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Methodological Note Contents The American Human Development Index Calculating the American HD Index Goalposts for Calculating the American HD Index Health Index Education Index Income Index Data Sources Metro Areas Used in The Measure of America 2013–2014 Racial and Ethnic Groups Used The Measure of America 2013–2014 Cautions on Comparability Notes Bibliography The American Human Development Index The following are notes on data and methodology to accompany The Measure of America 2013–2014, launched June 19, 2013. The American Human Development (HD) Index measures the distribution of well‐being and opportunity in three basic dimensions: health, access to knowledge, and living standards. All data used to calculate the American HD Index come from official U.S. government sources. In the Index: A long and healthy life is measured using life expectancy at birth. This indicator is calculated by Measure of America using abridged life tables based on the Chiang methodology. 1 The mortality data come from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics and the population estimates come from the U.S. Census Bureau Population Estimates Program.

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  • MethodologicalNoteContentsTheAmericanHumanDevelopmentIndex

    CalculatingtheAmericanHDIndex

    GoalpostsforCalculatingtheAmericanHDIndex

    HealthIndex

    EducationIndex

    IncomeIndex

    DataSources

    MetroAreasUsedinTheMeasureofAmerica20132014

    RacialandEthnicGroupsUsedTheMeasureofAmerica20132014

    CautionsonComparability

    Notes

    Bibliography

    TheAmericanHumanDevelopmentIndexThefollowingarenotesondataandmethodologytoaccompanyTheMeasureofAmerica20132014,launchedJune19,2013.TheAmericanHumanDevelopment(HD)Indexmeasuresthedistributionofwellbeingandopportunityinthreebasicdimensions:health,accesstoknowledge,andlivingstandards.AlldatausedtocalculatetheAmericanHDIndexcomefromofficialU.S.governmentsources.IntheIndex:Alongandhealthylifeismeasuredusinglifeexpectancyatbirth.ThisindicatoriscalculatedbyMeasureofAmericausingabridgedlifetablesbasedontheChiangmethodology.1ThemortalitydatacomefromtheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,NationalCenterforHealthStatisticsandthepopulationestimatescomefromtheU.S.CensusBureauPopulationEstimatesProgram.

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    Accesstoknowledgeismeasuredusingtwoindicators:netschoolenrollmentforthepopulationage3to24anddegreeattainmentforthepopulation25yearsandolder(basedontheproportionoftheadultpopulationthathasearnedahighschooldiploma,abachelorsdegree,andagraduateorprofessionaldegree).BothindicatorsarefromtheAmericanCommunitySurvey(ACS)oftheU.S.CensusBureau.Adecentstandardoflivingismeasuredusingthemedianpersonalearningsofallworkerswithearningsages16andolderfromtheACS.CalculatingtheAmericanHDIndexBeforetheHDIndexiscalculated,asubindexneedstobecreatedforeachofthesethreedimensions.Tocalculatetheseindices,minimumandmaximumvalues(goalposts)arechosenforeachunderlyingindicator.Thegoalpostsaredeterminedbasedontherangeoftheindicatorobservedonallpossiblegroupingsandalsotakingintoaccountpossibleincreasesanddecreasesinyearstocome.Thesearethenadjustedinordertoachieveabalanceinthefinalindex.AllthreedimensionsoftheAmericanHDIndexareweightedequally.Performanceineachdimensionisexpressedasavaluebetween0and10byapplyingthefollowinggeneralformula:DimensionIndex=actualvalueminimumvalue

    maximumvalueminimumvalue

    GoalpostsforCalculatingtheAmericanHDIndexThegoalpostsforthefourprincipleindicatorsthatmakeuptheAmericanHumanDevelopmentIndexareshowninthetablebelow.InordertomaketheHDIndexcomparableovertime,thehealthandeducationindicatorgoalpostsdonotchangefromyeartoyear.Theearningsgoalpostsareadjustedforinflation(pleaseseethebelowformoredetails).Becauseearningsdataandthegoalpostsarepresentedindollarsofthesameyear,thesegoalpostsreflectaconstantamountofpurchasingpowerregardlessoftheyear,makingincomeindexresultscomparableovertime.VALUE

