Lecture 32 Subordination (II)Lecture 32 Subordination (II) 32.1 Infinitive clauses32.1 Infinitive clauses 1) Types of infinitive clauses1) Types of infinitive clauses A) Infinitive clause without expressed subjectA) Infinitive clause without expressed subject Eg. I hope to be able to come.Eg. I hope to be able to come. B) Infinitive clause with expressed subjectB) Infinitive clause with expressed subject Eg. The best thing would be for you to tell eveEg. The best thing would be for you to tell eve

rybody. rybody. C) Infinitive clause introduced by wh-word or C) Infinitive clause introduced by wh-word or

subordinatorsubordinator Eg. I don’t know what to do / how to do it/ wEg. I don’t know what to do / how to do it/ w

here to go .here to go .

2) syntactic functions of infinitive clauses2) syntactic functions of infinitive clauses 32.2 –ing participle clauses32.2 –ing participle clauses 1) Types of –ing participle clauses1) Types of –ing participle clauses A) –Ing participle clause without expressed subA) –Ing participle clause without expressed sub

ject or subordinatorject or subordinator Eg. He denied having been there. Eg. He denied having been there. B) –ing participle clause with subordinatorB) –ing participle clause with subordinator Eg. When sleeping, I never hear a thing. Eg. When sleeping, I never hear a thing. C) –ing participle clause with expressed subjecC) –ing participle clause with expressed subjec

tt Eg. Do you mind my/ me making a suggestion ?Eg. Do you mind my/ me making a suggestion ?

2) syntactic functions of –ing participle clauses2) syntactic functions of –ing participle clauses A) Both –ing participle and infinitive clauses caA) Both –ing participle and infinitive clauses ca

n be used as subject, object, and subject/ objen be used as subject, object, and subject/ object complement. ct complement.

Eg. I like getting up early in the morning. I like tEg. I like getting up early in the morning. I like to get up early in the morning. o get up early in the morning.

B) As adverbials, -ing participle clauses can be B) As adverbials, -ing participle clauses can be used in various senses. used in various senses.

Eg. Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a Eg. Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view. magnificent view.

Being a hard-working young man, he was praisBeing a hard-working young man, he was praised by his teachers. ed by his teachers.

32.3 –ed participle clauses32.3 –ed participle clauses 1) Types of –ed participle clauses1) Types of –ed participle clauses A) –ed participle clause without expressed subjA) –ed participle clause without expressed subj

ect or subordinatorect or subordinator Eg. Covered with confusion, she hurriedly left tEg. Covered with confusion, she hurriedly left t

he room. he room. B) –ed participle clause with subordinatorB) –ed participle clause with subordinator Eg. Once published, the book caused a remarkEg. Once published, the book caused a remark

able stir.able stir. C) –ed participle clause with expressed subjectC) –ed participle clause with expressed subject Eg. The job finished, we went home straight awEg. The job finished, we went home straight aw

ay.ay.

32.4 Verbless clauses32.4 Verbless clauses 1) Types of verbless clauses1) Types of verbless clauses A ) Verbless clause without subordinatorA ) Verbless clause without subordinator Eg. Right or wrong, I have given him a piece of Eg. Right or wrong, I have given him a piece of

mind.mind. An excellent speaker, he was never at a loss foAn excellent speaker, he was never at a loss fo

r a word. r a word. B) Verbless clause with subordinatorB) Verbless clause with subordinator Eg. Whatever the reason, his cordiality has woEg. Whatever the reason, his cordiality has wo

n him a friend. n him a friend. Although very helpful, he was not much liked Although very helpful, he was not much liked

by people. by people.

C) Verbless clause with expressed subjectC) Verbless clause with expressed subject Eg. Two hundred people died in the accident, Eg. Two hundred people died in the accident,

many of them children. many of them children. 2) Syntactic functions of verbless clauses2) Syntactic functions of verbless clauses Eg. You must eat it when fresh. Eg. You must eat it when fresh. The cardboard is light-proof where thick. The cardboard is light-proof where thick. 32.5 “Absolute constructions”32.5 “Absolute constructions” 1) Types of “absolute constructions”1) Types of “absolute constructions” 2) Uses of “absolute constructions”2) Uses of “absolute constructions” Eg. His homework done, Jim decided to go and Eg. His homework done, Jim decided to go and

see the play. see the play. Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move. Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move.