Group 3 Jacob Favory, Wade Lumpkins , Michael Honey, Benjamin Mills, Robert Stow, Yajun Wang

Marine Power (Tidal and Wave )

Tidal Power ● Converts Kinetic energy from tides into

electricity. ● Earliest tide mills date back to the middle

ages. At high tide water would fill a pool , and at low tide water would leave the pool and spin a water wheel. This would produce mechanical power that was typically used to grind grains .

● Rance Tidal Power Station – the worlds first commercial tidal power plant . Located in Brittany France . Opened in 1966. Was the Largest Tidal Power Plant in the World until 2011 .At peak output produces 240 M Watts.

● Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station – Currently the worlds largest tidal power station . Produces 254 M watts at peak output.

4 types of generating methods ● Tidal Stream – uses under water turbines to make use of the

kinetic energy of moving water . Works similar to wind turbines ● Tidal Barrage – Specialized dam that allows water to flow in at

high tide and releases water through turbines at low tide . Taking advantage of the potential energy in the difference of heights between high and low tides.

● Dynamic Tidal Power – new untested method , that involves ‘T’

shape dam like structures . ● Tidal lagoon – newer tidal technology works similar to barrages ,

however built on an artificial site and not a pre existing. ecosystem.

Wave power ● Capturing the energy

of ocean surface waves. To generate electricity

● 1799 – first patent to use energy from ocean waves filed in France

● First working wave powered device was developed in 1910 by Bochaux Praceique to light and power his house

● 2008 – Aguçadoura Wave Farm opened in Portugal, first experimental wave farm.

State of the Art Designs & Products

• Manufacturer: Pelamis Wave Power • # Deployed: 6 Machines Worldwide • Power Output: 750 kW • Snake-like apparatus with several tubular joints linked end-

to-end • First offshore wave machine to put electricity onto onshore

power grid (UK)

Pelamis Wave Energy Converter

• Operates in water depths > 50m • Machine floats semi-submerged on water surface

facing into direction of wave motion • Sectional bending movement caused by wave

motion is converted into electricity.

Pelamis Wave Energy Converter

• Manufacturer: Marine Current Turbines • # Deployed: 2 Machines (Strangford Lough, UK=>1.2MW) (Lynmouth, Devon, UK =300kW) • World’s first large-scale commercial tidal stream generator • Connected to the UK electrical grid in July 2008.

SeaGen

• Two underwater turbines behave in a similar manner to wind turbines

• Each turbine connects to a rotor • Rotors rely on kinetic energy from marine currents

SeaGen: Functions

• Pitch-shifting capability • Force of tidal flow in Strangford

Lough is equivalent to 345 mph winds!

Advantages of Tidal: - Decarbonisation of energy supply - The development of a market for developers and

supply chain industry - Most efficient form of renewable energy - Impacts environment on local scale, not the

global scale

Advantages and Disadvantages

Examples of Advantages: - China is pursuing the installation of a large tidal

plant instead of constructing two nuclear plants. - New turbines made to be fish friendly and prevent

strike damage to marine animals. - The Chinese and Dutch are working together to

implement Tidal power in China.

Advantages and Disadvantages

Disadvantages of Tidal: - Invasive to the marine habitat - Disrupts current and tidal patterns - Potential environmental damage from

paints,lubricants, and antifouling coatings - Higher risk of failure during installation - Due to developmental nature of tidal power it is

still costly to produce - Need to have back up sources of power in case of

inconsistency.

Advantages and Disadvantages

Example of Disadvantages: - Accidents in the operation of SeaGen caused

severe damage in the rotors.

Advantages and Disadvantages

1. Basic Research

2. Applied Research

3. Early Demo Projects

4. Full Scale Demonstration

5. First Farms

6. Market Diffusion

Technological Journey

http://si-ocean.eu/en/upload/docs/WP3/Technology%20Status%20Report_FV.pdf

Funding in the USA

http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/07/f17/MHK_7.23.14.pdf

Funding outside of the US. • The Scottish government is spending about 19.3

million dollars on research and development plans.

• The European Union has spent nearly 70 million dollars so far and is continuing to research for marine energy.

• China has spent 160 million dollars so far creating a Dynamic Tidal Power generator.

Worldwide Funding

Most marine energy projects have been

unsuccessful due to many reasons.

• The prototype breaks or gets destroyed by the

extreme forces of the tidal waves.

• It costs more than expected because of setbacks.

• Funding can be scarce due to a lack of interest in

the U.S.