    MMMAXIMUMVALUE

    MINIMUMVALUE

    Lifeexpectancyatbirth(years) 9090years 66yearsEducationalattainmentscore 2.0 0.5Combinednetenrollmentratio(%) 95% 60%Medianpersonalearnings(2010dollars)* $61,427 $14,519*Earningsgoalpostswereoriginallysetat$55,000and$13,000in2005dollars.

    x10

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    TheAmericanHDIndexiscalculatedbytakingthesimpleaverageofthehealth,education,andincomeindices.Sinceallthreecomponentsrangefrom0to10,theHDIndexitselfalsovariesfrom0to10,with10representingthehighestlevelofhumandevelopment.TheexampleatrightshowshowtheHDIndexvaluefortheUnitedStatesiscalculated.______________________________________________________________________________EXAMPLE:CalculatingtheHDIndexfortheUnitedStates

    HEALTHIndexLifeexpectancyatbirthfortheUnitedStatesin2009was78.86,roundedto78.9years.TheHealthIndexisgivenby:HealthIndex=78.8666

    9066

    EDUCATIONIndexIn2010,85.6percentofU.S.adults25yearsandolderhadatleastahighschooldiploma,28.2percenthadatleastabachelorsdegree,and10.4percenthadagraduateorprofessionaldegree.ThereforetheEducationalAttainmentScoreis0.856+0.282+0.104=1.242.TheEducationalAttainmentIndexisthen:EducationalAttainmentIndex=1.240.5

    2.00.5Schoolenrollment(netgrossenrollmentratio)was77.55,roundedto77.6percent.SotheEnrollmentIndexis:EnrollmentIndex=77.55609560TheEducationalAttainmentIndexandtheEnrollmentIndexarethencombinedtoobtaintheEducationIndex.TheEducationIndexgivesa2/3weighttotheEducationalAttainmentIndexanda1/3weighttotheEnrollmentIndextoreflecttherelativeeaseofenrollingstudentsinschoolascomparedwiththerelativedifficultyofcompletingameaningfulcourseofeducation(signifiedbytheattainmentofdegrees):EducationIndex=2/3(4.95)+1/3(5.01)=4.97INCOMEIndexMedianpersonalearningsin2010were$28,899. TheIncomeIndexisthen:IncomeIndex=log(28,899)log(14,519.01)

    log(61,426.57)log(14,519.01)

    x10=5.36

    x10=4.95

    x10=5.01

    x10=4.77

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    HUMANDEVELOPMENTIndexOncetheseindiceshavebeencalculated,theHDIndexisobtainedbytakingtheaverageofthethreeindices:HDIndex=5.36+4.97+4.77

    _____________________________________________________________________________

    HealthIndexTheHealthIndexmeasuresrelativeachievementinlifeexpectancyatbirth.Lifeexpectancyatbirthiscalculatedusingdatafromtwoprincipalsources.MortalitydatawereobtainedbyarrangementwiththeNationalCenterforHealthStatistics(NCHS)attheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,andtheNationalAssociationforPublicHealthStatisticsandInformationSystemsVitalStatisticsCooperativeProgram.BridgedracepopulationestimateswereobtainedfromtheCDCWONDERDatabase.LifeexpectancyiscalculatedbasedonawidelyusedmethoddevelopedbyC.L.Chiang.Thismethodinvolvestheconstructionofabridgedlifetablesthatusepopulationandmortalitycountsbyagegroupasinputs.TheHealthIndexisobtainedbyscalingthelifeexpectancyatbirthvaluesusingthemaximumandminimumgoalpostsandiscalculatedasfollows:HealthIndexi=LEiLEMIN

    LEMAXLEMINwhereLEiisthelifeexpectancyatbirthforunitiandLEMINandLEMAXarethegoalposts.

