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8/6/2019 Lecure 1 & 2 Intro and Model Comunication
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecure-1-2-intro-and-model-comunication 1/22
WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
Definition ±
the act, by one or more persons, of sending
and receiving messages that are distorted by
noise, occur within a context, have some
effect (and some ethical dimensions), and
provide some opportunity for feedback
8/6/2019 Lecure 1 & 2 Intro and Model Comunication
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Importance of Communication
To increase job chances
To improve social relationships To improve physical and mental health
8/6/2019 Lecure 1 & 2 Intro and Model Comunication
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OBJECTIVES OF COMMUNICATION
We communicate for a purpose, and our basic objectives in communication are
generally these:
To be understood exactly as we intended.
To secure the desired response to our
message. To maintain favorable relations with those
with whom we communicate.
8/6/2019 Lecure 1 & 2 Intro and Model Comunication
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WHY STUDY COMMUNICATION?
To understand human communication we must firstexamine its uses. There are at least seven uses for communication.
We use communication to inf orm
We use communication to persuade
We use communication to motivate
We use communication to amuse
We use communication to control
We use communication to cr eate
We use communication to destroy
8/6/2019 Lecure 1 & 2 Intro and Model Comunication
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COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS REGARDING
COMMUNICATION
Communication is interpreted by meanings of words
Communication is a verbal process You communicate when you say something
Communication could solve all problems
Communication is a good thing
The more you communicate, the better
Communication could be stopped
Communication is a natural skill
8/6/2019 Lecure 1 & 2 Intro and Model Comunication
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TYPES OF HUMAN COMMUNICATION
1. Intrapersonal Communication learn, evaluate about ourselves
talk, persuade, think, reason about what we doand why we do it
rehearse about messages to say to others
2. Interpersonal Communication interaction with other people
used to establish, develop, maintain, destroy,repair personal relationships with others
8/6/2019 Lecure 1 & 2 Intro and Model Comunication
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Contd.
3. Small Group Communication� - interaction with others (3 ± 12 people)
- used to solve problems, develop new ideas, shareknowledge and experiences
4. Public Communication- inform and persuade others
- selling your ideas / transmitting knowledge
- used by politicians, sales people, etc.
5. Mass Communication- communication by media (tv, radio, movies,
newspapers, books, internet, etc.)
8/6/2019 Lecure 1 & 2 Intro and Model Comunication
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8/6/2019 Lecure 1 & 2 Intro and Model Comunication
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Copyright (c) Allyn & Bacon 2008
Linear Model of
Communication
Speaker Listener
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Copyright (c) Allyn & Bacon 2008
Intera ctional V iew of
Communi cation
Speaker
Listener
Listener
Speaker
8/6/2019 Lecure 1 & 2 Intro and Model Comunication
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Copyright (c) Allyn & Bacon 2008
Transactional View of
Communication
Speaker/
Listener
Speaker/
Listener
8/6/2019 Lecure 1 & 2 Intro and Model Comunication
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Copyright (c) Allyn & Bacon 2008
Essentials ModelContext
Messages/Channels
Feedback
Feedf orward
Messages/Channels
Source/
Receiver
Source/
Receiver
Noise
8/6/2019 Lecure 1 & 2 Intro and Model Comunication
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ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Source
2. Receiver
3. Message
4. Encoder 5. Channel
6. Noise
7. Decoder
8. Context
9. Feedback
10.Feedforward
11.Effects
8/6/2019 Lecure 1 & 2 Intro and Model Comunication
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Copyright (c) Allyn & Bacon 2008
S our ces-Re ceivers
� E ncoding-Decoding
simultaneously
� Ideas and messages are coded
according to a shared meaning
the source and receiver
possess.
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Encoder and Decoder
Encoding ± the act of producing messages.Putting ideas into sound waves or on paper means that you putting these ideas into a
code Decoding ± the act of receiving messages.
Translating sound waves or words on paper into ideas means taking these ideas out of the code
Speakers and listeners change their roles allthe time
They are encoders and decoders
simultaneously
8/6/2019 Lecure 1 & 2 Intro and Model Comunication
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Sour ce
Speakers who have opinions, information, feelings,messages, etc. and want to transmit these messages
to others.
Effectiveness of message transmission depends on
the source¶s credibility, personality, communication
style, listeners¶ perceptions towards the source, etc.
Receiver
Audience of a message.
Eg. Individual person, small group, organization, public, etc.
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Message
Any information / opinion / feelings etc. that a
speaker wants to convey
Messages are both verbal and nonverbal
�� Feedforward MessagesFeedforward Messages�� Feedback MessagesFeedback Messages
�� MetamessagesMetamessages
�� Message Overload Message Overload
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Context
The surroundings in which communicationtakes place
4 dimensions of context:
± i. Physical (eg.room, park, court, etc.)
± ii. Cultural (communicators¶ rules and norms,beliefs and attitudes) (eg. talk politely to eldersand strangers)
± iii. Socio-psychological (status differences,appropriate and inappropriate behaviors in certainsituations, etc.)
± iv. Temporal / Time (time of day and time inhistory in which communication takes place)
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Channels
Channel± the medium through which amessage passes
Eg. of channels:i. Vocal channel (face-to-face comm.),
ii. Visual channel (gestures, signals),iii. Olfactory channel (smell, odours),
iv. Tactile channel (touching)
Other types of channels: letters, tv, radio,email, telephone, newspapers, friends, etc.
Every channel has its pros and cons
Choosing the correct communicationchannel is important for an effectivecommunication
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Feedback
Feedback ± reactions to what being said
In face-to-face communication feedback is
more spontaneous than other types of communication
Feedback lets speakers know whether tocontinue or stop the communication
Dimensions of feedback: positive-negative,person focused ± message focused,immediate-delayed, supportive-critical
8/6/2019 Lecure 1 & 2 Intro and Model Comunication
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Noise Prevents a receiver from getting the message a
source is sending / anything that distorts themessage
4 types of noise:
i. Physical (eg. cars, telephone ringing, radio,etc.)
ii. Psychological (physical barriers within thespeaker and listener) (eg. Visual impairments,hearing loss, articulation problems, memoryloss, etc.)
iii. Physiological (cognitive or mentalinterference) (eg. Biases, prejudices, anger,love, grief, etc.)
iv. Semantic (speaker and listener assigningdifferent meanings) (eg. Use of jargons,
complex words, dialectical language)
8/6/2019 Lecure 1 & 2 Intro and Model Comunication
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Effects
Consequences of a communication
3 types:
± Cognitive
� Eg. Knowledge on how to fix up a flat
tyre. ± Affective
� Eg. Feel happy after knowing that youwould get a salary increment.
� Eg. Think that smoking is a bad habitafter reading about its dangers in anewspaper.
± Psychomotor
� Eg. Know how to play tennis.