The Problem in Development

Potential

http://www.rnp.org/node/wave-tidal-energy-technology

Application

Annapolis Royal Generating Station Nova Scotia, Canada

Rance Tidal Power Station Brittany, France

Jiangxia Tidal Power Station Zhejiang, China

Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station Gyeonggi , South Korea

Four Biggest Tidal Power Station

Sihwa Lake 2011

$ 293 million 10

5.6 m

254 MW 552.7 GWh

Rance 1966

$ 120 million 24

8 m

240 MW 540 GWh

Annapolis 1984

Unknown 1

6.5 m

20 MW 50 GWh

Jiangxia 1980

$ 1.9 million 6

8.4 m

3.9 MW 7.32 GWh

NAME

YEAR

COST

TURBINE TIDAL RANGE

CAPACITY

ANNUAL GENER- ATION

Rance Tidal Power Station

• Capacity factor of approximately 26% • Actual power generating portion : 330m • Power approximately 130,000 houses a year • Tides are totally predictable

Plans for world's biggest wave farm

OYSTER

Biggest wave farm Western Isles, Scotland

• 40MW farm • Supply power for over

nearly 30000 houses

Benefits

• Decarbonize power system • Increase energy security • Reduce dependence on

imported fossil fuels

Iris sculptures Beirut, Lebanon

• Looks like an eye • Provide shelter • Harvest electricity

Interesting Invention • An offshore buoy with an

electric generator attached via an 'extended antenna'

• It is not known how much electricity the structures could generate

Tidal Energy Machines: A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment Study

• The hypothetical site where

upcoming data was collected was located in the UK, in a 5km wide channel between the mainland and an island.

• The sea bed area available for tidal energy extraction was assumed to be 1km x 1km, and to have the conditions detailed below, which are based on existing and planned tidal energy installations.

- 50m water depth - Max. tidal range of 2.6m - Mean tidal velocity of 2.5m/s - 5° angle between tidal ebb and flow - Bedrock seabed

Selected Devices

The Tidal Generation Ltd. (TGL) DeepGen device is a tri-blade single turbine design, with a support structure mounted by piles to the seabed. (1MW design)

Flumill is a unique twin Archimedes’ screw design of tidal device, mounted to the seabed by a monopile foundation. (2 MW design)

The OpenHydro device is an open-centre horizontal axis multi-blade turbine with a ducted housing, known simply as the Open Centre Turbine. (2MW design)

The ScotRenewables SR250 device is a floating,twin horizontal axis turbine design, with cable moorings, constructed of steel with composite blades. (2MW design)

• The OpenHydro functional unit generates just over 7,500,000 GJ, in comparison to the Flumill and ScotRenewables figures of around 6,500,000 GJ and TGL of approximately 5,800,000 GJ.

• This is due largely to the different shape of the power curve of each device, with the relatively low cut-in speed (0.7m/s) of the OpenHydro device allowing it to generate electricity at lower speeds than the other devices.

• It should be noted, however, that the TGL device reaches its maximum power output at lower speed than the other devices, so at a site with very high average tidal velocity this device would achieve greater output than the others.

Output & CO2 Savings Over Functional Period

• The results of the study indicate that the OpenHydro device produces the largest amount of energy over the functional unit, followed by the Flumill and ScotRenewables devices, and finally the TGL Deepgen turbine.

Device Comparison ● Due to its size, the TGL device is at a

disadvantage in comparison the larger 2MW devices. Due to the use of 1MW machines, the TGL array requires twice as many installation, maintenance and decommissioning processes, and this has a significant impact on its overall energy and CO2 intensity.

● The OpenHydro device achieves energy payback quicker than the others but has high materials energy requirements, whereas the Flumill device has low materials energy requirements due to its low weight design.

● Flumill has the shortest payback period for both energy and CO2.

● The ScotRenewables device has the lowest energy requirement for installation, maintenance and decommissioning.

● The ScotRenewables device uses an innovative foundation system which lowers installation energy, and the TGL device power curve means it performs well in high tidal velocity areas..

Conclusion of Comparison

Devices Payback

Period(Energy)

Payback Period (C02)

C02 Intensity(gC0

2/kwh) Devices & Lifetimes

Energy Produced(100yr

period in GJ) TGL 11.2 5.9 34.2 10,4 5800000

OpenHydro 7.3 3.6 19.6 5,5 7500000

Flumill 7.2 3.5 18.5 5,5 6500000 ScotRene

wables 8.7 4.5 23.8 5,5 6500000

From the table above, the Flumill device appears to be the top choice. The OpenHydro isn’t far off though and clearly is superior in the energy production category. However, with the Flumill device having the shortest payback periods and low materials energy requirements due to its low weight design, one looking to make a significant initial investment to make a quick turn-around would want to go with the Flumill device.

Summary & Questions? • Popularity at the moment. • Potential

Sources • http://si-

ocean.eu/en/upload/docs/WP3/Technology%20Status%20Report_FV.pdf

• http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/07/f17/MHK_7.23.14.pdf • http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/77080/2/WRRO_77080.pdf - Related

Reseach Paper • http://depts.washington.edu/nnmrec/workshop/docs/workshop_repor

t_low_res.pdf • http://www.rnp.org/node/wave-tidal-energy-technology • http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162512000704 • http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/eu/index_en.cfm?pg=research-

ocean-support • http://qz.com/193966/china-pursues-the-holy-grail-of-ocean-energy-

in-a-massive-way/