LASHING AND SECURING OF DECK CARGOES

Including

Packaged Timber, Vehicles On Ro-Ro Vessels,

And

IS0 Containers In Non-Purpose Built Ships

With An Introduction To The

IMO Cargo Securing Manual

John R. Knott BA, FCMS, FNI, MBACS, HCMM

Third Edition

CONTENTS

Important Caution Prontispiccc - Colour Plate A - Soft Eyes in Wuc Ropes Correctly Made Up Acknowledgements, References & Forewords Preamble to the Cargo Securing Manual INTRODUCTION To The IMO Cargo Securing Manual - January 1998

A. Lashing Strength Calculations Rule-of-Thumb - MSL Table 1 Table 1 -Additional Column

B. Tables 3 & 4 - Caution C. Safety Factors - CS =MSL/1.5 D. The CSS Code - Lashing Cylinders

The better & alternative system E. Containers on Deck - chocking F. Timber deck Cargoes G. Breaking Strengths

MSL Identification H. Advanced Calculation Method

Chapter 1 - Deck Cargoes -General What is a deck cargo? Causes of losses General guidelines Cc-efficients of friction Dunnage - spread the load Timber illustrations Rolling periods Roll period calculation Exaggerated Roll Angles Spatial movements of a ship Rule-of-thumb for lashing strength CSM Table 1 - MSL's Angular aspects Angles explained Angles - illustrations Table 1 - Lashing ?ngles for 5% tonne holding power CSM Tables 3 & 4 - Caution for Users Sea wavcs and swell waves Beaufort wind scale

Chapter 2 -Lashing Materials Wires - sizes and strcngths - CSM Requirements Stretch - permanent and elastic non-permanent User advice - illustratioas Chains - sues and strengths Webbing slings and lashings Fibre ropes & break loads Bowsing and frapping Knots - weakening of fibre ropes Composites Shackles - D & Bow -Tables Bottle-screws and turnbuckles Pre-tension Primc rules for using turnbuckles Sea fastenings and cribhaging Precautions whcn wclding Decimal & Metric Conversion Table

Colour Plates B, C. D and E - at.the end of Chapter 2.

Chapter 3 - Strength of Lashing Arrangements Eyes - Splices and grips Badly made-up soft eyes -photographs

. -. . . . . . .

Page v vi vii-xi xiv xiv-xxvi xv xvi xvii xvii xviii xix XX

xxii xxii xuii xxiv xxvi

Configurations tested Bulldog-grip terminations - iUustrations & ComUIentS Conliguration illustrations - slip loads Worked examples - calculations Cylinder hody lashings - alternative method Economics of use - caution D-rings, lashing-lugs, pad-eyes, etc. Welds and weld strength - calculations L a s h g terminals - illustrations Fire and explosion hazards Tables 11, 12 & 13 - Holding powerstslip loads Plastic-covered wlre -'the dangers

Chapter 4 - Timber Deck Cargoes Codes of Practice Practical applicatiom Types of timber cargo Timbcr Load Lines Pitch, strength and tending of lashings; height of cargo above weather-deck level Use of uprights at ship's side Transverse stowage to outer wings Pelican Hooks, Slip Hooks, etc Unwanted end result Stowing timber Height & weight of cargo - stability considerations Draught Survey - Use of Short Form Excessive Cargo Hcights - Disaslcn Tiers and Modules Acceptabletunacceptable stowages Carefully to Carry Uprights at ship's side Measures to jettison cargo - including remote operation Sounding pipes, air pipes, and ventilation Bills of lading Logs Hog Wires Wiggle Wires Power lensioncrs Webbing for timher cargoes A word for the master

Colour Plates F, G, H and 1 - at the end of Chapter 4

Chapter 5 - Vehicles on Ro-Ro Vessels Codc of Practice -Vehicle definitions Suitability fnr transport by sea Different loads un vehicles Cumin-sidcd semi-traileTs Security of cargo on vehicles Deck securing points; lashing arrangements on ship - CSM Regulations Cargo Sccuring Manual rcquirerncnts CENiEU Regulations - Lashing capacity Lashing cham Useful alternative - calculation of tippinglsliding forces Comparisons with the 3-times rule

Chapter 6 - Cargo Containers on Non-Purpose Built Ships Freight conlainers Container components - illustrations Types of containers Securing containers - general Conrainerr as deck cargo Dunnaging Stresses on hatch covers

ImpoMnt guidelines Securing components Foot lashings & chockings Wedgc-chocks and screw-bridgc fittings Twin-stack - dunnage and lashings Bad securing arrangements Other containers Stowing and securing dnuns Heavy unils without lashing-lugs Secure timber chocking Packing LSO conpiners Directional movement of cargo Acceleration effects Suitable containers Cargo-Paks Thc OSHA Requirements Accekration effects on containers Containers Adrift At Sea -hazards

