Laura Sasu Unit1-15

8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15

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ENGLISH

for

Electrical engineering

and computer science

ELECTRONICS AND

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

EDITURA UNIVERSITII TRANSILVANIA

BRAOV, 2005

2005 EDITURA UNIVERSITII TRANSILVANIA BRAOV


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CONTENTS

Page

Unit 1. ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING ..................................19Aim and objective .............................................................................................!"

#e$ te%m ...........................................................................................................!1

1.1. Int%od&ction .................................................................................................!1

1.!. E'ect%ic (o)e% and mac*ine%$ .....................................................................!1

1.+. E'ect%onic....................................................................................................!!

1.,. Comm&nication and cont%o' .......................................................................!!

1.-. Com(&te% ....................................................................................................!+

Ee%cie .........................................................................................................................!-

Unit !. CAREERS IN ELECTRONICS ........................................................................!9

Aim and objective .............................................................................................+"

#e$ te%m ...........................................................................................................+1

!.1. Int%od&ction .................................................................................................+!

!.!. A%ea o/ em('o$ment ..................................................................................+!

!.!.1. Avionic ........................................................................................+!!.!.!. Com(&ting ....................................................................................+!

!.!.+ De/ence .........................................................................................+!

!.!.,. Ind&t%ia' e'ect%onic ................................................................... +!

!.!.-. Lei&%e (%od&ct .......................................................................... +!

!.!.0.Te'ecomm&nication and b%oadcating .+!

!.!.2. 3edica' e4&i(ment ...++

!.+. 3an&/act&%ing .+,!.,. P'anning ...+,

!.-. Inta''ation ...+,

!.0. Commiioning +,

!.2. 3aintenance +-

!.5. Sa'e .+-


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!.9. Teac*ing ..+-

!.1". Reea%c* and deve'o(ment +-

Ee%cie .+0

Unit +. ELECTRONICS ................................................................................................+9

Aim and objective .............................................................................................,"

#e$ te%m ...........................................................................................................,1

+.1. Int%od&ction .................................................................................................,1

+.!. 6ito%ica' bac7g%o&nd .................................................................................,!.

+.+. Recent deve'o(ment ...................................................................................,+

Ee%cie .............................................................................................................,,

Unit ,. ELECTRONIC CO3PONENTS ......................................................................,5

Aim and objective .............................................................................................,9

#e$ te%m ...........................................................................................................-"

,.1. Int%od&ction .................................................................................................-1,.!. 8ac&&m t&be ..............................................................................................-1

,.+. T%anito% ...................................................................................................-1

,.,. Integ%ated ci%c&it ........................................................................................-1

,.-. Reito% .......................................................................................................-!

,.0. Ca(acito% ....................................................................................................-!

,.2. Ind&cto% ......................................................................................................-!

,.5. Sening device and t%and&ce% ..................................................................-+

Ee%cie .............................................................................................................-,

Unit -. Ana'og&e and digita' e'ect%onic ci%c&it ............................................................-9

Aim and objective .............................................................................................0"

#e$ te%m ...........................................................................................................01


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-.1. Po)e%&(('$ ci%c&it ..................................................................................0!

-.!. Ana'og&e ci%c&it .........................................................................................0!

-.!.1. Am('i/ie% ci%c&it ..........................................................................0!

-.!.1.1 A&dio am('i/ie% .............................................................0+

-.!.1.!. 8ideo am('i/ie% ............................................................0+

-.!.1.+. Radio /%e4&enc$ am('i/ie% ...........................................0+

-.!.!. Oci''ato% ....................................................................................0+

-.+. Digita' ci%c&it ............................................................................................0+

-.+.1. S)itc*ing and timing ci%c&it .......................................................0,

-.+.!. Digita' 'ogic ..................................................................................0-

Ee%cie .............................................................................................................00

Unit 0. TELECO33UNICATIONS ............................................................................2"

Aim and objective .............................................................................................21

#e$ te%m ...........................................................................................................2!

0.1. Int%od&ction .................................................................................................2+

0.!. 6ito%$ .........................................................................................................2+

0.!.1. Te'eg%a(* ......................................................................................2,

0.!.!. Comme%cia' g%o)t* o/ t*e te'e(*one ...........................................2,0.+. Eme%gence o/ b%oadcating .........................................................................2-

Ee%cie .............................................................................................................20

Unit 2. TELECO33UNICATIONS OPERATION PRINCIPLES .............................5"


#e$ te%m ...........................................................................................................5!

2.1. Int%od&ction .................................................................................................5+

2.!. C%eating and %eceiving t*e igna' ................................................................5+

2.!.1. Te'eg%a(* ......................................................................................5+

2.!.!. Te'e(*one .....................................................................................5+

2.!.+ Radio ..............................................................................................5,

2.!.,. Te'eviion .....................................................................................5,


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2.!.-. Com(&te% .....................................................................................5-

2.+. T%anmitting t*e igna' ................................................................................5-

Ee%cie .............................................................................................................50

Unit 5. CO33UNICATION NET:OR#S .................................................................9"


#e$ te%m ...........................................................................................................9!

5.1. :i%e and cab'e ..........................................................................................9+

5.!. ;ib%eo(tic cab'e ........................................................................................9+

5.+. Radio )ave .................................................................................................9+5.,. Comm&nication ate''ite ...........................................................................9,

Ee%cie .............................................................................................................9-

Unit 9. TELECO33UNICATIONS S


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1".!.!. Pe%ona' com(&te% ...................................................................11!

Ee%cie ...........................................................................................................11+

Unit 11. CO3PUTERS ................................................................................................110

Aim and objective ...........................................................................................112

#e$ te%m .........................................................................................................115

11.1. Int%od&ction .............................................................................................119

11.!. Ue o/ com(&te% ...................................................................................119

11.+. 6ito%$ .....................................................................................................119

11.+.1. >eginning ................................................................................119

11.+.!. ;i%t (&nc* ca%d .......................................................................1!"

11.+.+. P%ec&%o% to mode%n com(&te% .................................................1!"11.,. Deve'o(ment in t*e !"t* cent&%$ ...........................................................1!1

11.,.1. Ea%'$ e'ect%onic ca'c&'ato% ......................................................1!1

11.,.!. ED8AC= ENIAC= UNI8AC .................................................................1!!

Ee%cie ...........................................................................................................1!+

Unit 1!. RECENT DE8ELOP3ENTS AND T6E ;UTURE O; CO3PUTING ......1!2

Aim and objective ...........................................................................................1!5

#e$ te%m .........................................................................................................1!9

1!.1. T*e t%anito% and integ%ated ci%c&it t%an/o%m com(&ting ....................1+"

1!.!. ;&t&%e o/ com(&te% .................................................................................1+1

Ee%cie ...........................................................................................................1+,

Unit 1+. CO3PUTER ARC6ITECTURE AND ORGANISATION ..........................1+5

Aim and objective ...........................................................................................1+9

#e$ te%m .........................................................................................................1,"

1+.1. O(e%ating (%inci('e o/ com(&te% ..........................................................1,1

1+.!. O(e%ating $tem ....................................................................................1,1


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1+.+. Com(&te% memo%$ ...................................................................................1,1

1+.,. T*e b& ....................................................................................................1,1

1+.-. In(&t device ............................................................................................1,!

1+.0. Cent%a' (%oceing &nit ............................................................................1,+

1+.2. O&t(&t device .........................................................................................1,,

Ee%cie ...........................................................................................................1,-

Unit 1,. T


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Unit 1

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING


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KEY TERMS:

electric power and machinery, electronic circuits, control systems, computer design,

superconductors, solid-state electronics, medical imaging systems, robotics, lasers,

radar, consumer electronics, fibre optics, direct current (DC) mode, alternating current

(AC) mode, circuit, device, to amplify electronic signals, to add binary numbers, to

demodulate radio signals, waveforms, digital information, resistors, capacitors,

inductors, vacuum tubes, semi conductive material, electron-beam lithography, micro-

manipulator, ion-beam implantation, chip of silicon, Fourier analysis, linear systems

theory, linear algebra, complex variables, differential euations, probability theory,

automated manufacturing, electrical noise, interference, !ery "arge #cale $ntegration

(!"#$), microminiaturi%ation, superconducting material&

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

1!1! INTRODUCTION

T*e 'a%get and mot dive%e /ie'd o/ enginee%ing= it i conce%ned )it* t*e deve'o(ment

and deign= a(('ication= and man&/act&%e o/ $tem and device t*at &e e'ect%ic (o)e%

and igna'. Among t*e mot im(o%tant &bject in t*e /ie'd in t*e 'ate 195" a%e e'ect%ic

(o)e% and mac*ine%$= e'ect%onic ci%c&it= cont%o' $tem= com(&te% deign=

&(e%cond&cto%= o'idtate e'ect%onic= medica' imaging $tem= %obotic= 'ae%= %ada%=

con&me% e'ect%onic= and /ib%e o(tic.

De(ite it dive%it$= e'ect%ica' enginee%ing can be divided into /o&% main b%anc*e

e'ect%ic (o)e% and mac*ine%$= e'ect%onic= comm&nication and cont%o'= and com(&te%.

1!2! ELECTRIC "O#ER AND MAC$INER%

T*e /ie'd o/ e'ect%ic (o)e% i conce%ned )it* t*e deign and o(e%ation o/ $tem /o%

gene%ating= t%anmitting= and dit%ib&ting e'ect%ic (o)e%. Enginee% in t*i /ie'd *ave

b%o&g*t abo&t eve%a' im(o%tant deve'o(ment ince t*e 'ate 192". One o/ t*ee i t*e


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abi'it$ to t%anmit (o)e% at et%eme'$ *ig* vo'tage in bot* t*e di%ect c&%%ent BDC and

a'te%nating c&%%ent BAC mode= %ed&cing (o)e% 'oe (%o(o%tionate'$. Anot*e% i t*e

%ea'time cont%o' o/ (o)e% gene%ation= t%anmiion= and dit%ib&tion= &ing com(&te% to

ana'$?e t*e data /ed bac7 /%om t*e (o)e% $tem to a cent%a' tation and t*e%eb$

o(timi?ing t*e e//icienc$ o/ t*e $tem )*i'e it i in o(e%ation.

A igni/icant advance in t*e enginee%ing o/ e'ect%ic mac*ine%$ *a been t*e int%od&ction

o/ e'ect%onic cont%o' t*at enab'e AC moto% to %&n at va%iab'e (eed b$ adj&ting t*e

/%e4&enc$ o/ t*e c&%%ent /ed into t*em. DC moto% *ave a'o been made to %&n mo%e

e//icient'$ t*i )a$.

1!&! ELECTRONICS

E'ect%onic enginee%ing dea' )it* t*e %eea%c*= deign= integ%ation= and a(('ication o/

ci%c&it and device &ed in t*e t%anmiion and (%oceing o/ in/o%mation. In/o%mationi no) gene%ated= t%anmitted= %eceived= and to%ed e'ect%onica''$ on a ca'e

&n(%ecedented in *ito%$= and t*e%e i eve%$ indication t*at t*e e('oive %ate o/ g%o)t* in

t*i /ie'd )i'' contin&e &nabated.

E'ect%onic enginee% deign ci%c&it to (e%/o%m (eci/ic ta7= &c* a am('i/$ing

e'ect%onic igna'= adding bina%$ n&mbe%= and demod&'ating %adio igna' to %ecove% t*e

in/o%mation t*e$ ca%%$. Ci%c&it a%e a'o &ed to gene%ate )ave/o%m &e/&' /o%

$nc*%oni?ation and timing= a in te'eviion= and /o% co%%ecting e%%o% in digita'in/o%mation= a in te'ecomm&nication.

P%io% to t*e 190"= ci%c&it conited o/ e(a%ate e'ect%onic device%eito%= ca(acito%=

ind&cto%= and vac&&m t&beaemb'ed on a c*ai and connected b$ )i%e to /o%m a

b&'7$ (ac7age. Since t*en= t*e%e *a been a %evo'&tiona%$ t%end to)a%d integ%ating

e'ect%onic device on a ing'e tin$ c*i( o/ i'icon o% ome ot*e% emi cond&ctive mate%ia'.

T*e com('e ta7 o/ man&/act&%ing t*ee c*i( &e t*e mot advanced tec*no'og$=

inc'&ding com(&te%= e'ect%onbeam 'it*og%a(*$= mic%omani(&'ato%= ionbeam

im('antation= and &'t%a c'ean envi%onment. 3&c* o/ t*e %eea%c* in e'ect%onic i

di%ected to)a%d c%eating even ma''e% c*i(= /ate% )itc*ing o/ com(onent= and t*%ee

dimeniona' integ%ated ci%c&it.


