 [

> 5 0 0

Amount of loan (thousands ofFCFA)

% o

f h o u s e

h o l d s

Kaolack

Fatick

Thies


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Estimation of consumption

Some data obtained from the interviews can be used to estimate the electrical energyneeds of each village. This estimation is necessary to do a proper dimensioning ofthe micro-grids to be installed in the villages concerned.

Table 10Hypotheses made for the estimation of the subscribed power and the consumed energy per householdfor each SL

Number Power(W)

Operationtime (h/d)

Dailyconsumption(Wh/d)

Monthlyconsumption(kWh/month)

Low energylamps 3 11 3 99 2.97

Radio 1 15 5 75 2.25 SL1

Total 48 174 5.22

Economiclamps

5 11 3 165 4.95

Radio 1 15 5 75 2.25 SL2

B&W TV 1 40 5 200 6

Total 110 440 13.2

Economiclamps

8 11 3 264 7.92

Radio 1 15 5 75 2.25

B&W TV 1 40 5 200 6 SL3

Refrigerator 1 100 19 1900 37

Total 243 2439 73.17

Economiclamps

16 11 3 528 15.84

Radio 1 15 5 75 2.25

B&W TV 1 40 5 200 6 SL4

Video 1 50 1 50 1.5

Freezer 1 130 18 2340 70.2

Total 411 3193 95.79


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The electrical energy needs can not be directly obtained from the surveys. First,

some hypotheses have to be done to estimate the power subscribed and the energyconsumed per household for each SL. Table 10 gives the list of hypotheses whichhave been made to do this estimation. Thus, for SL 1, the subscribed power perhousehold would be of 48 W and the consumed energy in one month is estimated at5.22 kWh. For SL 4, the values are 411 W and 95.79 kWh.

The different SLs affect only the energy consumption of the household. They do nottake into account other shared loads such as public lighting or pumping. Otherhypotheses have to be made to estimate the electrical consumption of these sharedloads, and thus to calculate the overall estimated electrical consumption.

Concerning public lights, it could consist of a streetlight of 100 W working 10 hoursper day, hence consuming 1 kWh per day. Moreover, considering the experience ofrural electrification, we can take one streetlight for 15 households. Concerning thesocial infrastructure (school, health centre and mosque), shops, etc., consumptioncan be estimated to be similar to that of SL 2, that is, a subscribed power of 243 Wand a consumed energy of 2439 kWh per day. For pumping and other uses ofmotors, consumption is determined considering a load of 3 kW working 4 hours perday, corresponding to a total consumption of 12 kWh per day.

These hypotheses, along with those of the above table 10 and with data from table 8concerning the distribution of household per SL, allow the estimation of the electricalneeds for the different sizes of village in the three regions (Table 11). The estimatedelectrical energy needs are lower in Kaolack than in the other regions. The lowerestimation is made for a village of 250 inhabitants of Kaolack, where the subscribedpower would be of 5.97 kW and the consumed energy would be of 47.26 kW per day.The highest estimation is made for a village of 1500 inhabitants in Fatick, where thesubscribed power would be of 49.34 kW and the consumed energy would be of379.29 kW in a day.

The micro-grids which would be installed in these villages should be dimensioned tobe as cheap as possible. This cost could be reduced by minimising the storagesystem (normally batteries) capacity or the power of the additional generator (forinstance diesel generator). The risk of this strategy is that sometimes, demand couldbe higher than supply. In this event, the population would have to accept theinterruption of power supply for some loads.


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Table 11Estimation of electrical energy needs per size of village and per region

Small villages Mediumvillages

Large villages

Population 250 350 500 750 1000 1500

Person/households 14 16 18

Households 18 25 31 47 56 83

Total powerdemand (kW)

5.97 7.77 12.18 16.11 21.11 28.09 Kaolackregion

Energy demand(kWh/d)

47.26 61.45 94.63 125.67 158.01 213.18

Person/households 11 13.2 10.3

Households 23 32 38 57 97 146


10.67 13.05 16.17 21.14 36.6 49.34 Fatickregion


77.44 96.78 121.35 161.65 275.99 379.29

Person/households 13.36 14.33 19.5

Households 19 26 35 52 51 77


10.02 12.82 16.5 23.03 35.37 44.96 Thiesregion


75.3 97.66 126.8 178.82 234.04 310.65

The potential of renewable energies

The potential of some renewable energy sources has been estimated by collectingcorresponding data in each region. The resources studied are biogas obtained fromanimal wastes, wind energy and solar energy.