    EducationIndexTheEducationIndexisbasedontwosubindices:anEducationalAttainmentIndexandanEnrollmentIndex.TheEducationalAttainmentIndexmeasurestheoveralllevelofeducationalattainmentachievedbytheadultpopulation.Ittakesintoaccountthepercentageofthepopulationage25yearsandolderwhohaveearnedatleastahighschooldiplomaorequivalent,atleastabachelorsdegree,oranadvanceddegree(masters,professional,doctoral,etc.).Eachcategoryrepresentsthepercentageoftheadultpopulationwhohaveachievedatleastthatlevelofattainment,meaningthatthepercentageofthepopulation25

    x10

    =5.03

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    andoverwithamastersdegreenecessarilyincludesthosewithabachelorsdegreeandahighschooldiplomaoritsequivalent.TocalculatetheEducationalAttainmentIndex,firstanAttainmentSumisdeterminedbyaddingthepercentageofthepopulation25andolderwithatleastahighschooldiplomaorequivalent,thepercentagewithatleastabachelorsdegree,andthepercentagewithanadvanceddegree.Thosewhohaveearnedanassociatedegreeorthosewhohavecompletedsomecollegewithoutearningadegreearecountedintheatleasthighschoolcategory.TheEducationalAttainmentIndexiscalculatedasfollows:EducationalAttainmentIndexi= EASiEASMINx10

    EASMAXEASMINwhereEASiistheEducationalAttainmentScoreforunitiandEASMINandEASMAXarethegoalposts.TheEnrollmentIndexisbasedonanetenrollmentcalculationthattakesintoaccountthetotalnumberofstudentsenrolledinschool(ofanyageatanylevel)dividedbythetotalschoolagedpopulationof3to24yearolds(inclusive).Therefore,NetEnrollmentRatioi=ENRi

    P3TO24iwhereENRiisthepopulationages3to24enrolledinschoolatanylevelandP3TO24iisthepopulationbetweentheagesof3and24.TheEnrollmentIndexisthencalculated:EnrollmentIndexi=NERiNERMINx10

    NERMAXNERMINwhereNERiistheEducationalAttainmentScoreforunitiandNERMINandNERMAXarethegoalposts.Finally,thesetwocomponentsarecombinedintotheEducationIndex.Inordertoreflecttherelativeeaseofenrollingstudentsinschoolcomparedtothecompletionofameaningfulcourseofeducation(signifiedbytheattainmentofdegrees),atwothirdsweightisappliedtotheAttainmentIndexandaonethirdweighttotheEnrollmentIndextocalculatethefinalEducationIndexasfollows:EducationIndexi=2/3EAIi+1/3EIiwhereEAIiisEducationalAttainmentIndex,andEIiisEnrollmentIndex.

    IncomeIndex

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    TheIncomeIndexiscalculatedasfollows:IncomeIndexi=log(yi)log(yMIN)log(yMAX)log(yMIN)whereyiistheMedianEarningsforunitiandyMINandyMAXarethegoalposts.Medianpersonalearningsreflectthemedianofthesumofwages,salaries,andnetincomefromselfemploymentbeforedeductionsfortaxes,andsocialcontributionsforthepopulationage16andolderwithearnings.Inflationadjustments.Comparingearningsfromdifferentyearsrequiresanadjustmenttoaccountforthedepreciationofthepurchasingpowerofanydollaramountduetoinflation.TheConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)ascalculatedbytheBureauofLaborStatistics(BLS)wasusedtoconvertdollarsofdifferentyearsto2010dollarsforthepurposesofthisreport.FollowingtherecommendationoftheU.S.CensusBureau,2theCPIresearchseriesusingcurrentmethods(CPIURS)wasusedtoconstructadjustmentfactorsforconvertingdollarsofoneyeartoanother.DataSourcesCalculatingtheAmericanHDIndexfortheUnitedStatesacrossthedecadessince1960,andforU.S.statesfrom2000to2010,requiredtheutilizationofmorethanonesourceofdataforeachindicator.ThefollowingtablessummarizethesourcesofdatausedintheHDIndex,byindicatorandyear.LifeExpectancyatBirthYear Sources2010 MortalitydatafromtheCDC,NationalCenterforHealthStatisticsascompiledfromdata