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1!'! COMMUNICATIONS AND CONTROL

Enginee% in t*i /ie'd a%e conce%ned )it* a'' a(ect o/ e'ect%ica' comm&nication= /%om

/&ndamenta' 4&etion &c* a :*at i in/o%mationF to t*e *ig*'$ (%actica'= &c* a

deign o/ te'e(*one $tem. In deigning comm&nication $tem= enginee% %e'$ *eavi'$

on va%io& b%anc*e o/ advanced mat*ematic= &c* a ;o&%ie% ana'$i= 'inea% $tem

t*eo%$= 'inea% a'geb%a= com('e va%iab'e= di//e%entia' e4&ation= and (%obabi'it$ t*eo%$.

Enginee% )o%7 on cont%o' $tem %anging /%om t*e eve%$da$= (aenge%act&ated= a

t*oe t*at %&n an e'evato%= to t*e eotic= a $tem /o% 7ee(ing (acec%a/t on co&%e.

Cont%o' $tem a%e &ed etenive'$ in ai%c%a/t and *i(= in mi'ita%$ /i%econt%o'

$tem= in (o)e% t%anmiion and dit%ib&tion= in a&tomated man&/act&%ing= and in

%obotic.

Enginee% *ave been )o%7ing to b%ing abo&t t)o %evo'&tiona%$ c*ange in t*e /ie'd o/comm&nication and cont%o' Digita' $tem a%e %e('acing ana'og&e one at t*e ame

time t*at /ib%e o(tic a%e &(e%eding co((e% cab'e. Digita' $tem o//e% /a% g%eate%

imm&nit$ to e'ect%ica' noie. ;ib%e o(tic a%e 'i7e)ie imm&ne to inte%/e%ence@ t*e$ a'o

*ave t%emendo& ca%%$ing ca(acit$= and a%e et%eme'$ 'ig*t and ine(enive to

man&/act&%e.

1!5! COM"UTERS

8i%t&a''$ &n7no)n j&t a /e) decade ago= com(&te% enginee%ing i no) among t*e mot%a(id'$ g%o)ing /ie'd. T*e e'ect%onic o/ com(&te% invo've enginee% in deign and

man&/act&%e o/ memo%$ $tem= o/ cent%a' (%oceing &nit= and o/ (e%i(*e%a' device.

;o%emot among t*e aven&e no) being (&%&ed a%e t*e deign o/ 8e%$ La%ge Sca'e

Integ%ation B8LSI and ne) com(&te% a%c*itect&%e. T*e /ie'd o/ com(&te% cience i

c'oe'$ %e'ated to com(&te% enginee%ing@ *o)eve%= t*e ta7 o/ ma7ing com(&te% mo%e

inte''igent Ba%ti/icia' inte''igence== t*%o&g* c%eation o/ o(*iticated (%og%am o%

deve'o(ment o/ *ig*e% 'eve' mac*ine 'ang&age o% ot*e% mean= i gene%a''$ %ega%ded a

being in t*e %ea'm o/ com(&te% cience.

One c&%%ent t%end in com(&te% enginee%ing i mic%ominiat&%i?ation. Uing 8LSI=

enginee% contin&e to )o%7 to 4&ee?e g%eate% and g%eate% n&mbe% o/ ci%c&it e'ement

onto ma''e% and ma''e% c*i(. Anot*e% t%end i to)a%d inc%eaing t*e (eed o/ com(&te%

o(e%ation t*%o&g* &e o/ (a%a''e' (%oceo%= &(e%cond&cting mate%ia'= and t*e 'i7e.


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EXERCISES

A! READING

T() *+*-.) -/ t() /--in )3)4i.). i. t- )6)-* )7in .t7t)i). 7n

)in/-4) t-*i4 )7t) 6-478+79, n-t t- 4()4 874-+n n-))!

A!1! $76in )7 t() t)3t, 7n.) t() /--in ;+).ti-n. i in t() /--in t78) it( in/-?7ti-n 78-+t ))4ti47 7n

))4t-ni4. )nin))in i6)n in t() t)3t! S-?) -/ t() .*74). ?79 )?7in 87n, 7.

t() in/-?7ti-n i. n-t i6)n!

T78) 1!1!R)7t) 7)7.

C+)nt

?-).T9*). -/

))4ti4 ?-t-.S*)4i/i4 t7..

-/ 4i4+it.T)4(n--9

+.) /-

?7n+/74t+in

.ii4-n 4(i*.

C-nt-

.9.t)?.


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B! VOCABULAR% #OR@

T() *+*-.) -/ t() /--in )3)4i.). i. t- *-?-t) t() 74;+i.iti-n -/ n)

)3i47 it)?. 89 *-6iin 4--47ti-n., t)?. /--) 89 *)*-.iti-n. )3i47 .)t.

7n t7n.7ti-n. -/ t() t)?. 4-n.i)) ))67nt t- t() t-*i4!

B!1! Ent) in t() /--in t78) in/-?7ti-n )7t) t- ?-)n ))4t-ni4. :

C(i*. -/ .ii4-nInt)7tin ))4t-ni4 4i4+it.

VLSIC79in 47*74it9

>i8) -*ti4.

B!1! Ent) t() /--in t)?. +n) t() 7**-*i7t) ()7in in t() t78)

8)-:

Li.t1!1!

M7in 87n4(). -/

))4ti47 )nin))in

U.). -/ 4-nt- .9.t)?. B7n4(). -/ 767n4)

?7t()?7ti4.

C! LANGUAGE >OCUS: DE>INING "ATTERNS

T() *+*-.) -/ t() /--in )3)4i.). i. t- )6)-* 7n+7) 77)n).. in t)?. -/

*-+4in 744+7t) )/initi-n.!

C!1! T() /--in *777*( )/in). t() t)?: ))4ti47 7n ))4t-ni4.

)nin))in! R)7 it 7n t9 t- i)nti/9 t() 7**-*i7t) ))?)nt. -/ t() )/inin

*7tt)n 8)-:

T(in t- 8) )/in) 6)8 )n)7 47.. - (- *7ti4+7

4(774t)i.ti4.

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING i t*e 'a%get and mot dive%e

/ie'd o/ enginee%ing t*at i conce%ned )it* t*e deve'o(ment and deign= a(('ication= andman&/act&%e o/ $tem and device t*at &e e'ect%ic (o)e% and igna'.

C!2! I)nti/9 (i4( -/ t() ?i.t7). i.t) 8)- 7) t- 8) /-+n in t()

/--in )/initi-n.! T9 t- 4-)4t t()?!

1. T*i i %at*e% an eam('e t*an a de/inition.


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!. T*e )o%d to be de/ined= o% anot*e% /o%m o/ it= i &ed in t*e de/inition ite'/.

+. T*e gene%a' c'a i omitted /%om t*e de/inition= ma7ing it *e%eb$ incom('ete.

,. T*e (a%tic&'a% c*a%acte%itic a%e omitted /%om t*e de/inition= ma7ing it *e%eb$

incom('ete.

A. ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING i conce%ned )it* t*e

deve'o(ment and deign= a(('ication= and man&/act&%e o/ $tem and device t*at &e

e'ect%ic (o)e% and igna'.

>. ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING i t*e 'a%get and mot

dive%e /ie'd o/ enginee%ing.

C. ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING i omet*ing 'i7e e'ect%ic

mac*ine%$ enginee%ing.D. ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING i enginee%ing.

C!&! C(--.) -n) -/ t() )9 t)?. i6)n 7t t() 8)innin -/ t(i. +nit! #it) it.

)/initi-n it(-+t n7?in t() t)?! R)7 9-+ )/initi-n t- 9-+ 4-)7+) 7n 7.

(i?() t- i)nti/9 t() - t(7t )/initi-n )/). t-! A. (i?() t- i)nti/9 7n9

*-..i8) ?i.t7). in 9-+ )/initi-n!

C!'! R)*(7.) t() )/initi-n 78-6) +.in 7 )+4) )7ti6) 47+.):


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+. ;ib%a o(tic ete im&na 'a o%ice ti( de inte%/e%enK= deKinMnd deaemenea o ca(acitate

eno%ma de t%anmiie= acetea /iind (%inci(a'e'e motive (ent%& ca%e /ib%a o(tic ete

(%e/e%at cab'&%i'o% din c&(%&.

E! S"EA@ING

T() *+*-.) -/ t().) )3)4i.). i. t- )6)-* .*)7in .i. it( 7 /-4+. -n ))4ti47

7n ))4t-ni4. )nin))in!

E!1! T7 it( -n) -/ 9-+ 4-)7+). 7n n7?) 7t )7.t t()) ))4t-ni4

)6i4). t(7t 9-+ 7) /7?ii7 it(! D).4i8) t()? 7n )3*7in (- t()9 7) +.)!

%-+ 47n 7.- 4(--.) /-? t() /--in:

Reito%

Ca(acito%

8ac&&m t&beInd&cto%

E!2! D).4i8) t() ?-.t i?*-t7nt -?7in. -/ ))4ti47 7n ))4t-ni4.

)nin))in! S*)7 78-+t:

1. T*e majo% a(('ication.

!. Name t*e t*%ee mot inte%eting o/ a'' and give %eaon.

+. T*in7 o/ an$ bac7g%o&nd in/o%mation $o& *ave on t*oe (a%tic&'a% a%ea o/ e'ect%onic

and *a%e it )it* $o&% co''eag&e.


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Unit 2

CAREERS IN ELECTRONICS

AIM:

To %ecogni?e t*e Eng'i* tec*nica' te%m %e'ated to a%ea o/ em('o$ment in

t*e /ie'd o/ e'ect%onic@


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OBECTIVES:

On &cce/&''$ com('eting t*i &nit t*e t&dent *o&'d be ab'e to

identi/$ co%%ect'$ t*e te%m de/ining main a%ea o/ em('o$ment in

t*e /ie'd o/ e'ect%onic@

%ecognie t*e (eci/ic te%m %e'ated to t*e ta7 (e%/o%med b$

e'ect%onic enginee%@

c*a%acte%ie t*e va%io& ca%ee% o((o%t&nitie in e'ect%onic and

ana'$e eac* in (oint o/ advantage= diadvantage and ot*e% im('ication@

identi/$ t*e t$(e o/ device &ed in eac* b%anc* o/ e'ect%onic@

dec%ibe t*e %ecent deve'o(ment in t*i /ie'd and t*e immediate

%e(e%c&ion on t*e n&mbe% o/ ca%ee% o((o%t&nitie@

aimi'ate at 'eat +" te%m (eci/ic o/ main a%ea o/ em('o$ment=

and (eci/ic activitie (e%/o%med b$ enginee% in t*e /ie'd o/ e'ect%onic@

@E% TERMS:


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career opportunities, design, to plan, to manufacture, to install, avionics, service

engineer, radio, radar, automatic flight path plotting euipment, local area networ's

("As), maintenance, software support, defence industry, early warning system,

detection system, weapons guidance, industrial electronics, transducer, automation,

control panels, leisure electronic items, hi-fi euipment, television sets, compact disc

players, video recorders, satellite receivers, circuit boards, assembly line, trouble-

shooters, communications networ's, microwave towers, exchange, maximum switching

capability, maintenance technician, medical euipment, industrial robot, testing and

fault-finding euipment, diagnostic tests, service technician, *D department&

CAREERS IN ELECTRONICS

2!1! INTRODUCTION

:e a%e no) in t*e midt o/ t*e tec*nica' %evo'&tion )*ic* ta%ted )it* t*e int%od&ction o/

t*e mic%oc*i( in t*e 192". 3o%e and mo%e e'ect%onic good a%e being o'd= e(ecia''$

com(&te%= %adio te'e(*one= and 'ei&%e (%od&ct. At t*e (%eent time= ne) a(('ication

/o% e'ect%onic a%e being /o&nd. 3ot dometic a(('iance no) *ave ome /o%m o/

e'ect%onic cont%o'. Pet%o' at t*e /i''ing tation and ca* at t*e ban7 i di(ened b$

e'ect%onic mean.

E'ect%onica''$cont%o''ed (&m( mea&%e o&t d%&g /o% t*e c*%onica''$ i''. E'ect%onic

ignition and /&e' management become tanda%d on ca%.

A'' o/ t*i mean t*at ca%ee% o((o%t&nitie in e'ect%onic a%e g%o)ing. 3o%e enginee% a%e

necea%$ to deign= ('an= man&/act&%e and inta''. ;o% toda$ co''ege and &nive%it$

g%ad&ate in e'ect%onic= t*e /&t&%e i b%ig*t.

2!2! AREAS O> EM"LO%MENT2!2!1! A6i-ni4.

Ai%c%a/t e'ect%onic e4&i(ment *a to be maintained to a ve%$ *ig* tanda%d )it* %igo%o&

c*ec7 at et inte%va'. Se%vice enginee% a%e %e4&i%ed to maintain onboa%d e4&i(ment


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&c* a %adio= %ada%= and a&tomatic /'ig*t (at* ('otting e4&i(ment. Ai% t%a//ic cont%o'

e4&i(ment i maintained on t*e g%o&nd.

