Management Information System.ppt

7/26/2019 Management Information System.ppt

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McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2008, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights resere!.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights resere!.


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McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2008, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights resere!.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights resere!.

Data Resource Management

Data Resource Management

Chapter

5

Chapter

5


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Explain the business value of implementingdata resource management processes and

technologies in an organization

Outline the advantages of a databasemanagement approach to managing the data

resources of a business, compared to a file

processing approach

Explain how database management software

helps business professionals and supports the

operations and management of a business

Learning Objectives

Learning Objectives


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Learning Objectives

Learning Objectives

Provide examples to illustrate the followingconcepts

Major types of databases

ata warehouses and data mining !ogical data elements

"undamental database structures

atabase development


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Logical Data Elements


#haracter $ single alphabetic, numeric, or other symbol

"ield or data item

%epresents an attribute &characteristic or 'uality(of some entity &object, person, place, event( Examples) salary, job title

%ecord

*rouping of all the fields used to describe theattributes of an entity

Example) payroll record with name, ++, pay rate


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"ile or table $ group of related records

atabase

$n integrated collection of logically relateddata elements


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Electric Utility DatabaseElectric Utility Database


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Database StructuresDatabase Structures

#ommon database structures- .ierarchical

etwor/

%elational Object0oriented

Multi0dimensional


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Hierarchical StructureHierarchical Structure

Early 1M+ structure %ecords arranged in tree0li/e structure %elationships are one0to0many


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Networ StructureNetwor Structure

2sed in some mainframe 1M+ pac/ages Many0to0many relationships


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!elational Structure!elational Structure

Most widely used structure

ata elements are stored in tables %ow represents a record3 column is a field #an relate data in one file with data in another,

if both files share a common data element


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!elational Operations!elational Operations

+elect #reate a subset of records that meet a stated

criterion Example) employees earning more than 456,666

7oin #ombine two or more tables temporarily

!oo/s li/e one big table

Project #reate a subset of columns in a table


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"ulti#imensional Structure"ulti#imensional Structure

8ariation of relational model 2ses multidimensional structures to

organize data

ata elements are viewed as being in cubes Popular for analytical databases that support

Online $nalytical Processing &O!$P(


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"ulti#imensional "o#el"ulti#imensional "o#el


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Object$Oriente# StructureObject$Oriente# Structure

$nobjectconsists of ata values describing the attributes of an entity

Operations that can be performed on the data

Encapsulation #ombine data and operations

9nheritance

ew objects can be created by replicating someor all of the characteristics of parent objects


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Source: Adapted from Ivar Jacobse! "ar#a $r#csso! ad A%eeta Jacobse! The Object Advantage: Business Process

Reengineering with Object Technology&'e( )or*: A+" ,ress! 1995! p. 65.

+op/r#%t 1995! Assoc#at#o for +omput#% "ac#er/. / perm#ss#o.


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2sed in object0oriented database managementsystems &OO1M+(

+upports complex data types more efficiently

than relational databases Examples) graphic images, video clips,

web pages


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Evaluation o% Database StructuresEvaluation o% Database Structures

.ierarchical :or/s for structured, routine transactions

#an;t handle many0to0many relationship

etwor/ More flexible than hierarchical

2nable to handle ad hoc re'uests

%elational Easily responds to ad hoc re'uests

Easier to wor/ with and maintain

ot as efficient


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Database DevelopmentDatabase Development

atabase $dministrator &1$( 9n charge of enterprise database development

9mproves the integrity and security of

organizational databases 2ses ata efinition !anguage &!( to develop

and specify data contents, relationships, and

structure

+tores these specifications in a data dictionary

or a metadata repository


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Data DictionaryData Dictionary

$ data dictionary #ontains data about data &metadata( %elies on specialized software component to

manage a database of data definitions

9t contains information on== >he names and descriptions of all types of data

records and their interrelationships

%e'uirements for end users; access and use ofapplication programs

atabase maintenance +ecurity


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Database DevelopmentDatabase Development


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Data &lanning &rocessData &lanning &rocess

atabase development is a top0down process evelop an enterprise model that defines the

basic business process of the enterprise

efine the information needs of end users ina business process

9dentify the /ey data elements that are needed

to perform specific business activities

&entity relationship diagrams(


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Entity !elationship DiagramEntity !elationship Diagram


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Database Design &rocessDatabase Design &rocess

ata relationships are represented in a datamodel that supports a business process