Colour Plates 1. K and L -a t end of Chapter 6

Chapter 7 - Lashing Costs & Miscellaneous Information Lashing wire - costs Rigging-screws - costs Bulldog-grips - cost Shackles cos t s Chains - costs Webbing -costs Mild Steel Flat Bar- costs Timber - costs SWLIPLIMSLiYPIBreak Load Diagram Guidance Tips Tension in angled legs - diagram

A@& 1. Conversion Factors 2. Extract from L.E.E.A. Bullctin No.25, December 1991 3. Navigalion Bridge Visibility 4. Notice No.M.1167 - Containers In Ships Not Designed

or Modified For The Purpose: 1985 5. Tablcs of Break Loads. Proof Loads, SWL's and MSL's 6 Short Form for DraughVCargo Weight Calculation

201 ................................................

Preamble To The INTRODUCTION To The CSM Regulations

The IMO "Guidelines For The Preparation of the Cargo Securing Manual, 1997" (TMO-298E), are worded in very general terms permitting a rather broad interpretation by whichever Administration may attempt to apply them. Depending upon the type of vessel under consideration, the appropriate CSM will include the CSS Code and its Amendments and some or all of the various Codes of Safe Practice for particular cargoes. The responsibility for producing a CSM resides with the shipowner but, because the "Guidelines" booklet is insufficient in detail, the shipowner (or his appointed surveyor) will not know if his efforts have been successful until they are presented to, and possibly rejected by, the local Administration, even when prepared in line with Classification Society "Guides" literature, and even though an Administration officer is not required to visit the ship. In the U.K., an expanded text is available in Volume I - Instructions to Surveyors, MCA 1999, but even this leaves a lot to be desired by way of specific detail.

The IM0 should, as a matter of urgency, prepare detailed guidelines with a full and acceptable format set out in clear, non-open-ended terms, capable of being followed and implemented without difficulty or ambiguity by shipowners technical staff and properly appointed non-Administration surveyors.

i A' - Colour Plate - Soft Eyes in Wires iddendurn No. 1 - Conversion Factors 4ddendum No.2 - L.E.E.A. Bulletin 4ddendum No.3 - Navigation Bridge Visibility 4ddendum No.4 - Containers; Nun-purpose Built Ships 4ddendum No.5 - Tables of Proof Loads, SWL.s, MSL's, Etc. 4ddendum No.6 - Short Form: DraughtlCargo Weight Calculation 4dditional Column (MSL Table 1) 4dministration 4dmiralty 4dvanced Calculation Method(CSM) 4cceleration(s) 4drift 4ir-pipes 4llowance 4mendments 4mplitude 4nalyses 4ngle pieces 4ngle Tables - for lashings 4ngled lashings 4ngles - Base

Heel Roll

h e x 13 4pplication(s) Approving Authority Approximate Athwartships

vi 163 169 175 179 183 193

xii, xvii xiv,xxiv,3,22,65

23 xii,xv,xvii,xxvi,22

1,4,9,15,16,21,33,75,97,120,121,148.1521l54,l68,l97 7.72,73,75,149,155,156,201

3,83,101 7,70,97,152

viiilix,xiv/xxvi,12,16,17,22,4O,75,133 1

75 91 80

17,18,19,20,33,44 17/22 65167,73/75,115/118,124,125,127

12,13,14 94 9-14,37,119-124,128,140

xxi,xxiv,158 5,21/29,40,49,56,57,68,81187,91,103,149,l51,159,172,173

xxvi 9/12,28,29,31,57,65,69,83,105,152/3,159,160,168,171,1851190,195

xxii,15,56,91/94,98/100,136

B 'B' - Colour Plate - at the end of Chapter 2 Balanced Ballast Beaufort Wind Scale Bill of Lading BIGM Bliault, Charles Bottle-screw($ Bowline Bowsing Brace(s)

(24125) 2,15,22,31,56,71173,140

10,11,86,105,195,198 15,23,24

104 xviii,9,21

xxvi 5,16/18,41l43,63,66/70,159,Addendurn N0.5

34,38

~reak:ioad(s) viii,ix,l4.15.25,26,30/42,49/51,59,66,67,73/90,119/123,127,157,159,Addendum No.5 Nominal Break-loads (NBL) viiiIix,26,33,Addendum No.5

Breaking Strengths (BS) ix/xvii,xxiii,5,17,25,31,34,38,40141,56,67,77,91,101,108,118,1581160 Calculated Breaking Strength xix,xxiv

Minimum Breaking Strengths (MBS) 15,25,40 Brookes Bell vii,ix,xxvi Bulldog-grip($ ii,2,5,17,20,25,26,31,43,49-64,66/67,81,83,84,144,157,1881189 Buttresses 146