2!2!2! C-?*+tin

T*i i an a%ea )*e%e com(etition bet)een com(anie i conide%ab'e and tec*no'og$ i

moving 4&ic7'$. :it* inc%eaing n&mbe% o/ com(&te% &ed in t*e o//ice= t*e *ome= and

a (a%t o/ ind&t%ia' and comm&nication e4&i(ment= t*e%e i a g%o)ing need /o%

enginee% to deign t*ee a )e'' a e%vice t*em. On t*e o/t)a%e ide= t*e%e i a')a$ a

demand /o% (%og%amme% to deign o/t)a%e /o% b&ine &e and 'ei&%e. A'mot eve%$

'a%ge b&ine o%gani?ation= 'i7e ban7 and in&%ance com(anie= %&n eve%a' 'oca' a%ea

net)o%7 BLAN. T*ee %e4&i%e net)o%7 manage% and maintenance and o/t)a%e

&((o%t.

2!2!&! D)/)n4)T*e %ed&ction in (o'itica' tenion in %ecent $ea% *a meant c&t in t*e de/ence ind&t%$.

Neve%t*e'e= man$ co&nt%ie a%e ti'' deve'o(ing o(*iticated de/ence $tem bot* /o%

*ome &e and /o% e(o%t. T*ee $tem %e4&i%e not on'$ enginee% to deign t*em= b&t

*ig*'$7i''ed o(e%ato% to man t*em and maintain t*em. T*& t*e a%med e%vice %ec%&it

and t%ain n&mbe% o/ e'ect%onic tec*nician and enginee%. T*e majo% /ie'd o/ de/ence

e'ect%onic a%e ea%'$ )a%ning $tem= e.g. %ada%@ detection $tem@ %anging= &ing %ada%

and com(&te%@ )ea(on g&idance= &ing com(&te%@ and comm&nication.2!2!'! In+.ti7 ))4t-ni4.

Ind&t%ia' e'ect%onic ta%ted )it* t%and&ce% )*ic* a''o)ed %emote monito%ing o/

(%ocee= e(ecia''$ )*ic* invo'ved *ig* tem(e%at&%e o% dange%o& &btance. ;&%t*e%

deve'o(ment a''o)ed (%ocee in a )*o'e %ange o/ ind&t%ie /%om /ood and d%in7

(%od&ction to ga%bage %ec$c'ing to be /&''$ a&tomated.

T*e deve'o(ment o/ %obotic *a 'ed to )ide(%ead a(('ication in t*e ca% ind&t%$ in

(a%tic&'a%. Eve%$t*ing /%om aemb'ing to (%a$ing t*e com('eted ca% can no) be done

)it*o&t *&man aitance. Tedio& and &n('eaant job *ave dia((ea%ed. A&tomation

*a 'ed to aving /o% t*e man&/act&%e% b&t *a a'o cont%ib&ted to &nem('o$ment.

E'ect%onic enginee% a%e %e4&i%ed to deign and e%vice ind&t%ia' ci%c&it= inc'&ding

cont%o' (ane'.

2!2!5! L)i.+) *-+4t.


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Societ$ e(ect a )ide %ange o/ 'ei&%e e'ect%onic item. T*i can be ga&ged b$ a'e o/

%adio= *i/i e4&i(ment= te'eviion et= com(act dic ('a$e%= video %eco%de%= ate''ite

%eceive%= etc. enginee% and tec*nician a%e %e4&i%ed not on'$ to deign and man&/act&%e

t*ee= b&t a'o to maintain t*em.

2!2!F! T))4-??+ni47ti-n. 7n 8-747.tin

Peo('e toda$ e(ect to be ab'e to get in to&c* )it* eac* ot*e% at an$ time and in an$

('ace. T*e comm&nication o/ (eec*= tet= and ot*e% data b$ cab'e and %adio i a g%o)ing

/ie'd o/ em('o$ment. Ce'' (*one a%e an a%ea o/ %ecent e(anion. Enginee% a%e

em('o$ed to man&/act&%e= ('an= inta''= commiion= and maintain te'ecomm&nication

e4&i(ment. Nationa' and 'oca' %adio and te'eviion tation em('o$ b%oadcating and

o&nd enginee%.

2!2!! M)i47 );+i*?)ntRecent $ea% *ave een a *a%( inc%eae in e4&i(ment /o% (atient ca%e. T*i %ange /%om

bod$ canne% to e'ect%onic tet*oco(e. :*i'e t*e o(e%ation o/ t*i e4&i(ment i t*e

%e(onibi'it$ o/ t*e medica' team= enginee% a%e o/ten %e4&i%ed to )o%7 )it* medica'

e(e%t in t*e deign o/ &c* e4&i(ment= in t*e inta''ation o/ 'a%ge% e4&i(ment= and in

maintenance.

2!&! MANU>ACTURING

3an&/act&%ing inc'&de ma7ing an$t*ing /%om individ&a' com(onent o% (%inted ci%c&itboa%d to com('ete (iece o/ e4&i(ment &c* a te'eviion. In t*e cae o/ t*e 'atte%= it i

&&a' to b%ea7 do)n t*e e4&i(ment into mod&'e and man&/act&%e t*ee e(a%ate'$. ;o%

intance= te'eviion et a%e man&/act&%ed in t*i )a$ )it* eac* et coniting o/ &( to

even individ&a' mod&'e. :*en t*e mod&'e come o// t*e aemb'$ 'ine= t*e$ a%e (aed

to g%o&( o/ tete% and t%o&b'e*oote% to c*ec7 /o% /a&'t. T*e va%io& mod&'e a%e t*en

aemb'ed to (%od&ce t*e com('ete &nit. T*e diadvantage o/ t*i 7ind o/ )o%7 i t*e

monoton$ and t*e time (%e&%e o/ aemb'$ 'ine )o%7.

2!'! "LANNING

;i%m )it* 'a%ge comm&nication net)o%7 %e4&i%e ('anne%. ;o% intance=

te'ecomm&nication net)o%7 (%ovide% need to 7no) )*e%e to ('ace ec*ange /o%

maim&m )itc*ing ca(abi'it$= and mic%o)ave to)e% /o% minim&m inte%/e%ence. T*e$

a'o need to 7no) t*e i?e o/ cab'e to *and'e t%a//ic g%o)t*. Ra(id'$ (%inging &(


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eve%$)*e%e /%om a n&mbe% o/ di//e%ent &(('ie% a%e t*e %adio mobi'e= ce''&'a%= and

(aging net)o%7. A'' t*ee %e4&i%e ca%e/&' ('anning and /ie'd &%ve$ to (%event m&t&a'

inte%/e%ence. ob o((o%t&nitie )i'' g%o) in t*i ecto%.

2!5! INSTALLATION

T*e%e i a )ide %ange o/ inta''ation )o%7 %e4&i%ed= /o% eam('e= inta''ing ec*ange=

LAN= and medica' e4&i(ment. S&c* )o%7 invo've cab'ing and ma$ %e4&i%e ome

7no)'edge o/ mec*anica' enginee%ing i/ (ecia' %ac7 and even enti%e %oom *ave to be

cont%&cted to accommodate e4&i(ment. Inta''ation )o%7 &&a''$ invo've t%ave' )*ic*

can be ove%ea de(ending on t*e (%od&ct invo'ved.

2!F! COMMISSIONING

Once e4&i(ment i inta''ed= it need to be commiioned= i.e. (&t into o(e%ation.

P%ob'em o/ten eme%ge at t*i tage= )*ic* *ave to be i%oned o&t. T*i )o%7 i &&a''$done b$ enginee% )it* 'ong e(e%ience in t*e t$(e o/ e4&i(ment being commiioned.

2!! MAINTENANCE

A e'ect%onic e4&i(ment *a become mo%e com('e= o maintenance tec*nician *ave

become mo%e (ecia'i?ed. ;o% intance= tec*nician )*o &ed to e%vice bot* %adio and

te'eviion ma$ no) (ecia'i?e in eit*e% %adio and a&dio e4&i(ment o% te'eviion et and

video %eco%de%. Simi'a%'$= tec*nician no) (ecia'i?e in e%vicing com(&te%=

te'ecomm&nication e4&i(ment= medica' e4&i(ment= ind&t%ia' %obot= and o on. Tetingand /a&'t/inding e4&i(ment *a become mo%e o(*iticated. Oci''oco(e a%e

common('ace on )o%7benc*e= and (%og%ammab'e ana'$e% a%e avai'ab'e /o% ca%%$ing

o&t a /&'' %ange o/ diagnotic tet on (a%tic&'a% t$(e o/ e4&i(ment. T*ee ave a g%eat

dea' o/ time and t*e$ can ma7e t*e )o%7 o/ t*e e%vice tec*nician 'e c*a''enging.

Se%vice tec*nician a%e a')a$ in demand.

2!H! SALES

Sa'e ta// too %e4&i%e (ecia'it 7no)'edge not o m&c* o/ *o) t*e e4&i(ment )o%7=

b&t )*at it i ca(ab'e o/ and t*e di//e%ence bet)een imi'a% t$(e o/ e4&i(ment. T*e$

a'o *ave to 7no) t*e advantage o/ t*ei% com(an$ (%od&ct ove% t*oe o/ t*ei% %iva'.

A't*o&g* e''ing abi'it$ i mo%e im(o%tant t*an tec*nica' e(e%tie= it i not &n&&a' /o%

e%vice tec*nician to t%an/e% to a'e. 3ot a'e(eo('e )o%7 on a commiion bai in

addition t*e$ &&a''$ *ave &e o/ a com(an$ ca%. T*e$ can ea%n *ig* a'a%ie and a%e


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c%&cia' to t*e &cce o/ a com(an$. Se''ing &&a''$ invo've a g%eat dea' o/ t%ave' and

can be t%e/&'.

2!! TEAC$ING

Co''ege and &nive%itie em('o$ &btantia' n&mbe% o/ g%ad&ate in e'ect%onic.

Co''ege (%e/e% teac*ing ta// t*at a'o *ave e(e%ience in ind&t%$ o% b&ine.

Unive%itie 'oo7 /o% teac*ing ta// )it* %eea%c* e(e%ience. Sa'a%ie in ed&cation tend to

be 'o)e% t*an in ind&t%$. Tec*nician a%e a'o em('o$ed in ed&cationa' intit&te in

'abo%ato%ie and )o%7*o( to ait )it* %eea%c* and to (%ovide maintenance.

2!10! RESEARC$ AND DEVELO"MENT

La%ge com(anie %&n t*ei% o)n RD de(a%tment. Eciting o((o%t&nitie eit /o%

c%eative enginee% in t*e deign and teting o/ ne) (%od&ct. S&c* o((o%t&nitie a%e

'imited. 3ot RD )o%7 i ca%%ied o&t at t*e com(an$ *ead4&a%te%. 3an$ com(aniea%e m&'tinationa'= o t*e RD )o%7 ma$ not be done in t*e co&nt%$ )*e%e t*e (%od&ct i

aemb'ed.

EJERCISES

A! READING

T() *+*-.) -/ t() /--in )3)4i.). i. t- )6)-* )7in .t7t)i). 7n)in/-4) t-*i4 )7t) 6-478+79, n-t t- 4()4 874-+n n-))!

A!1! $76in )7 t() K-8 ).4i*ti-n. 78-6), i.4+.. )74( 7)7 -/

)?*-9?)nt it( 9-+ *7tn) +.in t() in/-?7ti-n *-6i) in t() t)3t!

2!1!

T9*) -/ )?*-9?)nt A67nt7). Di.767nt7).3an&/act&%ingP'anning

%-+ ?79 7nt t- - 874 t- t() )9 -. i.t) 7t t() 8)innin -/ t() +nit7n 4()4 t(7t 9-+ 7) /7?ii7 it( )74( -n)! Gi6) t()i R-?7ni7n );+i67)nt.


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Inta''ationCommiioning3aintenanceSa'eTeac*ing

Reea%c* Deve'o(ment

A!2! N7?) t() 7)7. -/ )?*-9?)nt in t() /i) -/ )nin))in 7n ).4i8)

)74( in -n) .)nt)n4), ?7in )/))n4) t- t() *7ti4+7 .)?)nt. -/ ))4t-ni4.

)7t) t- )74(!

A!&! >i in t() /--in t78) it( in/-?7ti-n 78-+t t() 7)7. -/

)?*-9?)nt i6)n in t() t)3t! S-?) -/ t() .*74). ?79 )?7in 87n, 7. t()

in/-?7ti-n i. n-t i6)n!

T78) 2!2

D-?7inA4ti6iti). -/

))4t-ni4.