>his model is the schemaor subschemaon

which to base- >he physical design of the database

>he development of application programs to

support business processes


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Database Design &rocessDatabase Design &rocess

!ogical esign +chema 0 overall logical view of relationships

+ubschema 0 logical view for specific end users

ata models for 1M+ Physical esign

.ow data are to be physically stored and

accessed on storage devices


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Logical an# &hysical Database 'iewsLogical an# &hysical Database 'iews


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Data !esource "anagementData !esource "anagement

ata resource management is a managerialactivity

2ses data management, data warehousing,

and other 9+ technologies

Manages data resources to meet the information

needs of business sta/eholders


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Case () Emerson * Sano%i+ Data Stewar#sCase () Emerson * Sano%i+ Data Stewar#s

ata stewards edicated to establishing and maintaining the

'uality of data

eed business, technology, and diplomatic s/ills

"ocus on data content

7udgment is a big part of the job


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Case Stu#y ,uestionsCase Stu#y ,uestions

:hy is the role of a data steward considered tobe innovative?

:hat are the business benefits associated with

the data steward program at Emerson? .ow does effective data resource management

contribute to the strategic goals of an

organization?


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-ypes o% Databases-ypes o% Databases


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Operational DatabasesOperational Databases

+tores detailed data needed to support businessprocesses and operations

$lso called subject area databases&+$1(,

transaction databases, and production

databases

atabase examples) customer, human resource,

inventory


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Distribute# DatabasesDistribute# Databases

istributed databases are copies or parts ofdatabases stored on servers at multiple locations 9mproves database performance at wor/sites

$dvantages Protection of valuable data ata can be distributed into smaller databases Each location has control of its local data

$ll locations can access any data, any where isadvantages

Maintaining data accuracy


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Distribute# DatabasesDistribute# Databases

%eplication !oo/ at each distributed database and find

changes

$pply changes to each distributed database

8ery complex

uplication

One database is master

uplicate the master after hours, in all locations Easier to accomplish


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E.ternal DatabasesE.ternal Databases

atabases available for a fee from commercialonline services, or free from the :eb

Examples) hypermedia databases, statistical

databases, bibliographic and full text databases

+earch engines li/e *oogle or @ahoo are

external databases


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Hyperme#ia DatabasesHyperme#ia Databases

$ hypermedia database contains .yperlin/ed pages of multimedia

9nterrelated hypermedia page elements,

rather than interrelated data records


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Data /arehousesData /arehouses

+tores static data that has been extracted fromother databases in an organization

#entral source of data that has been cleaned,

transformed, and cataloged

ata is used for data mining, analytical

processing, analysis, research, decision support

ata warehouses may be divided into data marts

+ubsets of data that focus on specific aspects

of a company &department or business process(


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Data /arehouse ComponentsData /arehouse Components


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1pplications an# Data "arts1pplications an# Data "arts


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Data "iningData "ining

ata in data warehouses are analyzed to revealhidden patterns and trends

Mar/et0bas/et analysis to identify new

product bundles

"ind root cause of 'ualify or manufacturingproblems

Prevent customer attrition

$c'uire new customers #ross0sell to existing customers

Profile customers with more accuracy


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-ra#itional 2ile &rocessing-ra#itional 2ile &rocessing

ata are organized, stored, and processed inindependent files

Each business application designed to use

specialized data files containing specific

types of data records

Problems

ata redundancy

!ac/ of data integration ata dependence &files, storage devices, software(

!ac/ of data integrity or standardization


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-ra#itional 2ile &rocessing-ra#itional 2ile &rocessing


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Database "anagement 1pproachDatabase "anagement 1pproach

>he foundation of modern methods of managingorganizational data

#onsolidates data records formerly in separate

files into databases

ata can be accessed by many different

application programs

$ database management system &1M+( is the

software interface between users and databases


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Database "anagement 1pproachDatabase "anagement 1pproach


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Database "anagement SystemDatabase "anagement System

9n mainframe and server computer systems, asoftware pac/age that is used to-

Createnew databases and database applications

Maintainthe 'uality of the data in anorganization;s databases

Usethe databases of an organization to provide

the information needed by end users


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Common D0"S So%tware ComponentsCommon D0"S So%tware Components

atabase definition !anguage and graphical tools to define entities,

relationships, integrity constraints, and

authorization rights

onprocedural access

!anguage and graphical tools to access data

without complicated coding

$pplication development *raphical tools to develop menus, data entry

forms, and reports


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Common D0"S So%tware ComponentsCommon D0"S So%tware Components