    providedbythe57vitalstatisticsjurisdictionsthroughtheVitalStatisticsCooperativeProgramandJuly1stintercensalpopulationestimatesaccessedthroughtheCDCWONDEROnLinedatabase.

    2008 Sourcesasabove.2005 Sourcesasabove.2000 Sourcesasabove.1990 CDC.Health,UnitedStates,2007,Hyattsville,MD:2007,Table27.Lifeexpectancyatbirth,at

    65yearsofage,andat75yearsofage,byraceandsex:UnitedStates,selectedyears19002004

    1980 Sourceasabove.1970 Sourceasabove.1960 Sourceasabove.NOTES Lifeexpectancyatbirthestimatesfor2010,2008,2005,and2000areMeasureofAmerica

    calculations.EstimatesforallotheryearsaretakenfromtheCDC,Health,UnitedStates,2007publication,asnotedabove.MeasureofAmerica2010estimatesuse2009dataand2008estimatesuse2007data.

    EducationalAttainmentYear Sources2010 U.S.CensusBureau,ACS.2008 U.S.CensusBureau,ACS.

    X10

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    2005 U.S.CensusBureau,ACS.2000 U.S.CensusBureau,Census2000.1990 1990U.S.CensusBureau,CensusofPopulation,EducationintheUnitedStates(CP34),

    Table1.1980 1980CensusCharacteristicsofthePopulation,ChapterC,GeneralSocialandEconomic

    Characteristics,Table83.1970 Asabove.1960 Asabove.NOTES Priorto1990,theU.S.CensusBureaumeasurededucationalattainmentasthenumberof

    yearsofschoolingcompleted,notbyhighestdegreecompleted.Thosewhocompletedfiveormoreyearsofcollegearecountedashavinggraduateorprofessionaldegrees.

    EducationalEnrollmentYear Sources2010 U.S.CensusBureau,ACS.2008 U.S.CensusBureau,ACS.2005 U.S.CensusBureau,ACS.2000 U.S.CensusBureau,Census2000.1990 U.S.CensusBureau,CurrentPopulationSurvey(CPS),October1990,Table1.1980 U.S.CensusBureau,CPS,October1980,Table6.1970 U.S.CensusBureau,CPS,October1970,Table1.1960 U.S.CensusBureau,CPS,October1960,Table3.NOTES Estimatesofnetenrollmentreflectenrollmentamong3to24yearoldsforallyearsexcept

    1960wheretheagerangewas5to24.MedianPersonalEarningsYear Sources2010 U.S.CensusBureau,ACS.2008 U.S.CensusBureau,ACS.2005 U.S.CensusBureau,ACS.2000 U.S.CensusBureau,Census2000.1990 U.S.CensusBureau,CPS,CensusHistoricalIncomeTableP43.1980 Asabove.1970 U.S.CensusBureau,CPS,CensusHistoricalIncomeTableP04.1960 Asabove.NOTES EstimatesofmedianpersonalearningsfromtheACSreflectearningsinthetwelvemonths

    priortoansweringthesurvey.Thisincludesallworkerswithearningsages16andolder.EstimatesofmedianpersonalearningsfromthedecennialCensusreflectearningsinthepreviouscalendaryear.Thisincludesallcivilianworkerswithearningsages15andolderfor1980,1990,and2000.For1960and1970,thisincludesworkerswithincomeages14andolderandincomeissubstitutedforearnings.FiguresfromtheCPSwereadjustedwiththeratioofACSandCPSestimatesofmedianpersonalearningsfor2010.Allfiguresareinconstant2010dollars.TheCPIresearchseriesusingcurrentmethods(CPIURS)wasusedtoconstructadjustmentfactorsforconvertingdollarsofoneyeartoanother.