)nin)).E;+i*?)nt

D)6)-*?)ntA**i47ti-n.

B! VOCABULAR% #OR@




B!1! M7t4( )74( -/ t() t)?. in 4-+?n A it( 7 - in 4-+?n B:

A B

deignman&/act&%e

to inta''

avionic

%adio

(%oiecta%e/ab%ica%e

a inta'a

ec*i(ament de g*idaj a&tomat

a(a%at&%a de %adio'ocaKie


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Rada%

a&tomatic /'ig*t (at* ('otting e4&i(ment

maintenance

o/t)a%e &((o%t

de/ence ind&t%$

ea%'$ )a%ning $tem

detection $tem

)ea(on g&idance

ind&t%ia' e'ect%onic

t%and&ce%

a&tomation

cont%o' (ane'

&(o%t o/t

Jnt%eKine%e

g*idaj a' %ac*ete'o%

a(a%at&% %ada%

iteme de monito%i?a%e

di(o?itive e'ect%onice ind&t%ia'e

(ano& de cont%o'

t%ad&ctoa%e

a&tomati?a%e

iteme de detecta%e %a(id

ae%ona&tica

ind&t%ia de a(%a%e


8)-:

Li.t 2!1!

%ada%= a&tomatic /'ig*t (at* ('otting e4&i(ment= 'oca' a%ea net)o%7 BLAN=

maintenance= o/t)a%e &((o%t= ea%'$ )a%ning $tem= detection $tem= )ea(on

g&idance= ind&t%ia' e'ect%onic= t%and&ce%= a&tomation= cont%o' (ane'= *i/i e4&i(ment=

te'eviion et= com(act dic ('a$e%= video %eco%de%= ate''ite %eceive%= ci%c&it boa%d=

t%o&b'e*oote%= = mic%o)ave to)e%= ec*ange= maim&m )itc*ing ca(abi'it$=

maintenance tec*nician= medica' e4&i(ment= ind&t%ia' %obot= teting and /a&'t/inding

e4&i(ment= diagnotic tet= e%vice tec*nician.

T78) 2!&!

E'ect%onic /o% t*e de/ence

ind&t%$

Lei&%e e'ect%onic item Comm&nication net)o%7

C! LANGUAGE >OCUS: DESCRIBING

T() *+*-.) -/ t() /--in )3)4i.). i. t- )6)-* 7n+7) 77)n).. in t)?. -/

).4i8in 7 *-4).., *-4)+), - *-+4in 7 )n)7 ).4i*ti-n -/ 7 )6i4)!


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C!1!C(--.) t- -/ t() 7)7. -/ )?*-9?)nt in t() t)3t 7n ).4i8) t()

)4)nt )6)-*?)nt. in t(7t .*)4i/i4 -?7in!

C!2!I)nti/9 t() t)n.). -/ t() 6)8. +.) in t() ).4i*ti-n. in t() t)3t 7n

)3*7in (9 t(-.) t)n.). 7) *i?7i9 +.) ()n ).4i8in!

D! TRANSLATION

T() *+*-.) -/ t(i. )3)4i.) i. t- )6)-* t7n.7tin .i.!

D!1! T7n.7t) t() /--in .)nt)n4). int- Eni.(:

1. Dimin&a%ea teni&ni'o% de o%din (o'itic Jn%egit%at Jn &'timii ani a Jnemnat o cde%e

d%atic a invetiKii'o% in ind&t%ia de a(%a%e.

!. Domeni&' aceta Jn%egit%ea? o conc&%enK (%on&nKat Jnt%e com(anii'e (%od&ctoa%e

/a(t ca%e a cond& 'a de?vo'ta%ea %a(id a te*no'ogiei (eci/ice.

+. Ec*i(ament&' e'ect%onic a' ae%onave'o% neceit ve%i/ic%i %ig&%oae 'a inte%va'e c&%tei (%e&(&ne deaemenea &n tanda%d ece(Kiona' din (&nct&' de vede%e a' ca'itKii.

E! S"EA@ING

T() *+*-.) -/ t().) )3)4i.). i. t- )6)-* .*)7in .i. it( 7 /-4+. -n 7)7. -/

)?*-9?)nt in t() /i) -/ )nin))in!

E!1! #it) 7 .(-t ).4i*ti-n -/ 9-+ 47)) *7n., +.in in/-?7ti-n -/ 9-+

-n 7n /-? t(i. t)3t! ").)nt it t- t() 47..!

Unit &


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ELECTRONICS

AIM:

To %ecogni?e t*e Eng'i* tec*nica' te%m %e'ated to t*e deve'o(ment in t*e

/ie'd o/ e'ect%onic@

OBECTIVES:


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identi/$ co%%ect'$ t*e te%m de/ining t*e main domain %e'ated toe'ect%onic@

%ecognie t*e (eci/ic te%m %e'ated to t*e baic e'ect%onic device@

dec%ibe t*e evo'&tion and advance in t*e /ie'd o/ e'ect%onic@

identi/$ t*e t$(e o/ device &ed to (%ovide eac* /&nction@

dec%ibe eac* %evo'&tiona%$ te( in t*e *ito%$ o/ e'ect%onic@

aimi'ate at 'eat +" te%m (eci/ic o/ e'ect%onic device@

@E% TERMS:

applied physics, electronic circuits, flow of electrons, generation, transmission,

reception, and storage of information, audio signals, radio receiver, amplification of

wea' signals, generation of radio waves, extraction of information, demodulation,

modulation, transmitter, superimposition, semiconductor materials, electrical contacts,

the transistor, power consumption, reliability, integrated circuit, microcomputer, audio

and video euipment, communications satellite, direct-recording methods digitali%ation


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of audio signals, amplitude, digital storage, medical electronics, ultrahigh definition

television, very-high-speed computer, superconducting circuit, +osephson unction&

ELECTRONICS

&!1! INTRODUCTION

E'ect%onic= /ie'd o/ enginee%ing and a(('ied (*$ic dea'ing )it* t*e deign and

a(('ication o/ device= &&a''$ e'ect%onic ci%c&it= t*e o(e%ation o/ )*ic* de(end on t*e

/'o) o/ e'ect%on /o% t*e gene%ation= t%anmiion= %ece(tion= and to%age o/ in/o%mation.

T*e in/o%mation can conit o/ voice o% m&ic Ba&dio igna' in a %adio %eceive%= a

(ict&%e on a te'eviion c%een= o% n&mbe% and ot*e% data in a com(&te%.

E'ect%onic ci%c&it (%ovide di//e%ent /&nction to (%oce t*i in/o%mation= inc'&ding

am('i/ication o/ )ea7 igna' to a &ab'e 'eve'@ gene%ation o/ %adio )ave@ et%action o/

in/o%mation= &c* a t*e %ecove%$ o/ an a&dio igna' /%om a %adio )ave Bdemod&'ation@

cont%o'= &c* a t*e &(e%im(oition o/ an a&dio igna' onto %adio )ave Bmod&'ation@

and 'ogic o(e%ation= &c* a t*e e'ect%onic (%ocee ta7ing ('ace in com(&te%.

&!2! $ISTORICAL BAC@GROUND

T*e int%od&ction o/ vac&&m t&be at t*e beginning o/ t*e !"t* cent&%$ )a t*e ta%ting

(oint o/ t*e %a(id g%o)t* o/ mode%n e'ect%onic. :it* vac&&m t&be t*e mani(&'ation o/igna' became (oib'e= )*ic* co&'d not be done )it* t*e ea%'$ te'eg%a(* and te'e(*one

ci%c&it o% )it* t*e ea%'$ t%anmitte% &ing *ig*vo'tage (a%7 to c%eate %adio )ave. ;o%

eam('e= )it* vac&&m t&be )ea7 %adio and a&dio igna' co&'d be am('i/ied= and a&dio

igna'= &c* a m&ic o% voice= co&'d be &(e%im(oed on %adio )ave. T*e deve'o(ment

o/ a 'a%ge va%iet$ o/ t&be deigned /o% (ecia'i?ed /&nction made (oib'e t*e )i/t

(%og%e o/ %adio comm&nication tec*no'og$ be/o%e :o%'d :a% II and t*e deve'o(ment

o/ ea%'$ com(&te% d&%ing and *o%t'$ a/te% t*e )a%.

T*e t%anito%= invented in 19,5= *a no) a'mot com('ete'$ %e('aced t*e vac&&m t&be in

mot o/ it a(('ication. Inco%(o%ating an a%%angement o/ emicond&cto% mate%ia' and

e'ect%ica' contact= t*e t%anito% (%ovide t*e ame /&nction a t*e vac&&m t&be b&t at

%ed&ced cot= )eig*t= and (o)e% con&m(tion and )it* *ig*e% %e'iabi'it$. S&be4&ent

advance in emicond&cto% tec*no'og$= in (a%t att%ib&tab'e to t*e intenit$ o/ %eea%c*


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aociated )it* t*e (acee('o%ation e//o%t= 'ed to t*e deve'o(ment o/ t*e integ%ated

ci%c&it. Integ%ated ci%c&it ma$ contain *&nd%ed o/ t*o&and o/ t%anito% on a ma''

(iece o/ mate%ia' and a''o) t*e cont%&ction o/ com('e e'ect%onic ci%c&it= &c* a t*oe

in mic%ocom(&te%= a&dio and video e4&i(ment= and comm&nication ate''ite.

&!&! RECENT DEVELO"MENTS

T*e deve'o(ment o/ integ%ated ci%c&it *a %evo'&tioni?ed t*e /ie'd o/ comm&nication=

in/o%mation *and'ing= and com(&ting. Integ%ated ci%c&it %ed&ce t*e i?e o/ device and

'o)e% man&/act&%ing and $tem cot= )*i'e at t*e ame time (%oviding *ig* (eed and

inc%eaed %e'iabi'it$. Digita' )atc*e= *and*e'd com(&te%= and e'ect%onic game a%e

$tem baed on mic%o(%oceo%. Ot*e% deve'o(ment inc'&de t*e digita'i?ation o/

a&dio igna'= )*e%e t*e /%e4&enc$ and am('it&de o/ an a&dio igna' a%e coded digita''$

b$ a((%o(%iate am('ing tec*ni4&e= t*at i= tec*ni4&e /o% mea&%ing t*e am('it&de o/t*e igna' at ve%$ *o%t inte%va'. Digita''$ %eco%ded m&ic *o) /ide'it$ t*at i not

(oib'e &ing di%ect%eco%ding met*od. Digita' ('a$bac7 device o/ t*i nat&%e *ave

a'%ead$ ente%ed t*e *ome ma%7et. Digita' to%age co&'d a'o /o%m t*e bai o/ *ome video

$tem and ma$ igni/icant'$ a'te% 'ib%a%$ to%age $tem= beca&e m&c* mo%e

in/o%mation can be to%ed on a di7 /o% %e('a$ on a te'eviion c%een t*an can be

contained in a boo7.

3edica' e'ect%onic *a (%og%eed /%om com(&te%i?ed aia' tomog%a(*$= o% t*e &e o/CAT o% CT canne% to $tem t*at can dic%iminate mo%e and mo%e o/ t*e o%gan o/ t*e

*&man bod$. Device t*at can vie) b'ood vee' and t*e %e(i%ato%$ $tem *ave been

deve'o(ed a )e''. U't%a*ig* de/inition te'eviion a'o (%omie to &btit&te /o% man$

(*otog%a(*ic (%ocee= beca&e it e'iminate t*e need /o% i've%.

Toda$Q %eea%c* to inc%eae t*e (eed and ca(acit$ o/ com(&te% concent%ate main'$ on

t*e im(%ovement o/ integ%ated ci%c&it tec*no'og$ and t*e deve'o(ment o/ even /ate%

)itc*ing com(onent. 8e%$'a%geca'e integ%ated B8LSI ci%c&it t*at contain eve%a'

*&nd%ed t*o&and com(onent on a ing'e c*i( *ave been deve'o(ed. 8e%$*ig*(eed

com(&te% a%e being deve'o(ed in )*ic* emicond&cto% ma$ be %e('aced b$

&(e%cond&cting ci%c&it &ing oe(*on j&nction Boe(*on E//ect and o(e%ating at

tem(e%at&%e nea% abo'&te ?e%o.

%-+ ?79 7nt t- - 874 t- t() )9 -. i.t) 7t t() 8)innin -/ t() +nit 7n4()4 t(7t 9-+ 7) /7?ii7 it( )74( -n)! Gi6) t()i R-?7ni7n );+i67)nt.


31/149

EJERCISES

A! READING

T() *+*-.) -/ t() /--in )3)4i.). i. t- )6)-* )7in .t7t)i). 7n

)in/-4) t-*i4 )7t) 6-478+79, n-t t- 4()4 874-+n n-))!