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The next figure shows the potential of biogas for the three regions. Most of thebiogas would be obtained from bovine waste. The waste coming from equines, goatsand sheep also show a significant potential for the production of biogas. The globalamount of biogas which could be obtained from this animal waste is really important.For instance, more than 400 m 3 of biogas could be obtained per day from cattlewaste in Kaolack. However, this data has to be put into perspective. Currently,livestock is very dispersed in Senegal. Hence, it is difficult to collect the wastes.Moreover, after collecting the waste, it has to be processed to obtain biogas. Thus,considering all these remarks, the use of animal waste to generate electricity doesnot seem to be efficient enough to be taken into account as a resource for ruralelectrification.

050

100150200250300350400450

B o v i n

e S h

e e p

G o a t s

P o u l t

r y

H o r s e

s

D o n k

e y s B i

o g a s p r o

d u c t

i o n

( m 3 / d )

Kaolack

Fatick

Thies

Biogas potential in target regions

Because of its geographical situation, solar energy potential is very important inSenegal. On average the country gets 3000 hours of sunshine a year. It correspondsto a total energy average of 5.8 kWh/m 2 per day. Fig. 7 shows the daily radiation inthe three regions. The trends are the same: the radiation is maximal in April and Mayand minimal in December and January, but it is really very high throughout all theyear.


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0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

D a i

l y r a

d i a t

i o n

( k W h / m 2 / d

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

C l e a r n e s s

i n d e x

Daily radiat ion Clearness index

Kaolack region

0

1

2

3

45

6

7

D a i

l y r a

d i a t

i o n

( k W h / m 2 / d

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

C l e a r n e s s

i n d e

Daily radiat ion Clearness index

Fatick re gion

0

1

2

3

4

5

67

D a i

l y r a

d i a t

i o n

( k W h / m

2 / d )

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

C l e a r n e s s

i n d e x

Daily radiation Clearness index

Thies region

Solar potential in target regions

This solar potential can be used to generate electricity with PV panels. Thistechnology is still relatively expensive but very appropriate for isolated sites such asrural villages distant from the Senelec grid. Moreover, the price of the panels isdecreasing. In the future, solar thermodynamic power stations would be able toproduce cheaper electrical energy, though this technology is not still mature.

Wind energy is the renewable energy that has experienced the highest degree ofdevelopment during the last two decades. It is now very competitive in relativelywindy sites. Some global, but not very precise studies have been carried out inSenegal to analyse the wind energy potential. The average wind speed in the threeregions considered is between 3 and 5 m/s, most of the time more than 4 m/sAccording to these data, wind energy is not very useful, though wind speed can behigher in places, near a river, the sea or on a hill. The first wind farm will probably beinstalled rather soon by a European company in such a site with good wind.

Thus, contrary to PV panels, wind energy will not be competitive in every

non-electrified rural village, though it could be in some particularly windy villages.


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Kaolack region

0

0,5

1

1,5

22,5

33,5

4

4,5

5

J a n

A p r J u

l O c t

Y e a r

W i n d s p e e

d ( m / s )

Fatick region

0

0,5

1

1,5

22,5

33,5

44,5

5

J a n

A p r J u

l O c t

Y e a r

W i n d s p e e

d ( m / s )

Thies region

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

J a n

A p r J u

l O c t

Y e a r

W i n d s p e e

d ( m / s )

Wind potential in target regions


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13. D ESIGN OF AN ELECTRIFICATIONK IT

13.1. S ELECTION OF ENERGY SOURCES

Available energy sources have been analysed in order to define the configuration ofthe kit. Next figure shows the advantages and disadvantages of the different energysources considered in the analysis. Texts in red and green show key considerationsthat support the final decision for each case.

GENERADORDIESEL

Fcilmente disponibles Coste inicial bajo

Fciles de instalar y transportar

Necesidad de combustible Mantenimiento

Ruido y polucin

GENERADORDIESEL

Fcilmente disponibles Coste inicial bajo

Fciles de instalar y transportar

Necesidad de combustible Mantenimiento

Ruido y polucin

RenovableGran potencial en Senegal

Dificultad para la recogida Necesidad de tratamiento

previo para el uso en microrredBIOMASA

RenovableGran potencial en Senegal

Dificultad para la recogida Necesidad de tratamiento

previo para el uso en microrredBIOMASA

DIESELGENERATOR

Availability Low initial investmentEasy installation and

transportation

Fuel costs Maintenance

Noise and pollution

DIESELGENERATOR

Availability Low initial investmentEasy installation and

transportation

Fuel costs Maintenance

Noise and pollution

Renewable Great potential in Senegal

Difficult gathering Need for previous processingIOMASS


Difficult gathering Need for previous processingIOMASS

Renewable Space/power ratio

Previous wind analysis Location close to resource

Variability/Cost Irregular distribution in Senegal

WIND Renewable

Space/power ratio

Previous wind analysis Location close to resource

Variability/Cost Irregular distribution in Senegal

WIND


Regular distribution

Costs Need for batteriesOLAR


Regular distribution

Costs Need for batteriesOLAR

Energy sources chart selection

Solar photovoltaic (SPV) energy presents a great potential in Senegal, with morethan 3000 hours of solar radiation per year all through the country. Along with itsrenewable nature, this fact makes SPV the energy of the future in Senegal.Therefore it is considered as the preferred source for the kit, although its high costscan be a problem for the financing scheme.