    MetroAreasUsedinTheMeasureofAmerica20132014

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    ThemetroareasusedinthisreportareformallycalledMetropolitanStatisticalAreas(MSAs),geographicareasandaredefinedbytheWhiteHouseOfficeofManagementandBudgetandusedbytheU.S.CensusBureauandothergovernmententities.3MSAsincludeanurbancenterandoutlyingcountiesfromwhichasubstantialpercentageofthepopulationcommutestotheurbancenterforwork.MSAsusedinthisreportwerethetwentyfivelargestmetroareasinthenationatthetimeofthe2010Census.MSAnameshavebeenshortenedfromtheirofficialversionsforsimplicity.Pleaseseepage56ofTheMeasureofAmerica20132014fortheofficialnameandCensus2010populationofeachmetroarea. RacialandEthnicGroupsUsedinTheMeasureofAmerica20132014TheracialandethnicgroupsusedinthisreportarebasedondefinitionsestablishedbytheWhiteHouseOfficeofManagementandBudget(OMB)andusedbytheCensusBureauandothergovernmententities.4Since1997theOMBhasrecognizedfiveracialgroupsandtwoethniccategories.TheracialgroupsincludeNativeAmericans,AsianAmericans,AfricanAmericans,NativeHawaiiansandOtherPacificIslanders,andwhites.TheethniccategoriesareLatinoandnotLatino.PeopleofLatinoethnicitymaybeofanyrace.Inthisreport,membersofeachoftheseracialgroupsincludeonlynonLatinomembersofthesegroups.Whenthetotalpopulationofanygroupinanyareawaslessthan50,000people,theAmericanHDIndexwasnotcalculatedforthatgroupduetothestatisticalinstabilityofsurveybasedestimatesforsmallpopulations.CautionsonComparabilityThisbriefdiffersfrompriorMeasureofAmericapublicationsinthatisusesthenetenrollmentratioofthepopulationages3to24intheEducationIndexcomponentoftheIndex,replacingthepreviouslyusedgrossenrollmentrateforallstudentsages3andabove.Previouslypublishedestimatesoflifeexpectancyatbirthhavealsobeenrevisedusingrecentlyreleasedintercensalestimatesoftheresidentpopulationmadeavailableinthe2010Census.Asaresultofthesechangesandrevisions,AmericanHumanDevelopmentIndexvaluespresentedinthisbriefarenotcomparablewithpreviouslypublishedvaluesfromTheMeasureofAmerica:AmericanHumanDevelopmentReport20082009,TheMeasureofAmerica20102011:MappingRisksandResilienceorMeasureofAmericasstateandcountylevelreports.NotethatHDIndexvaluespresentedinthisreportforallyearsandlevelsofgeographyhavebeencalculatedusingtheupdatedmethodologyandarefullycomparablewitheachother.AlldatausedtocalculatetheAmericanHumanDevelopmentIndex,withtheexceptionoflifeexpectancyatbirth,comefromtheAmericanCommunitySurvey(ACS),anannualsurveyconductedbytheU.S.CensusBureau.AstheACSsurveysasubsetoftheoverallpopulation,estimatesofpopulationcharacteristicscalculatedfromACSdataaresubjecttosomedegreeofsamplingandnonsamplingerror.Comparisonsbetweensimilarvaluesonanyindicator,