A!2! R))7 *777*( &!1!7n /i in t() ?i..in in/-?7ti-n in t() t78)

8)-! S-?) 4). i )?7in )?*t9, 7. t() in/-?7ti-n i. n-t i6)n in t() t)3t!

T78) &!1!

In/-?7ti-n

?7ni*+7ti-

nT9*). -/

in/-?7ti-nIn/-?7ti-n

*-4)..inE)4t-ni4

)6i4).

A!2! $76in )7 t() t)3t, 7n.) t() /--in ;+).ti-n.


32/149

A B

mod&'ation

'ogic o(e%ation

ve%$*ig*(eed com(&te%

vac&&m t&be

demod&'ation

advanced emicond&cto% tec*no'og$

digita'i?ation

t%anito%

com(&te%i?ed aia' tomog%a(*$

a ing'e c*i(

e'ect%onic (%ocee

&(e%im(oition

medica' e'ect%onic

%ecove%$

%ed&ced cot= )eig*t= (o)e% con&m(tion

mani(&'ation o/ igna'

integ%ated ci%c&it

8LSI

am('ing tec*ni4&e

&(e%cond&cting ci%c&it

B!2! >i in t() /--in t78) it( t() ?i..in in/-?7ti-n:

T78) &!2!

T9*) -/ ))4t-ni4 )6i4) >+n4ti-n A**i47ti-n

C! LANGUAGE >OCUS: "RESENT "ER>ECT VS: "AST SIM"LE

T() *+*-.) -/ t() /--in )3)4i.). i. t- )6)-* 7n+7) 77)n).. in t)?. -/

*).)nt *)/)4t 6.! *7.t .i?*)!

C!1! I)nti/9 (i4( -/ t() t- t)n.). ?)nti-n) 78-6) 7) +.) in t()

/--in .)nt)n4).!

1. 3edica' e'ect%onic *a (%og%eed /%om com(&te%i?ed aia' tomog%a(*$= o% t*e &e o/

CAT o% CT canne% to $tem t*at can dic%iminate mo%e and mo%e o/ t*e o%gan o/ t*e

*&man bod$.

!. S&be4&ent advance in emicond&cto% tec*no'og$= in (a%t att%ib&tab'e to t*e intenit$o/ %eea%c* aociated )it* t*e (acee('o%ation e//o%t= 'ed to t*e deve'o(ment o/ t*e

integ%ated ci%c&it.

+. T*e int%od&ction o/ vac&&m t&be at t*e beginning o/ t*e !"t* cent&%$ )a t*e ta%ting

(oint o/ t*e %a(id g%o)t* o/ mode%n e'ect%onic.


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,. T*e deve'o(ment o/ integ%ated ci%c&it *a %evo'&tioni?ed t*e /ie'd o/

comm&nication= in/o%mation *and'ing= and com(&ting.

-. T*e t%anito%= invented in 19,5= *a no) a'mot com('ete'$ %e('aced t*e vac&&m t&be

in mot o/ it a(('ication.

C!2! #it) )74( 6)8 *(7.) in t() +n) t() 7**-*i7t) ()7in:

T78) &!&!

"RESENT "ER>ECT

< 7+3!68! $AVES )3!68! V& =

"AST SIM"LE

< )3!68! V2 =

C!'! G-+* t() /--in 76)8. 744-in t- t()i in())nt ?)7nin


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!. Ci%c&ite'e e'ect%onice Jnde('inec /&ncKii di/e%ite (%ec&m am('i/ica%ea emna'e'o%

'abe= %ec&(e%a%ea emna'e'o% a&dio de (e o &nd %adio a& &(%a(&ne%ea &n&i emna'

a&dio (e o &nd %adio.

+. P%og%ee'e &'te%ioa%e Jn te*no'ogia emicond&ctoa%e'o% a& cond& 'a /ab%ica%ea

ci%c&ite'o% integ%ate= di(o?itive ce conKin &te de mii de t%an?ito%i.

E! S"EA@ING

T() *+*-.) -/ t().) )3)4i.). i. t- )6)-* .*)7in .i. it( 7 /-4+. -n t() ?7K-

.t)*. in t() )6)-*?)nt -/ ))4t-ni4. 7n 7**i47ti-n. -/ ))4t-ni4. t)4(n--9!

E!1! ").)nt t- 9-+ 4-)7+). t() ?7K- .t)*. in t() )6)-*?)nt -/

))4t-ni4.!

E!2! T7 it( -n) -/ 9-+ 4-)7+). 7n n7?) 7t )7.t t()) -/ t() 7t).t)6)-*?)nt. in t(i. /i) t(7t 9-+ 7) /7?ii7 it(! "-6i) in/-?7ti-n 78-+t t()

4(7n). t()9 8-+(t 78-+t in t() /i) -/ ))4t-ni4.! T9 t- )?)?8) ()n )74(

-/ t()? t-- *74)!

Unit '


35/149

ELECTRONIC COM"ONENTS

AIM:To %ecogni?e t*e Eng'i* tec*nica' te%m %e'ated to active and (aive

e'ect%onic com(onent@

OBECTIVES:



36/149

identi/$ co%%ect'$ t*e te%m de/ining t*e t)o main catego%ie o/

e'ect%onic com(onent@

%ecognie t*e (eci/ic te%m %e'ated to ditinction c%ite%ia bet)eenactive and (aive e'ect%onic com(onent@

identi/$ t*e a(('ication= o(e%ation (%inci('e= and com(onent (a%t

o/ eac* e'ect%onic device &nde% t&d$@

identi/$ t*e inte%na' t%&ct&%e and man&/act&%ing tec*ni4&e &ed

/o% t*e cont%&ction o/ eac* e'ect%onic com(onent@

dec%ibe in detai' eac* com(onent@

aimi'ate at 'eat +" te%m (eci/ic o/ active and (aive e'ect%onic

com(onent@

@E% TERMS:

active electronic circuit, passive electronic circuit, resistor, capacitor, inductor, battery,

generator, vacuum tube, transistor, diode, cathode, filament, anode, plate, positive

terminal, power supply, voltage, positive half-cycles, rectifier tubes, grid, spiral of metal

wire, amplifier, flow of electrons, doped, silicon, germanium, lac' of free electrons, n-

type and p-type material, bipolar transistor, p-n (bipolar) unction, forward bias, reverse

bias, field-effect transistor (F.), repulsion or attraction of charges, photolithography,

complex special-purpose circuit, monolithic resistance, carbon mixtures, metal film,

resistance wire, variable resistor, output, amplifier stage, input, intensity, coil,


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mechanical, thermal, electrical, and chemical uantities, transducer, sensor,

thermocouple, mechanical movement, photocell&

ELECTRONIC COM"ONENTS

'!1! INTRODUCTION

E'ect%onic ci%c&it conit o/ inte%connection o/ e'ect%onic com(onent. Com(onent a%e

c'ai/ied into t)o catego%ieactive o% (aive. Paive e'ement neve% &(('$ mo%e

ene%g$ t*an t*e$ abo%b@ active e'ement can &(('$ mo%e ene%g$ t*an t*e$ abo%b.

Paive com(onent inc'&de %eito%= ca(acito%= and ind&cto%. Com(onent conide%ed

active inc'&de batte%ie= gene%ato%= vac&&m t&be= and t%anito%.

'!2! VACUUM TUBES

A vac&&m t&be conit o/ an ai%evac&ated g'a enve'o(e t*at contain eve%a' meta'

e'ect%ode. A im('e= t)oe'ement t&be Bdiode conit o/ a cat*ode and an anode t*at i

connected to t*e (oitive te%mina' o/ a (o)e% &(('$. T*e cat*odea ma'' meta' t&be

*eated b$ a /i'ament/%ee e'ect%on = )*ic* mig%ate to t*e anodea meta' c$'inde%

a%o&nd t*e cat*ode Ba'o ca''ed t*e ('ate. I/ an a'te%nating vo'tage i a(('ied to t*e

anode= e'ect%on )i'' on'$ /'o) to t*e anode d&%ing t*e (oitive *a'/c$c'e@ d&%ing t*e

negative c$c'e o/ t*e a'te%nating vo'tage= t*e anode %e(e' t*e e'ect%on= and no c&%%ent(ae t*%o&g* t*e t&be. Diode connected in &c* a )a$ t*at on'$ t*e (oitive *a'/

c$c'e o/ an a'te%nating c&%%ent BAC a%e (e%mitted to (a a%e ca''ed %ecti/ie% t&be@ t*ee

a%e &ed in t*e conve%ion o/ a'te%nating c&%%ent to di%ect c&%%ent BDC. >$ ine%ting a

g%id= coniting o/ a (i%a' o/ meta' )i%e= bet)een t*e cat*ode and t*e anode and a(('$ing

a negative vo'tage to t*e g%id= t*e /'o) o/ e'ect%on can be cont%o''ed. :*en t*e g%id i

negative= it %e(e' e'ect%on= and on'$ a /%action o/ t*e e'ect%on emitted b$ t*e cat*ode

can %eac* t*e anode. S&c* a t&be= ca''ed a t%iode= can be &ed a an am('i/ie%. Sma''

va%iation in vo'tage at t*e g%id= &c* a can be (%od&ced b$ a %adio o% a&dio igna'= )i''

ca&e 'a%ge va%iation in t*e /'o) o/ e'ect%on /%om t*e cat*ode to t*e anode and= *ence=

in t*e ci%c&it%$ connected to t*e anode.

'!&! TRANSISTORS


38/149

T%anito% a%e made /%om emicond&cto%. T*ee a%e mate%ia'= &c* a i'icon o%

ge%mani&m= t*at a%e do(ed B*ave min&te amo&nt o/ /o%eign e'ement added o t*at

eit*e% an ab&ndance o% a 'ac7 o/ /%ee e'ect%on eit. In t*e /o%me% cae= t*e

emicond&cto% i ca''ed nt$(e= and in t*e 'atte% cae= (t$(e. >$ combining nt$(e and (

t$(e mate%ia'= a diode can be (%od&ced. :*en t*i diode i connected to a batte%$ o t*at

t*e (t$(e mate%ia' i (oitive and t*e nt$(e negative= e'ect%on a%e %e(e''ed /%om t*e

negative batte%$ te%mina' and (a &nim(eded to t*e (%egion= )*ic* 'ac7 e'ect%on.

:it* batte%$ %eve%ed= t*e e'ect%on a%%iving in t*e (mate%ia' can (a on'$ )it*

di//ic&'t$ to t*e nmate%ia'= )*ic* i a'%ead$ /i''ed )it* /%ee e'ect%on= and t*e c&%%ent i

a'mot ?e%o.

T*e bi(o'a% t%anito% )a invented in 19,5 a a %e('acement /o% t*e t%iode vac&&m t&be.

It conit o/ t*%ee 'a$e% o/ do(ed mate%ia'= /o%ming t)o (n Bbi(o'a% j&nction )it*con/ig&%ation o/ (n( o% n(n. One j&nction i connected to a batte%$ o a to a''o)

c&%%ent /'o) B/o%)a%d bia= and t*e ot*e% j&nction *a a batte%$ connected in t*e o((oite

di%ection B%eve%e bia. I/ t*e c&%%ent in t*e /o%)a%dbiaed j&nction i va%ied b$ t*e

addition o/ a igna'= t*e c&%%ent in t*e %eve%ebiaed j&nction o/ t*e t%anito% )i'' va%$

acco%ding'$. T*e (%inci('e can be &ed to cont%&ct am('i/ie% in )*ic* a ma'' igna'

a(('ied to t*e /o%)a%dbiaed j&nction ca&e a 'a%ge c*ange in c&%%ent in t*e %eve%e

biaed j&nction.Anot*e% t$(e o/ t%anito% i t*e /ie'de//ect t%anito% B;ET. S&c* a t%anito% o(e%ate

on t*e (%inci('e o/ %e(&'ion o% att%action o/ c*a%ge d&e to a &(e%im(oed e'ect%ic /ie'd.

Am('i/ication o/ c&%%ent i accom('i*ed in a manne% imi'a% to t*e g%id cont%o' o/ a

vac&&m t&be. ;ie'de//ect t%anito% o(e%ate mo%e e//icient'$ t*an bi(o'a% t$(e= beca&e

a 'a%ge igna' can be cont%o''ed b$ a ve%$ ma'' amo&nt o/ ene%g$.

'!'! INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

3ot integ%ated ci%c&it a%e ma'' (iece= o% c*i(= o/ i'icon= (e%*a( ! to , 4 mm

B"."5 to ".1- 4 in 'ong= in )*ic* t%anito% a%e /ab%icated. P*oto'it*og%a(*$ enab'e t*e

deigne% to c%eate ten o/ t*o&and o/ t%anito% on a ing'e c*i( b$ (%o(e% ('acement o/

t*e man$ nt$(e and (t$(e %egion. T*ee a%e inte%connected )it* ve%$ ma'' cond&cting

(at* d&%ing /ab%ication to (%od&ce com('e (ecia'(&%(oe ci%c&it. S&c* integ%ated

ci%c&it a%e ca''ed mono'it*ic beca&e t*e$ a%e /ab%icated on a ing'e c%$ta' o/ i'icon.