The disadvantages of diesel generators (DGs) are well known: fuel costs, need forregular maintenance operations and nuisance such as noise and pollution. Thistechnology is cheap and easily available on the other hand. In fact, it is quite


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The figure shows the successive steps to be taken for the design of the electrificationkit:

1. Global sizing of the target community.

2. System layout with physical location of load, generator and distribution grid.

3. Grid configuration as far as number of lines and conductor section isconcerned.

4. System sizing including renewable and/or non-renewable generators as wellas energy storage facilities.

5. Safety considerations for people and facilities.

6. Tariff plan.

7. Operation and maintenance procedures.

4.2 Global sizing

The first step to be taken is to define the range of community sizes to be covered bythe modular concept. In Senegal, 85% of non-electrified villages have less than 500inhabitants. Additionally, for small villages (less than 100 inhabitants) the use of SolarHome Systems (SHS) is more efficient. Therefore the analysis will focus on small andmedium sized communities corresponding to a range between 100 and 750 people.Larger communities up to 1.500 inhabitants should be served by the use of two ormore kits in parallel configuration.

4.3 System layout

The figure in the next page shows the procedure to be followed to establish thelayout of the system through the following steps:

1. Physical location of users: domestic users, public services, shops andindustries.

2. Definition of distance and load for each user. Loads for different users areclassified in four possible service levels, ranging from 50 to 400w. The loadsmust be characterized not only in terms of power, but also in terms of time ofuse so in the end a global hourly load profile can be established for the village.

3. Plan for future expansion through growing consumption and new users.


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4. Location of the generator. The source of energy must be placed close to thelargest loads in order to minimize power losses. Other factors to be consideredare availability of land for the facility and, in the case of a diesel generator,separation from households in order to avoid noise and proximity to roads foreasy fuel supply.

5. Finally, the layout of the distribution grid will be traced. Costs must beminimised while maintaining appropriate voltage drops and power losses.Safety and reliability issues must also be considered.

Users

location

Users

location

Loads anddistances

Loads anddistances

100w

200w

400w

200w

100w

3000w

400w

Forecast forthe future

Forecast forthe future

200w

400w

Location of

generator

Location of

generator

GCONDITIONS:

Close to large loads Space availability

Noise Fuel Supply

Distributiongrid

Distributiongrid

CONDITIONS: Voltage drop and power loses

Safety / Reliability

Costs

Procedure for the definition of system layout

4.4 Grid configuration

The first question to be solved is whether the grid will be monophasic or triphasic.Monophasic schemes are simpler to design and install. Triphasic grids permit theconnection of larger loads and, since losses are smaller, they are more economical interms of wiring costs. The inconvenience is a more complex design process in whichloads must be balanced between the three branches in order to obtain better results.


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Triphasic wiring is lessexpensive than

monophasic due to thelower level of losses in

the distribution line

The next table shows a relative comparison of wiring costs for the same workingconditions. Even in a 50% unbalanced system, monophasic costs double those of thetriphasic configuration.

Relative cost comparison between monophasic and triphasic configurations

Configuration Balanced 50%unbalance

MONOPHASIC 3 2

TRIPHASIC (4 WIRES) 1 1

The next step is the calculation of the optimal wiring size. The electrical resistance ofthe wire is the origin of two negative effects:

Voltage drop that affects the quality of service with consequences such as lowerlevel of lighting or problems with engine operation.

Power loses due to consumption by the wire itself.

Since these effects are inverselyproportional to the cross section of thewire, it is very important to properlydefine this size. First of all acceptablelimits must be fixed for voltage drop andpower losses. Five per cent can be agood reference point since it does nothave important effects on quality ofservice and generator sizing. Then acalculation method must be applied torelate voltage drop and power loses to

the length and configuration of thepredefined layout. Simplified methodsallow the use of direct formulas when the load can be considered to be concentratedat the end or evenly distributed through the grid. If this is not the case, more complexalgorithms must be used for the processing of each individual position of the loads. Inany case, it must be said that a more expensive wire can be more economicallyefficient in terms of power loses throughout the life of the project.


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A techno-economicanalysis must be carriedout in order to offer a

good quality of servicewith minimal life-cycle

costs

4.5 System sizing

This task refers to the optimization of the size of energy generators and storagesys

Documents

Micro Grids Results Report