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    especiallyforsmallpopulations,shouldbemadewithcautionsincethesedifferencesmaynotalwaysbestatisticallysignificant.BibliographyCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention.NationalCenterforHealthStatistics.BridgedRacePopulationEstimates,UnitedStates.July1stResidentPopulationbyState,Age,Sex,BridgedRace,andHispanicOrigin,onCDCWONDEROnlineDatabase.http://wonder.cdc.gov..NationalCenterforHealthStatistics.Health,UnitedStates,2007,Hyattsville,MD:2007.http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus07.pdf..CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,NationalCenterforHealthStatistics.MortalityAllCountyMicroDataFile(2000),downloadedfromtheNationalBureauofEconomicResearch,MortalityDataVitalStatisticsNCHSsMultipleCauseofDeathData,19592010.http://www.nber.org/data/vitalstatisticsmortalitydatamultiplecauseofdeath.html..CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,NationalCenterforHealthStatistics.MortalityAllCountyMicroDataFile(20052009),ascompiledfromdataprovidedbythe57vitalstatisticsjurisdictionsthroughtheVitalStatisticsCooperativeProgram.Chiang,C.L.TheLifeTableandItsApplications.Malabar,FL:Krieger,1984.Ruggles,Stephen,J.TrentAlexander,KatieGenadek,RonaldGoeken,MatthewB.Schroeder,andMatthewSobek.IntegratedPublicUseMicrodataSeries:Version5.0[MachinereadabledatabaseoftheCensus20005%microdatasample].Minneapolis:UniversityofMinnesota,2013.Toson,Barbara,andAlanBaker.LifeExpectancyatBirth:MethodologicalOptionsforSmallPopulations.NationalStatisticsMethodologicalSeriesNo.33.London:OfficeforNationalStatistics,2003.http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guidemethod/methodquality/specific/gssmethodologyseries/gssmethodologyseries33lifeexpectancyatbirthmethodologicaloptionsforsmallpopulations.pdf.U.S.CensusBureau,1980CensusCharacteristicsofthePopulation,ChapterC,GeneralSocialandEconomicCharacteristics,Table83,http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1980a_usC01.pdf.U.S.CensusBureau,1990CensusofPopulation,EducationintheUnitedStates(CP34),Table1,http://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cp3/cp34.pdf.U.S.CensusBureau,ACompassforUnderstandingandUsingAmericanCommunitySurveyData:WhatGeneralDataUsersNeedtoKnow.U.S.GovernmentPrintingOffice,Washington,DC,2008.http://www.census.gov/acs/www/Downloads/handbooks/ACSGeneralHandbook.pdf..AmericanCommunitySurvey2011.Oneandthreeyearestimates.http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml..AmericanCommunitySurvey2010.OneandthreeyearestimatesandPublicUseMicrodataSample.http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml.

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    .AmericanCommunitySurvey2008.OneyearestimatesandPublicUseMicrodataSample.http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml..AmericanCommunitySurvey2005.OneyearestimatesandPublicUseMicrodataSample.http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml..Census2010.SummaryFile1.http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml..Census2000.SummaryFiles1and3.http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml..CurrentPopulationSurvey,HistoricalTablesP04andP43.http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/data/historical/people/WhiteHouseOfficeofManagementandBudget.StatisticalPolicyDirectiveNo.15,RaceandEthnicStandardsforFederalStatisticsandAdministrativeReporting.FederalRegisterNotice,October30,1997.http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/rewrite/fedreg/ombdir15.html..UpdateofStatisticalAreaDefinitionsandGuidanceonTheirUses.OMBBulletinNo.1002.December1,2009.http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/assets/bulletins/b1002.pdf.1SeeChiang;TosonandBakerformoreinformation.2OfficeofManagementandBudget,UpdateofStatisticalAreaDefinitionsandGuidanceonTheirUses.3OfficeofManagementandBudget,StatisticalPolicyDirectiveNo.15.4U.S.CensusBureau,ACompassforUnderstandingandUsingAmericanCommunitySurveyData:WhatGeneralDataUsersNeedtoKnow.