39/149

C*i( %e4&i%e m&c* 'e (ace and (o)e% and a%e c*ea(e% to man&/act&%e t*an an

e4&iva'ent ci%c&it b&i't b$ em('o$ing individ&a' t%anito%.

'!5! RESISTORS

I/ a batte%$ i connected ac%o a cond&cting mate%ia'= a ce%tain amo&nt o/ c&%%ent )i''

/'o) t*%o&g* t*e mate%ia'. T*i c&%%ent i de(endent on t*e vo'tage o/ t*e batte%$= on t*e

dimenion o/ t*e am('e= and on t*e cond&ctivit$ o/ t*e mate%ia' ite'/. Reito% )it*

7no)n %eitance a%e &ed /o% c&%%ent cont%o' in e'ect%onic ci%c&it. T*e %eito% a%e made

/%om ca%bon mit&%e= meta' /i'm= o% %eitance )i%e and *ave t)o connecting )i%e

attac*ed. 8a%iab'e %eito%= )it* an adj&tab'e 'iding contact a%m= a%e o/ten &ed to

cont%o' vo'&me on %adio and te'eviion et.

'!F! CA"ACITORS

Ca(acito% conit o/ t)o meta' ('ate t*at a%e e(a%ated b$ an in&'ating mate%ia'. I/ abatte%$ i connected to bot* ('ate= an e'ect%ic c*a%ge )i'' /'o) /o% a *o%t time and

acc&m&'ate on eac* ('ate. I/ t*e batte%$ i diconnected= t*e ca(acito% %etain t*e c*a%ge

and t*e vo'tage aociated )it* it. Ra(id'$ c*anging vo'tage= &c* a ca&ed b$ an a&dio

o% %adio igna'= (%od&ce 'a%ge% c&%%ent /'o) to and /%om t*e ('ate@ t*e ca(acito% t*en

/&nction a a cond&cto% /o% t*e c*anging c&%%ent. T*i e//ect can be &ed= /o% eam('e= to

e(a%ate an a&dio o% %adio igna' /%om a di%ect c&%%ent in o%de% to connect t*e o&t(&t o/

one am('i/ie% tage to t*e in(&t o/ t*e net am('i/ie% tage.'!! INDUCTORS

Ind&cto% conit o/ a cond&cting )i%e )o&nd into t*e /o%m o/ a coi'. :*en a c&%%ent

(ae t*%o&g* t*e coi'= a magnetic /ie'd i et &( a%o&nd it t*at tend to o((oe %a(id

c*ange in c&%%ent intenit$ B Ind&ction. A a ca(acito%= an ind&cto% can be &ed to

diting&i* bet)een %a(id'$ and 'o)'$ c*anging igna'. :*en an ind&cto% i &ed in

conj&nction )it* a ca(acito%= t*e vo'tage in t*e ind&cto% %eac*e a maima' va'&e /o% a

(eci/ic /%e4&enc$. T*i (%inci('e i &ed in a %adio %eceive%= )*e%e a (eci/ic /%e4&enc$

i e'ected b$ a va%iab'e ca(acito%.

'!H!SENSING DEVICES AND TRANSDUCERS

3ea&%ement o/ mec*anica'= t*e%ma'= e'ect%ica'= and c*emica' 4&antitie a%e made b$

device ca''ed eno% and t%and&ce%. T*e eno% i %e(onive to c*ange in t*e

4&antit$ to be mea&%ed= /o% eam('e= tem(e%at&%e= (oition= o% c*emica' concent%ation.


40/149

T*e t%and&ce% conve%t &c* mea&%ement into e'ect%ica' igna'= )*ic*= &&a''$

am('i/ied= can be /ed to int%&ment /o% t*e %eado&t= %eco%ding= o% cont%o' o/ t*e mea&%ed

4&antitie. Seno% and t%and&ce% can o(e%ate at 'ocation %emote /%om t*e obe%ve% and

in envi%onment &n&itab'e o% im(%actica' /o% *&man.

Some device act a bot* eno% and t%and&ce%. A t*e%moco&('e *a t)o j&nction o/

)i%e o/ di//e%ent meta'@ t*ee gene%ate a ma'' e'ect%ic vo'tage t*at de(end on t*e

tem(e%at&%e di//e%ence bet)een t*e t)o j&nction. A t*e%mito% i a (ecia' %eito%= t*e

%eitance o/ )*ic* va%ie )it* tem(e%at&%e. A va%iab'e %eito% can conve%t mec*anica'

movement into an e'ect%ica' igna'. S(ecia''$ deigned ca(acito% a%e &ed to mea&%e

ditance= and (*otoce'' a%e &ed to detect 'ig*t BP*otoe'ect%ic Ce''. Ot*e% device a%e

&ed to mea&%e ve'ocit$= acce'e%ation= o% /'&id /'o). In mot intance= t*e e'ect%ic igna'

i )ea7 and m&t be am('i/ied b$ an e'ect%onic ci%c&it.

EJERCISES

A! READING

T() *+*-.) -/ t() /--in )3)4i.). i. t- )6)-* )7in .t7t)i). 7n

)in/-4) t-*i4 )7t) 6-478+79, n-t t- 4()4 874-+n n-))!

A!1! $76in )7 t() t)3t, )4i) ()t() t() in/-?7ti-n i6)n in t()

.t7t)?)nt. 8)- i. t+)


41/149

+. Paive com(onent inc'&de batte%ie= %eito%= ca(acito%= gene%ato%= vac&&m t&be=

and t%anito%. B,.1

,. >$ ine%ting a g%id= coniting o/ a (i%a' o/ meta' )i%e= bet)een t*e cat*ode and t*e

anode and a(('$ing a negative vo'tage to t*e g%id= t*e /'o) o/ e'ect%on can be cont%o''ed.

B,.!.

-. :*en t*e g%id i negative= it att%act e'ect%on= and on'$ a /%action o/ t*e e'ect%on

emitted b$ t*e cat*ode can %eac* t*e anode. B,.!.

0. :it* batte%$ %eve%ed= t*e e'ect%on a%%iving in t*e (mate%ia' can (a on'$ )it*

di//ic&'t$ to t*e nmate%ia'= )*ic* i a'%ead$ /i''ed )it* /%ee e'ect%on= and t*e c&%%ent i

a'mot ?e%o. B,.+.

2. ;ie'de//ect t%anito% o(e%ate 'e e//icient'$ t*an bi(o'a% t$(e= beca&e a 'a%ge igna'

can be cont%o''ed b$ a ve%$ ma'' amo&nt o/ ene%g$. B,.+.5. Integ%ated ci%c&it a%e ca''ed mono'it*ic beca&e t*e$ a%e /ab%icated on a ing'e c%$ta'

o/ i'icon. B,.,.

9. Ca(acito% conit o/ eve%a' meta' ('ate t*at a%e e(a%ated b$ a cond&cting mate%ia'.

B,.0.

1". Ind&cto% conit o/ a cond&cting )i%e )o&nd into t*e /o%m o/ a coi'. B,.2.

B! VOCABULAR% #OR@





8)-:

Li.t '!1!

&(('$ mo%e ene%g$ t*an t*e$ abo%b= ca(acito%= neve% &(('$ mo%e ene%g$ t*an

t*e$ abo%b= %eito%= batte%ie= gene%ato%= vac&&m t&be= t%anito%= ind&cto%.

T78) '!1!

A4ti6) ))4t-ni4 "7..i6) ))4t-ni4 R))67nt 4(774t)i.ti4.


42/149

4-?*-n)nt. 4-?*-n)nt.

B!2! M7t4( )74( -/ t() t)?. in 4-+?n A it( 7. ?7n9 t)?. 7. *-..i8) in

4-+?n B:

A B

vac&&m t&be

%eito%

ca(acito%

ind&cto%

batte%$gene%ato%

t%anito%

eno%

t%and&ce%

cat*ode

meta' e'ect%ode

meta' c$'inde%

do(ed

%e(onivet*e%moco&('e

t*e%mito%

;ET

meta' ('ate

c*i( o/ i'icon

emicond&cto%

bi(o'a%

coi'

/o%)a%d bia

%eitance

(*otoce''

ca%bon mit&%e

C! LANGUAGE >OCUS: "ASSIVE >ORMS

T() *+*-.) -/ t() /--in )3)4i.). i. t- )6)-* 7n+7) 77)n).. in t)?. -/*7..i6) /-?. -/ 6)8. in Eni.( 7n t)74( t() *7..i6) 6-i4)!

C!1! R)7 t() t)3t 7n i)nti/9 6)8 *(7.). in t()) .)nt)n4). (76in t()

/--in *7tt)n! I)nti/9 t() t)n.) 7n 6-i4) /- )74( 47.)!

7+3!68! BE )3!68! V&


43/149

C!2! C(7n) t() /--in .)nt)n4). int- 74ti6)*7..i6) 6-i4) *).)6in t()

t)n.), 7n *79 7tt)nti-n t- t() .(i/t -/ /-4+. t7in *74) it( )74( t7n./-?7ti-n!

1. 3ea&%ement o/ mec*anica'= t*e%ma'= e'ect%ica'= and c*emica' 4&antitie a%e made b$

device ca''ed eno% and t%and&ce%.

!. :*en an ind&cto% i &ed in conj&nction )it* a ca(acito%= t*e vo'tage in t*e ind&cto%

%eac*e a maima' va'&e /o% a (eci/ic /%e4&enc$.

+. I/ a batte%$ i connected to bot* ('ate= an e'ect%ic c*a%ge )i'' /'o) /o% a *o%t time and

acc&m&'ate on eac* ('ate.

,. I/ t*e batte%$ i diconnected= t*e ca(acito% %etain t*e c*a%ge and t*e vo'tage

aociated )it* it.

-. Reito% )it* 7no)n %eitance a%e &ed /o% c&%%ent cont%o' in e'ect%onic ci%c&it.

0. S&c* a t%anito% o(e%ate on t*e (%inci('e o/ %e(&'ion o% att%action o/ c*a%ge d&e to a&(e%im(oed e'ect%ic /ie'd.

2. Am('i/ication o/ c&%%ent i accom('i*ed in a manne% imi'a% to t*e g%id cont%o' o/ a

vac&&m t&be.

5. T*e bi(o'a% t%anito% )a invented in 19,5 a a %e('acement /o% t*e t%iode vac&&m

t&be.

9. T%anito% a%e made /%om emicond&cto%.

1". I/ an a'te%nating vo'tage i a(('ied to t*e anode= e'ect%on )i'' on'$ /'o) to t*e anoded&%ing t*e (oitive *a'/c$c'e.

D! TRANSLATION

T() *+*-.) -/ t(i. )3)4i.) i. t- )6)-* t7n.7tin .i.!

D!1! T7n.7t) t() /--in .)nt)n4). int- Eni.(:

1. Diode'e conectate at/e' JncMt (e%mit t%ece%ea &n&i c&%ent a'te%nativ doa% Jn

emia'te%nanKa (o?itiv &nt n&mite %ed%eoa%e.

!. T%an?ito%&' bi(o'a% inventat Jn 19,5 ete a'ct&it din t%ei t%at&%i de mate%ia' do(at=

/o%mMnd do& joncKi&ni bi(o'a%e de ti( (n de con/ig&%aKie (n( %e(ective n(n.

+. At&nci cMnd o bobin ete &ti'i?at Jn combinaKie c& &n condenato%= teni&nea din

bobin atinge o va'oa%e maim (ent%& o /%ecvenK dat.

E! S"EA@ING


44/149

T() *+*-.) -/ t().) )3)4i.). i. t- )6)-* .*)7in .i. it( 7 /-4+. -n ))4t-ni4

4-?*-n)nt., t()i -*)7ti-n *in4i*) 7n 7**i47ti-n!

E!1! T7 it( -n) -/ 9-+ 4-)7+). 7n n7?) 7t )7.t -n) 74ti6) 7n -n)

*7..i6) ))4t-ni4 4-?*-n)nt t(7t 9-+ 7) /7?ii7 it(! D).4i8) t()i 4-?*-n)nt

*7t. 7n (- t()9 7) +.)!

