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Biophysics of Systems Dieter Braun Systems Biophysics ter Program Biophysics: p://www.physik.uni-muenchen.de/studium/ diengaenge/master_physik/ma_phys_bio/curriculum.htm Lecture + Seminar Do 14.15-17.30 Uhr Website of Lecture: http://www.physik.uni-muenchen.d lehre/vorlesungen/wise_09_10/ Biophysics_of_Systems/index.html

Biophysics of Systems Dieter Braun Systems Biophysics Master Program Biophysics: studiengaenge/master_physik/ma_phys_bio/curriculum.html

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Page 1: Biophysics of Systems Dieter Braun Systems Biophysics Master Program Biophysics:  studiengaenge/master_physik/ma_phys_bio/curriculum.html

Biophysics of Systems

Dieter BraunSystems Biophysics

Master Program Biophysics:http://www.physik.uni-muenchen.de/studium/studiengaenge/master_physik/ma_phys_bio/curriculum.html

Lecture + SeminarDo 14.15-17.30 Uhr

Website of Lecture:http://www.physik.uni-muenchen.de/lehre/vorlesungen/wise_09_10/Biophysics_of_Systems/index.html

Page 2: Biophysics of Systems Dieter Braun Systems Biophysics Master Program Biophysics:  studiengaenge/master_physik/ma_phys_bio/curriculum.html

Inhalte : Biophysik der Systeme

1. Einleitung

2. Evolution + Nichtlineare Dynamik

3. Raumzeitliche Strukturbildung

4. Biologische Netzwerke

5. Beispiel: Chemotaxis

6. Genetische Netzwerke

7. Zelluläre Netzwerke / Neuronale Netze

8. Spieltheorie

9. Methoden der Systembiologie

10. Synthetische Biologie

Page 4: Biophysics of Systems Dieter Braun Systems Biophysics Master Program Biophysics:  studiengaenge/master_physik/ma_phys_bio/curriculum.html

A physical view of the (eukaryotic) cell

• Macromolecules– 5 Billion Proteins

• 5,000 to 10,000 different species

– 1 meter of DNA with Several Billion bases

– 60 Million tRNAs– 700,000 mRNAs

• Organelles– 4 Million Ribosomes– 30,000 Proteasomes– Dozens of Mitochondria

• Chemical Pathways– Vast numbers– Tightly coupled

• How is a useful approach possible?

www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/cell1.html

Page 5: Biophysics of Systems Dieter Braun Systems Biophysics Master Program Biophysics:  studiengaenge/master_physik/ma_phys_bio/curriculum.html

Biosystems: Rückkopplungen

Page 6: Biophysics of Systems Dieter Braun Systems Biophysics Master Program Biophysics:  studiengaenge/master_physik/ma_phys_bio/curriculum.html

Biosystems: Rückkopplungen

Regulation

Cell-Cell Communication

RNA Interferenz

Protein-Wechselwirkung

Reaktionsnetzwerke

Organellen

Epigenetics

Promotoren,Inhibitoren

Verstärkung

DiffusionRauschen

Kompartimente

Page 7: Biophysics of Systems Dieter Braun Systems Biophysics Master Program Biophysics:  studiengaenge/master_physik/ma_phys_bio/curriculum.html

Zum Begriff „Bio-System“

InputOut-put

* Komponenten (Spezien)* Netzwerkartige Verknüpfungen (kinetische Raten)* Substrukturen (Knoten,Module, Motive)* Funktionelle Input => Output Relation

* Erforschung der „Bauprinzipen“ (reverse engineering)Vorsicht : Bauprinzip nicht „rational“ sondern Ergebnis eines Evolutionprozesses • Erstellung quantitativer Modelle zur Beschreibung des Systems• Überprüfen der Modelle mit experimentellen Daten• Vorhersagen von Systemverhalten

Eigenschaften

Ziel

Page 8: Biophysics of Systems Dieter Braun Systems Biophysics Master Program Biophysics:  studiengaenge/master_physik/ma_phys_bio/curriculum.html

Systems Biology Definition

• Systems Biology integrates experimental and modeling approaches to study the structure and dynamical properties of biological systems

• It aims at quantitative experimental results and building predictive models and simulations of these systems.

• Current primary focus is the cell and its subsystems , but the „systems perspective“ will be extended to tissues, organs, organisms, populations, ecosystems,..

Page 9: Biophysics of Systems Dieter Braun Systems Biophysics Master Program Biophysics:  studiengaenge/master_physik/ma_phys_bio/curriculum.html

b g Ga

Der biochemische Signalpfad in dictyostelium discoideum

PIP2PIP3

CRAC

cAMP

PI3K*b g

PH

PTENRac/Cdc42

Actin polymerization

RAS

Cellpolarization

pleckstrinhomologydomain

+

Acetylcholin-Aktivierung

Page 10: Biophysics of Systems Dieter Braun Systems Biophysics Master Program Biophysics:  studiengaenge/master_physik/ma_phys_bio/curriculum.html

Abstrakte Darstellung der Signalübertragung

Biochemische Ratengleichung

+ Definition von Reaktionsräumen

+ Diffusionsprozesse Reakt.-Diff- Gl.