Procedural language interface !anguage that combines nonprocedural accesswith full capabilities of a programming language

>ransaction processing #ontrol mechanism prevents interference from

simultaneous users and recovers lost data after

a failure

atabase tuning >ools to monitor, improve database performance


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Database "anagement SystemDatabase "anagement System

atabase evelopment efining and organizing the content,relationships, and structure of the data needed

to build a database

atabase $pplication evelopment 2sing 1M+ to create prototypes of 'ueries,

forms, reports, :eb pages

atabase Maintenance 2sing transaction processing systems and other

tools to add, delete, update, and correct data


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D0"S "ajor 2unctionsD0"S "ajor 2unctions


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Database 3nterrogationDatabase 3nterrogation

End users use a 1M+ 'uery feature or reportgenerator

%esponse is video display or printed report

o programming is re'uired

Auery language

9mmediate response to ad hoc data re'uests

%eport generator Auic/ly specify a format for information youwant to present as a report


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+A! Aueries +tructured, international standard 'uery languagefound in many 1M+ pac/ages

Auery form is S$$+-"-$$-

D t b 3 t ti


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1oolean !ogic eveloped by *eorge 1oole in the mid0BC66s

2sed to refine searches to specific information

.as three logical operators) $, O%, O> Example

#ats O% felines $ O> dogs O% 1roadway

D b 3 i

D t b 3 t ti


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*raphical and atural Aueries 9t is difficult to correctly phrase +A! and other

database language search 'ueries

Most 1M+ pac/ages offer easier0to0use,

point0and0clic/ methods

>ranslates 'ueries into +A! commands

atural language 'uery statements are similar

to conversational English

4 hi l , /i #

4 hi l , /i #


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4raphical ,uery /iar#4raphical ,uery /iar#

D t b " i t

D t b " i t


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Database "aintenanceDatabase "aintenance

$ccomplished by transaction processing systemsand other applications, with the support of the

1M+

one to reflect new business transactions and

other events

2pdating and correcting data, such as customer

addresses

1 li ti D l t

1 li ti D l t


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1pplication Development1pplication Development

2se 1M+ software development tools todevelop custom application programs

ot necessary to develop detailed data0handling

procedures using conventional programming

languages

#an include data manipulation language &M!(

statements that call on the 1M+ to perform

necessary data handling

C 6 1 i C D t

C 6 1 i C D t


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Case 6) 1c.iom Corp7 DataCase 6) 1c.iom Corp7 Data

$cxiom does three things really well- Manages large volumes of data

#leans, transforms, and enhances that data

istills business intelligence from that data to

drive smart decisions

%efined data is sold to customers

eveloping telemar/eting lists

9dentifying prospects for credit card offers +creen prospective employees

etecting fraudulent financial transactions

C 6 1 i C D t

C 6 1 i C D t


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Case 6) 1c.iom Corp7 DataCase 6) 1c.iom Corp7 Data

Primary business activities 1uilding its data library

+elling data

Managing other companies; data and data centers

C St # , ti

C St # , ti


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$cxiom is in a uni'ue type of business= .owwould you describe the business of $cxiom? $re they a service0 or product0oriented business?

9t is easy to see that $cxiom has focused on a

wide variety of data from different sources= .ow does $cxiom decide which data to collect,

and for whom?

$cxiom;s business raises many issues relatedto privacy= $re the data collected by $cxiom really private?

C 8 & t ti th D t 9 l



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Case 8) &rotecting the Data 9ewelsCase 8) &rotecting the Data 9ewels

.arrah;s Entertainment and other casinocompanies closely guard customer data

1oth hard copy and electronic files

#oncerns 1roader access to #%M systems

More fre'uent job switching


Case 8) &rotecting the Data 9ewels


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Case 8) &rotecting the Data 9ewelsCase 8) &rotecting the Data 9ewels

Protection methods ondisclosure, non0compete, and nonsolicitationagreements that specify customer lists

>rade0secret laws and legal action

!imiting access to sensitive information

Physical security

+trong password protection

%einforcement of signed agreements duringexit interviews

Monitoring electronic communication

Case St # , estions

Case Stu#y ,uestions


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:hy have developments in 9> helped toincrease the value of the data resources of

many companies?

.ow have these capabilities increased thesecurity challenges associated with protecting

a company;s data resources?

.ow can companies use 9> to meet thechallenges of data resource security?

Documents

Management Information System.ppt