Unit 5


45/149

ANALOG AND DIGITAL

ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

AIM:

To %ecogni?e t*e Eng'i* tec*nica' te%m %e'ated to ana'og&e and digita'

ci%c&it@

OBECTIVES:


46/149


identi/$ co%%ect'$ t*e te%m de/ining t*e di//e%ent t$(e o/ digita'

and ana'og&e ci%c&it@

%ecognie t*e (eci/ic te%m %e'ated to am('i/ie% ci%c&it=

oci''ato%= )itc*ing and timing ci%c&it@

dec%ibe t*e (oib'e a(('ication /o% eac* t$(e o/ ci%c&it@

identi/$ t*e t$(e o/ ci%c&it and t*e /&nction t*e$ (%ovide@

dec%ibe t*e o(e%ation o/ a'' t$(e o/ ana'og&e and digita' ci%c&it@

aimi'ate at 'eat +" te%m (eci/ic o/ ci%c&it t%&ct&%e= o(e%ation=

/&nction and a(('ication@

@E% TERMS:

DC voltage, internal power supply, outlet, regulated DC voltage, transformer, to step up,

to step down, input voltage, electrical ground insulation, power line, rectifier, diode,

vacuum diode, germanium crystal, cadmium sulphide, low-power rectifier, silicon

rectifier, fluctuation, ripple, to superimpose, rectified DC voltage, voltage regulator,

%ener diode, solid-state p-n-unction diode, excess voltage, analogue circuit, amplifier

circuit, signal amplification, distortion, nonlinear amplifier, waveform of the signal,

linear amplifier, audio signal, video signal, oscillator, power electronics, modulator,

mixer, logic circuit, amplitude cut-off, discrete transistor circuit, integrated circuit,


47/149

operational amplifier (op-amp), DC-coupled, multistage, linear amplifier, freuency

spectrum range, band, radio freuency amplifier, video amplifier, tuned inductance-

capacitance circuit, vibrating crystal, crystal-controlled oscillator, high-freuency

oscillator, switching and timing circuit, logic circuit, digital logic, /oolean algebra,

true-false decision, solid-state transducer, transistor-transistor logic (.."), metal oxide

semiconductor logic (C01#), resistor-transistor logic (."), emitter coupled logic

("C), flip-flop (binary switch), counter, comparator, adder, digital logic gate&

ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

5!1! "O#ERSU""L% CIRCUITS

3ot e'ect%onic e4&i(ment %e4&i%e DC vo'tage /o% it o(e%ation. T*ee can be (%ovided

b$ batte%ie o% b$ inte%na' (o)e% &(('ie t*at conve%t a'te%nating c&%%ent a avai'ab'e at

t*e *ome e'ect%ic o&t'et= into %eg&'ated DC vo'tage. T*e /i%t e'ement in an inte%na' DC

(o)e% &(('$ i a t%an/o%me%= )*ic* te( &( o% te( do)n t*e in(&t vo'tage to a 'eve'

&itab'e /o% t*e o(e%ation o/ t*e e4&i(ment. A econda%$ /&nction o/ t*e t%an/o%me% i to

(%ovide e'ect%ica' g%o&nd in&'ation o/ t*e device /%om t*e (o)e% 'ine to %ed&ce (otentia'

*oc7 *a?a%d. T*e t%an/o%me% i t*en /o''o)ed b$ a %ecti/ie%= no%ma''$ a diode. In t*e

(at= vac&&m diode and a )ide va%iet$ o/ di//e%ent mate%ia' &c* a ge%mani&m c%$ta'o% cadmi&m &'(*ide )e%e em('o$ed in t*e 'o)(o)e% %ecti/ie% &ed in e'ect%onic

e4&i(ment. Toda$ i'icon %ecti/ie% a%e &ed a'mot ec'&ive'$ beca&e o/ t*ei% 'o) cot

and t*ei% *ig* %e'iabi'it$.

;'&ct&ation and %i(('e &(e%im(oed on t*e %ecti/ied DC vo'tage Bnoticeab'e a a *&m

in a ma'/&nctioning a&dio am('i/ie% can be /i'te%ed o&t b$ a ca(acito%@ t*e 'a%ge% t*e

ca(acito%= t*e ma''e% i t*e amo&nt o/ %i(('e in t*e vo'tage. 3o%e (%ecie cont%o' ove%

vo'tage 'eve' and %i(('e can be ac*ieved b$ a vo'tage %eg&'ato%= )*ic* a'o ma7e t*e

inte%na' vo'tage inde(endent o/ /'&ct&ation t*at ma$ be enco&nte%ed at an o&t'et. A

im('e= o/ten&ed vo'tage %eg&'ato% i t*e ?ene% diode. It conit o/ a o'idtate (n

j&nction diode= )*ic* act a an in&'ato% &( to a (%edete%mined vo'tage@ above t*at

vo'tage it become a cond&cto% t*at b$(ae ece vo'tage. 3o%e o(*iticated vo'tage

%eg&'ato% a%e &&a''$ cont%&cted a integ%ated ci%c&it.


48/149

5!2! ANALOG CIRCUITS

5!2!1! A?*i/i) Ci4+it.

E'ect%onic am('i/ie% a%e &ed main'$ to inc%eae t*e vo'tage= c&%%ent= o% (o)e% o/ a

igna'. A 'inea% am('i/ie% (%ovide igna' am('i/ication )it* 'itt'e o% no dito%tion= o t*at

t*e o&t(&t i (%o(o%tiona' to t*e in(&t. A non'inea% am('i/ie% ma$ (%od&ce a conide%ab'e

c*ange in t*e )ave/o%m o/ t*e igna'. Linea% am('i/ie% a%e &ed /o% a&dio and video

igna'= )*e%ea non'inea% am('i/ie% /ind &e in oci''ato%= (o)e% e'ect%onic=

mod&'ato%= mie%= 'ogic ci%c&it= and ot*e% a(('ication )*e%e an am('it&de c&to// i

dei%ed. A't*o&g* vac&&m t&be ('a$ed a majo% %o'e in am('i/ie% in t*e (at= toda$ eit*e%

dic%ete t%anito% ci%c&it o% integ%ated ci%c&it a%e mot'$ &ed.

5!2!1!1!A+i- A?*i/i).

A&dio am('i/ie%= &c* a a%e /o&nd in %adio= te'eviion et= citi?en band BC> %adio=and caette %eco%de%= a%e gene%a''$ o(e%ated at /%e4&encie be'o) !" 7i'o*e%t? B1 76?

1""" c$c'eec. T*e$ am('i/$ t*e e'ect%ica' igna'= )*ic* t*en i conve%ted to o&nd in a

'o&d(ea7e%. O(e%ationa' am('i/ie% Bo(am(= b&i't )it* integ%ated ci%c&it and

coniting o/ DCco&('ed= m&'titage= 'inea% am('i/ie% a%e (o(&'a% /o% a&dio am('i/ie%.

5!2!1!2! Vi)- A?*i/i).

8ideo am('i/ie% a%e &ed main'$ /o% igna' )it* a /%e4&enc$ (ect%&m %ange &( to 0

mega*e%t? B1 36? 1 mi''ion c$c'eec. T*e igna' *and'ed b$ t*e am('i/ie% becomet*e vi&a' in/o%mation (%eented on t*e te'eviion c%een= )it* t*e igna' am('it&de

%eg&'ating t*e b%ig*tne o/ t*e (ot /o%ming t*e image on t*e c%een. To ac*ieve it

/&nction= a video am('i/ie% m&t o(e%ate ove% a )ide band and am('i/$ a'' /%e4&encie

e4&a''$ and )it* 'o) dito%tion.

5!2!1!&! R7i- >);+)n49 A?*i/i).

T*ee am('i/ie% boot t*e igna' 'eve' o/ %adio o% te'eviion comm&nication $tem.

T*ei% /%e4&encie gene%a''$ %ange /%om 1"" 76? to 1 G6? B1 bi''ion c$c'eec 1

giga*e%t? and can etend )e'' into t*e mic%o)ave /%e4&enc$ %ange.

5!2!2! OSCILLATORS

Oci''ato% gene%a''$ conit o/ an am('i/ie% and ome t$(e o/ /eedbac7 T*e o&t(&t

igna' i /ed bac7 to t*e in(&t o/ t*e am('i/ie%. T*e /%e4&enc$dete%mining e'ement ma$

be a t&ned ind&ctanceca(acitance ci%c&it o% a vib%ating c%$ta'. C%$ta'cont%o''ed


49/149

oci''ato% o//e% t*e *ig*et (%eciion and tabi'it$. Oci''ato% a%e &ed to (%od&ce a&dio

and %adio igna' /o% a )ide va%iet$ o/ (&%(oe. ;o% eam('e= im('e a&dio/%e4&enc$

oci''ato% a%e &ed in mode%n (&*b&tton te'e(*one to t%anmit data to t*e cent%a'

te'e(*one tation /o% dia''ing. A&dio tone gene%ated b$ oci''ato% a%e a'o /o&nd in

a'a%m c'oc7= %adio= e'ect%onic o%gan= com(&te%= and )a%ning $tem. 6ig*/%e4&enc$

oci''ato% a%e &ed in comm&nication e4&i(ment to (%ovide t&ning and igna'detection

/&nction. Radio and te'eviion tation &e (%ecie *ig*/%e4&enc$ oci''ato% to (%od&ce

t%anmitting /%e4&encie.

5!&! DIGITAL LOGIC CIRCUITS

S)itc*ing and timing ci%c&it= o% 'ogic ci%c&it= /o%m t*e *ea%t o/ an$ device )*e%e

igna' m&t be e'ected o% combined in a cont%o''ed manne%. A(('ication o/ t*ee

ci%c&it inc'&de te'e(*one )itc*ing= ate''ite t%anmiion= and digita' com(&te%o(e%ation.

5!&!1! S#ITC$ING AND TIMING CIRCUITS

Digita' 'ogic i a %ationa' (%oce /o% ma7ing im('e t%&e o% /a'e deciion baed on

t*e %&'e o/ >oo'ean a'geb%a. T%&e can be %e(%eented b$ a 1 and /a'e b$ a "= and in

'ogic ci%c&it t*e n&me%a' a((ea% a igna' o/ t)o di//e%ent vo'tage. Logic ci%c&it a%e

&ed to ma7e (eci/ic t%&e/a'e deciion baed on t*e (%eence o/ m&'ti('e t%&e/a'e

igna' at t*e in(&t. T*e igna' ma$ be gene%ated b$ mec*anica' )itc*e o% b$ o'idtate t%and&ce%. Once t*e in(&t igna' *a been acce(ted and conditioned Bto %emove

&n)anted e'ect%ica' igna'= o% noie= it i (%oceed b$ t*e digita' 'ogic ci%c&it. T*e

va%io& /ami'ie o/ digita' 'ogic device= &&a''$ integ%ated ci%c&it= (e%/o%m a va%iet$ o/

'ogic /&nction t*%o&g* 'ogic gate= inc'&ding OR=AND= and NOT= and

combination o/ t*ee B&c* a NOR= )*ic* inc'&de bot* OR and NOT. One )ide'$

&ed 'ogic /ami'$ i t*e t%anito%t%anito% 'ogic BTTL. Anot*e% /ami'$ i t*e

com('ementa%$ meta' oide emicond&cto% 'ogic BC3OS= )*ic* (e%/o%m imi'a%

/&nction at ve%$ 'o) (o)e% 'eve' b&t at 'ig*t'$ 'o)e% o(e%ating (eed. Seve%a' ot*e%=

'e (o(&'a% /ami'ie o/ 'ogic ci%c&it eit= inc'&ding t*e c&%%ent'$ obo'ete %eito%

t%anito% 'ogic BRTL and t*e emitte% co&('ed 'ogic BELC= t*e 'atte% &ed /o% ve%$*ig*

(eed $tem.

5!&!2! DIGITAL LOGIC


50/149

T*e e'ementa' b'oc7 in a 'ogic device a%e ca''ed digita' 'ogic gate. An AND gate *a

t)o o% mo%e in(&t and a ing'e o&t(&t. T*e o&t(&t o/ an AND gate i t%&e on'$ i/ a'' t*e

in(&t a%e t%&e. An OR gate *a t)o o% mo%e in(&t and a ing'e o&t(&t. T*e o&t(&t o/ an

OR gate i t%&e i/ an$ one o/ t*e in(&t i t%&e and i /a'e i/ a'' o/ t*e in(&t a%e /a'e. An

IN8ERTER *a a ing'e in(&t and a ing'e o&t(&t te%mina' and can c*ange a t%&e igna'

to a /a'e igna'= t*& (e%/o%ming t*e NOT /&nction. 3o%e com('icated 'ogic ci%c&it a%e

b&i't &( /%om e'ementa%$ gate. T*e$ inc'&de /'i(/'o( Bbina%$ )itc*e= co&nte%=

com(a%ato%= adde%= and mo%e com('e combination.