+ stochastische Beschreibung

Page 11: Biophysics of Systems Dieter Braun Systems Biophysics Master Program Biophysics:  studiengaenge/master_physik/ma_phys_bio/curriculum.html

Signal-Netzwerke sind „komplex“

Connection Maps: Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment www.stke.org

Page 12: Biophysics of Systems Dieter Braun Systems Biophysics Master Program Biophysics:  studiengaenge/master_physik/ma_phys_bio/curriculum.html

Zum Umgang mit Komplexität

Page 13: Biophysics of Systems Dieter Braun Systems Biophysics Master Program Biophysics:  studiengaenge/master_physik/ma_phys_bio/curriculum.html

Ein klassisches Hilfsmittel für die Analyse Komplexer Systeme

Quantitative Daten Analyse, Mathematischel ModellierungSimulation

System Analyse

Page 14: Biophysics of Systems Dieter Braun Systems Biophysics Master Program Biophysics:  studiengaenge/master_physik/ma_phys_bio/curriculum.html

Nützliche Analogie zw. Signaltransduktion und elektronischen Schaltkeisen

Page 15: Biophysics of Systems Dieter Braun Systems Biophysics Master Program Biophysics:  studiengaenge/master_physik/ma_phys_bio/curriculum.html

Biologische Signalnetzwerke sind kombinatorisch bzgl. Ein- und Ausgabe

Page 16: Biophysics of Systems Dieter Braun Systems Biophysics Master Program Biophysics:  studiengaenge/master_physik/ma_phys_bio/curriculum.html

Modular view of the chemoattractant-induced signaling pathway in Dictyostelium

Peter N. Devreotes et al.Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 2004. 20:22

Page 17: Biophysics of Systems Dieter Braun Systems Biophysics Master Program Biophysics:  studiengaenge/master_physik/ma_phys_bio/curriculum.html

Hierarchische Struktur biologischer Organismen(Z. Oltvai, A.-L. Barabasi, Science 10/25/02)

Page 18: Biophysics of Systems Dieter Braun Systems Biophysics Master Program Biophysics:  studiengaenge/master_physik/ma_phys_bio/curriculum.html

Modular Biology

as advocated in the influential paper (Nature 402, Dec 1999)

Page 19: Biophysics of Systems Dieter Braun Systems Biophysics Master Program Biophysics:  studiengaenge/master_physik/ma_phys_bio/curriculum.html

Stochastic GenesFrom Concentrations to Probabilities

Page 20: Biophysics of Systems Dieter Braun Systems Biophysics Master Program Biophysics:  studiengaenge/master_physik/ma_phys_bio/curriculum.html

Stochastic Genes

Number of mRNA/cell 4000Number of rRNA/cell 18,000Number of tRNA/cell 200,000Number of all RNA/cell 222,000Number of polysaccharides/cell 39,000Number of lipopolysaccharide/cell 600,000Number of lipids/cell 25,000,000Number of outer membrane proteins 300,000Number of porins (subset of OM) 60,000Number of lipoproteins (OM) 240,000 Number of nuclear proteins 100,000Number of ribosomal proteins 900,000Number of all proteins in cell 2,600,000 Number of external proteins (flag/pili) 1,000,000Number of all proteins 3,600,000

Inventory of an E-coli: do counting molecules matter?

Note the low number of mRNA !

From Concentrations to Probabilities

Page 21: Biophysics of Systems Dieter Braun Systems Biophysics Master Program Biophysics:  studiengaenge/master_physik/ma_phys_bio/curriculum.html

Wiederholung: Gen-Expression

Erbgut ist fixiert, wie kann eine bakterielle Zelle sich an ihre Umgebung anpassen?Antwort: Regulation der Gen-Expression

Page 22: Biophysics of Systems Dieter Braun Systems Biophysics Master Program Biophysics:  studiengaenge/master_physik/ma_phys_bio/curriculum.html

Repressors & Inducers

• Inducers that inactivate repressors:– IPTG (Isopropylthio-ß-galactoside) Lac repressor

– aTc (Anhydrotetracycline) Tet repressor

• Use as a logical Implies gate: (NOT R) OR I

operatorpromoter gene

RNAP

activerepressor

operatorpromoter gene

RNAP

inactiverepressor

inducerno transcription transcription

Repressor Inducer Output

0 0 10 1 11 0 01 1 1

RepressorInducer

Output

Page 23: Biophysics of Systems Dieter Braun Systems Biophysics Master Program Biophysics:  studiengaenge/master_physik/ma_phys_bio/curriculum.html

Der Effektkleiner Zahlen

e.g. Herabsetzenvon Transkriptionsrateoder Zellvolumen

Proteinlevel konstantFluktuationen erhöht

Page 24: Biophysics of Systems Dieter Braun Systems Biophysics Master Program Biophysics:  studiengaenge/master_physik/ma_phys_bio/curriculum.html

Unterscheide zwischen intrinsischem (biochem. Prozess der Gen-Expression) und extrinsischem (Fluktuationen anderer Zellkomponenten, z.B. Konzentration von RNA Polymerase) RauschenIdee für Experiment:Gen für CFP (grün fluoreszierendes Protein) und YFP (rot fluoreszierendes Protein) werden durch den gleichen Promotor kontrolliert, d.h. mittlere Konzentration von CFP und YFP in einer Zelle gleich=> Wahrscheinlichkeit für Expression sollte sich in einer Zelle nur durch intrinsisches Rauschen unterscheiden

A: kein intrinsisches Rauschen => Rauschen korreliert rot+grün=gelb

B: intrinsische Rauschen => Rauschen unkorreliert, verschiedene Farben Elowitz, M. et al, Science 2002

intrinsischesRauschen

Extrinsic Noise

Intrinsic Noise

Stochastic Gen-Expression

Page 25: Biophysics of Systems Dieter Braun Systems Biophysics Master Program Biophysics:  studiengaenge/master_physik/ma_phys_bio/curriculum.html

Elowitz, M. et al, Science 2002

Unrepressed LacI Repressed LacI +Induced by IPTG

Intrinsic NoiseExtrinsic Noise Extrinsic Noise

Stochastic Gen-Expression

Page 26: Biophysics of Systems Dieter Braun Systems Biophysics Master Program Biophysics:  studiengaenge/master_physik/ma_phys_bio/curriculum.html

Science, 307:1965 (2005)