BASE SUGAR

PHOSPHATE

BASE SUGAR

PHOSPHATE

BASE SUGAR

PHOSPHATE

BASE SUGAR

PHOSPHATE

BASE SUGAR

PHOSPHATE

DNA(a) (b)BASE SUGAR

PHOSPHATE

BASE SUGAR

PHOSPHATE

BASE SUGAR

PHOSPHATE

BASE SUGAR

PHOSPHATE

BASE SUGAR

PHOSPHATE

BASE

BASE

BASE

BASE

BASE

SUGAR

SUGAR

SUGAR

SUGAR

SUGAR

PHOSPHATE

PHOSPHATE

PHOSPHATE

PHOSPHATE

PHOSPHATE

(c) (d)

10 2

102

104

106

10 4

10 6

10 8

10 10

1.0

The earth as an ecosystem

Whale

Length of DNA inhuman genome

Nematode

Plant cell

Bacterial cell

Virus

Ribosome

Protein

Atom

Animal cell

Human being

Metr

es

10 3

1016

10 6

10 9

10 12

10 15

1.0

Molecular evolution

Protein synthesis

Enzyme catalysis

DNA unfolding

Macromolecular thermalmotions

Bond vibrations

Electronic rearrangementsin vision

Seconds

10 3

10 6 10 7 10 8 10 9 10 10

10 6

10 9

10 12

10 15

1015

1012

109

106

103

10 181

10 000 1000 100 10 1

LS, HD SAXS,SANS NMR

N-cryst

X-cryst

EM

SMD

(m)

( )A

(g) ( )

Mate

rial

Length scale

10 15

10 5 10 2 104

10 12 10 9 10 6 10 3 1

10

s

Temperature (K)

NMR NS, FTIR

Energy

ms

s

ns

ps

fs

DLS EBFB

FD

LS, 2-D IR

Tim

e(s

)

(electron volts)

Laser BeamMicroscopeobjectives

Laser Beam

DNA molecule

Polystyrenebead

Glass micropipette

S

NS

N

F

Bead

DNA

Glass substrate

(a)

(b)

(c)

DNA

Laser

Cantilever

Detector

St age