To (e%/o%m a dei%ed ove%a'' /&nction= 'a%ge n&mbe% o/ 'ogic e'ement ma$ be connected

in com('e ci%c&it. In ome cae mic%o(%oceo% a%e &ti'i?ed to (e%/o%m man$ o/ t*e

)itc*ing and timing /&nction o/ t*e individ&a' 'ogic e'ement. T*e (%oceo% a%e

(eci/ica''$ (%og%ammed )it* individ&a' int%&ction to (e%/o%m a given ta7 o% ta7. Anadvantage o/ mic%o(%oceo% i t*at t*e$ ma7e (oib'e t*e (e%/o%mance o/ di//e%ent

'ogic /&nction= de(ending on t*e (%og%am int%&ction t*at a%e to%ed. A diadvantage o/

mic%o(%oceo% i t*at no%ma''$ t*e$ o(e%ate in a e4&entia' mode= )*ic* ma$ be too

'o) /o% ome a(('ication. In t*ee cae (eci/ica''$ deigned 'ogic ci%c&it a%e &ed.

EJERCISES

A! READINGT() *+*-.) -/ t() /--in )3)4i.). i. t- )6)-* )7in .t7t)i). 7n

)in/-4) t-*i4 )7t) 6-478+79, n-t t- 4()4 874-+n n-))!

A!1! R))7 .)4ti-n 5!1! 7n 5!2! An )4i) -n t() +.). -/ t().) t9*). -/

7n7-+) 4i4+it.:

1! "-).+**9 4i4+it.

2! A?*i/i) 4i4+it.

&! O.4i7t-.

A!2! In .)4ti-n 5!&! -/ t() t)3t t() 4(774t)i.ti4. -/ -i4 4i4+it., -i4 7t).

7n -i4 /7?ii). 7) ).4i8)! E3*7in t() 7**i47ti-n. t(7t t().) *-*)ti).

-+ 8) ?-.t .+it78) /- 7n n7?) )74( t9*) -/ -i4 4i4+it!

B! VOCABULAR% #OR@


51/149




B!1! >i in t() /--in i77?. it( t() ?i..in t)?.:

Di77? 5!1!

Di77? 5!2!

Di77? 5!&!

B!1! Ent) in t() /--in t78) in/-?7ti-n )7t) t- 7?*i/i) 4i4+it.

);+)n49

.*)4t+?

7n)

T9*) -/

.in7

7?*i/i47ti-

n

A**i47ti-n. "7ti4+7

4(774t)i.ti4.

LOGIC GATES

DIGITAL LOGIC CIRCUITS

LOGIC ;A3ILIES


52/149

C! LANGUAGE >OCUS: #ORD >ORMATION

T() *+*-.) -/ t() /--in )3)4i.). i. t- )6)-* 7n+7) 77)n).. in t)?. -/

- /-?7ti-n 89 ?)7n. -/ 8+iin - /7?ii)., +.in *)/i3). 7n .+//i3)., 7n

.*)in -/ 4-?*-+n.!

C!1! >in 7t )7.t /-+ t)?. 8)-nin t- t() .7?) - /7?i9 7. t()

/--in t)?. 7n i)nti/9 t() - /-?7ti-n *7tt)n in )74( 47.)!

1.to am('i/$

!. to &(('$

+. to oci''ate

C!2! Ent) t() t)?. t(7t 47n 8) +.) 7. n-+n. +n) t() 7**-*i7t)

()7in in t() t78) 8)- 7n +.) t()? in .)nt)n4).:

T78) 5!2!

NOUN #- /-?7ti-n *7tt)n< V1in= -


53/149

e'ect%on

&(e%

b$

di

c&t

o(

DC

3&'ti

in

non

b%ig*t

mic%oind&ctance

c%$ta'

*ig*

igna'

te'e(*one

>oo'ean

t%&eo'id

t%an

%e

t%anito%

emi

%eito%

emitte%

ve%$

/'i(

bi

mic%o

ic

im(oe

(a

to%tion

o//

am(

co&('ed

tage

(&t

'inea%

ne

)aveca(acitance

cont%o''ed

/%e4&enc$

detection

)itc*ing

a'geb%a

/a'etate

d&ce%

move

t%anito% 'ogic

cond&cto%

t%anito% 'ogic

co&('ed 'ogic

*ig* (eed $tem

/'o(

na%$

(%oceo%


54/149

D! TRANSLATION

T() *+*-.) -/ t(i. )3)4i.) i. t- )6)-* t7n.7tin .i.!

D!1! T7n.7t) t() /--in t)?. int- Eni.(:

P%i?= &% de a'imenta%e= c&%ent contin&&= c&%ent a'te%nativ= t%an/o%mato%= di(o?itiv=

i?o'aKie= %ed%eo%= i'ici&= ond&'aKie= /'&ct&aKie= di/&ncKiona'= a /i't%a= condenato%= dioda

?ene%= tabi'i?ato% de teni&ne= ci%c&it am('i/icato%= emna'= ci%c&it dic%et= mic%o(%oceo%=

oci'ato%= a'geb%a >oo'ean= (oa%t 'ogic= inve%o%= conto%= com(a%ato%= &mato%.

E! S"EA@ING

T() *+*-.) -/ t().) )3)4i.). i. t- )6)-* .*)7in .i. it( 7 /-4+. -n

E!1! T7 it( -n) -/ 9-+ 4-)7+). 7n n7?) 7t )7.t t- -i4 7t). t(7t

9-+ 7) /7?ii7 it(! D).4i8) t()? 7n i)nti/9 t() /+n4ti-n )74( -/ t()?

*)/-?.!

Unit F


55/149

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

AIM:

To %ecogni?e t*e Eng'i* tec*nica' te%m %e'ated to te'ecomm&nication and

t*e deve'o(ment o/ t*i /ie'd@

OBECTIVES:On &cce/&''$ com('eting t*i &nit t*e t&dent *o&'d be ab'e to

identi/$ co%%ect'$ t*e te%m de/ining te'ecomm&nication device

and $tem@

%ecognie t*e (eci/ic te%m %e'ated to te'eg%a(*= te'e(*one and

b%oadcating $tem@


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c*a%acte%ie t*e o(e%ation (%inci('e o/ eac* b%anc* o/

te'ecomm&nication@

identi/$ t*e t$(e o/ e4&i(ment &ed /o% t%anmitting and %eceivingt*e va%io& t$(e o/ igna'@

dec%ibe t*e a(('ication made (oib'e b$ eac*

te'ecomm&nication $tem@

aimi'ate at 'eat +" te%m (eci/ic o/ ending= %eceiving= and

conve%ting igna'@

@E% TERMS:

electronic signal, optical signal, sender, recipient, telephone system, medium, radio

wave, strand of glass fibre, point-to-point, point-to-multipoint, facsimile (fax) message,broadcast, telegraph, intercity message, transcontinental message, transoceanic

message, electromagnetism, prototype, decipher, switching technology, , long-distance

telephone service, public communications, 0orse-code telegraph signal, wireless

telegraphy, mass-communication

TELECOMMUNICATIONSF!1! INTRODUCTIONTe'ecomm&nication= device and $tem t*at t%anmit e'ect%onic o% o(tica' igna'

ac%o 'ong ditance. Te'ecomm&nication enab'e (eo('e a%o&nd t*e )o%'d to contact

one anot*e%= to acce in/o%mation intant'$= and to comm&nicate /%om %emote a%ea.

Te'ecomm&nication &&a''$ invo've a ende% o/ in/o%mation and one o% mo%e %eci(ient


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'in7ed b$ a tec*no'og$= &c* a a te'e(*one $tem= t*at t%anmit in/o%mation /%om one

('ace to anot*e%. Te'ecomm&nication enab'e (eo('e to end and %eceive (e%ona'

meage ac%o to)n= bet)een co&nt%ie= and to and /%om o&te% (ace. It a'o (%ovide

t*e 7e$ medi&m /o% de'ive%ing ne)= data= in/o%mation= and ente%tainment.

Te'ecomm&nication device conve%t di//e%ent t$(e o/ in/o%mation= &c* a o&nd and

video= into e'ect%onic o% o(tica' igna'. E'ect%onic igna' t$(ica''$ t%ave' a'ong a

medi&m &c* a co((e% )i%e o% a%e ca%%ied ove% t*e ai% a %adio )ave. O(tica' igna'

t$(ica''$ t%ave' a'ong a medi&m &c* a t%and o/ g'a /ib%e. :*en a igna' %eac*e it

detination= t*e device on t*e %eceiving end conve%t t*e igna' bac7 into an

&nde%tandab'e meage= &c* a o&nd ove% a te'e(*one= moving image on a te'eviion=

o% te%m and (ict&%e on a com(&te% c%een.

Te'ecomm&nication meage can be ent in a va%iet$ o/ )a$ and b$ a )ide %ange o/device. T*e meage can be ent /%om one ende% to a ing'e %eceive% B(ointto(oint o%

/%om one ende% to man$ %eceive% B(ointtom&'ti(oint. Pe%ona' comm&nication= &c*

a a te'e(*one conve%ation bet)een t)o (eo('e o% a /acimi'e B/a meage= &&a''$

invo've (ointto(oint t%anmiion. Pointtom&'ti(oint te'ecomm&nication= o/ten ca''ed

b%oadcat= (%ovide t*e bai /o% comme%cia' %adio and te'eviion (%og%amming.

F!2! $ISTOR%

Comm&nicating ove% 'ong ditance *a been a c*a''enge t*%o&g*o&t *ito%$. 3ode%nte'ecomm&nication began in t*e 15"" )it* t*e dicove%$ t*at e'ect%icit$ can be &ed to

t%anmit a igna'. ;o% t*e /i%t time= a igna' co&'d be ent /ate% t*an an$ ot*e% mode o/

t%an(o%tation. T*e /i%t (%actica' te'ecomm&nication device to ma7e &e o/ t*i

dicove%$ )a t*e te'eg%a(*.

F!2!1! T() T))7*(

>eginning in t*e mid15""= t*e te'eg%a(* de'ive%ed t*e /i%t inte%cit$= t%ancontinenta'=

and t%anoceanic meage in t*e )o%'d. T*e te'eg%a(* %evo'&tioni?ed t*e )a$ (eo('e

comm&nicated b$ (%oviding meage /ate% t*an an$ ot*e% mean (%ovided at t*e time.

Ame%ican a%t (%o/eo% Sam&e' ;. >. 3o%e (&%&ed an inte%et in e'ect%omagnetim to

c%eate a (%actica' e'ect%omagnetic te'eg%a(* in 15+2. 3o%e (a%tne%ed )it* A'/%ed 8ai'


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and )a ab'e to comme%cia'i?e t*e tec*no'og$ )it* /inancia' &((o%t /%om t*e U.S.

gove%nment. In 15,+ 3o%e b&i't a demont%ation te'eg%a(* 'in7 bet)een :a*ington=

D.C.= and >a'timo%e= 3a%$'and. On 3a$ !,= 15,,= t*e net)o%7 )a ina&g&%ated /o%

comme%cia' &e )it* t*e meage= :*at *at* God )%o&g*t

Te'eg%a(* &e 4&ic7'$ (%ead@ t*e /i%t t%ancontinenta' 'in7 )a com('eted in 1501

bet)een San ;%ancico= Ca'i/o%nia= and :a*ington= D.C. Rai'%oad com(anie and

ne)(a(e% )e%e t*e /i%t majo% te'eg%a(*$ &e%. Te'eg%a(* 'ine )e%e cont%&cted

(a%a''e' to %ai'%oad bed. Te'eg%a(*$ *e'(ed t*e %ai'%oad manage t%a//ic and a''o)ed

ne) o%gani?ation to dit%ib&te to%ie 4&ic7'$ to 'oca' ne)(a(e%. :it*in a /e) $ea%=

eve%a' te'eg%a(* com(anie )e%e in o(e%ation= eac* )it* it o)n net)o%7 o/ te'eg%a(*

)i%e. Cono'idation occ&%%ed in t*e te'eg%a(* ind&t%$ Ba it *a in n&me%o&

te'ecomm&nication ind&t%ie= and b$ t*e 152" t*e :ete%n Union Te'eg%a(*Com(an$ eme%ged a t*e dominant o(e%ato%.

F!2!2! C-??)4i7 G-t( -/ t() T))*(-n)

In 1520 Ame%ican invento% A'eande% G%a*am >e'' &*e%ed in a ne) e%a o/ voice and

o&nd te'ecomm&nication )*en *e &tte%ed to *i aitant t*e te%m= 3%. :aton= come

*e%e@ I )ant $o&= &ing a (%otot$(e te'e(*one. >e'' %eceived t*e (atent /o% t*e /i%t

te'e(*one= b&t *e *ad to /ig*t n&me%o& 'ega' c*a''enge to *i (atent /%om ot*e%

invento% )it* imi'a% device. >e'' )a ab'e to ma7e *i (%otot$(e te'e(*one )o%7= andt*i enab'ed *im to att%act /inancia' bac7e%= and *i com(an$ g%e). T

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Laura Sasu Unit1-15