Cbock(s) 70172,140,142,149 Butt weld 74

"Lashinp & Securinz of Deck Curzoe~ "- 2002

C - 'C' - Colour Plate - at the end of Chapter 2 (24125) Calculation(s) x/xix,xxvi,2,4,11,17,20/28,41,65/75,86,90,95/97,117,1211127,145,160,167,193/198 Cants 85,86 Capping-bar 141 Cargo Securing Manual (CSM) i,viii/xv,xix/xxiv,7,9,12,16,21,25,34,40,56,85,95/96,1161119,133

INTRODUCTION TO xv Lashing strength xv,xvii Rule-of-Thumb xvilxvii R.O.T. Multiplier xvii Tables 3 & 4 xviii Safety Factors: CS=MSLI1.5 xviii CSS Code xix Lashing Cylinders xixlxxi Containers xxii Packaged Timber xxii Breaking Strengths xxiii SWLlProof LoadlMSL xxiv MSL Identification xxiv Advanced Calculation Method xxvi

Cargo Mass xvi.xvii,69,91 Caution(s) v,xii,xxi,xxiii,3,21,31,37,57,73,102,108,112,1491150,159 CENIEU Regulatious xxiii.40.1181119 Centre of gravity 9,10,115,125,148 Certificate(s) 2,25,41,46,49,79,159,173 Chain(s) 5,14,30/31,40,44,60,86,90/93,102/104,109,111/118/123,127,Addendum 5 Charterer($ 1,55,87.95/96,98,104,159,195 Chock(s) 70172,1401142,149 Clinchers 43,108 Codes of Practice v,vii,ixlx,xivlxv,xxiilxxvi 1,10,12,15,71,85,87,98,106,108.1111115,119,128,145 Co-efficient@) of friction 4,11,110,1171118,127 Constmction(s) 7,25/29,36,57,59,65168,75,83184,91,l l3,150,156,I62,178,l89 Container(s) viilxii,xvlxvi,xxi,1,2.4,7,16/17,29/33,85,104,105/108,112/129,1301155,179,199 CONTENTS - Book xii-xiv Contents v,ix,xii,xxvi,109,117,125,137,148,150,152,156,1541155 Cordage 35,36.37,38 Corden (Dr) vii, Addendum No.2 Corner casting(s) 129,1341137,140,151153 Corner restraints 129 Correction factors xviii.9,21 Costs 2,26,67,70,96,101,108,1551156,160,172 CSS Code viii,ix,xii,xiv/xxvi,4,16/17,21122,30/33,56,76/79,81,119,140,158,160 Cribbaging 43,45,46,47 Cutting 3 1 ,Colour Plate E,57,83,103 Cylinders - securing xii,31,70172,112

P 'D' - Colour Plate - at the end of Chapter 2 Danger(ous)

Deflection(s) D-ring(s) D-sbackle(s) Deck plating Double-stack Dovetail fittings Down-angled lashing(s)

The Nc~uricnl hrstitute

Draught surveys - Short Form Due diligence Dunnage

E ,E' - Colour Plate - at the end of Chapter 2 (24125) Elasticity 28.29 Episodic wave(s) 1, 22 Example(s) 9,10,16,18,20,22,25,28,37,51,54,65/73.82183,86,1221123,137,145,148,190 Explosion(s) 46,47,79 Sye(s) vi,2,5,16/17,25,31,37143,49/60,65,66,69,70184,88/90,98,105,155/173,183/185,201 Eye-splice 37

E F' - Colour Plate - at the end of Chapter 4 (1081109) Factor(s) 4,9/12,13/17,21,26.31,34,41,49,69,85,96/98,l02,105,ll81l19,134,l521172,1881189 Failure(s) 3,15,33,34,36,49,59,65,75,77,83,86,91,97,105,108,133,145 Fatigue 43 Fihre(s) 16,25,26,27,31,34,36,113,172 Fire(s) 46,47,79 Flame-cutting 103 Flexibility 25,26,37,67,91 Floor bearer(s) 134,1491150 Forces 1/5,11,15/18,23/25,40,43,75,94,96,98,104,108,11l1127,l35,148,150,154,l67 Foot chocks 140 141 Foot lashings 7,140,143 Foot-locks 1341140 Foot restraints 136 ?ormulae 9,11,28,34,1111112,114/ll8,125 ?rapping(s) 34,37 'reak waves 1,22 :reeboard 8538 'riction (co-efficient) 4,23,70,108,117/118,126/127,140,153,172 ~ u l c m 43,124 :unction 101,109

- z G' - Colour Plate - at tlie end of Chapter 4

5 3alvanised 3M ;ravity (centre of) >rips (see bulldog)

H H' - Colour Plate - at the end of Chapter 4 lalfdouble grommet(s) lamburger turnbuckles latch cover(s) 3awser lazard(ous) leave lee1 log Wires lolding power Hot work

(1081109) 9.15, Addendum 1

25/27,43,56,83,172 xviii,8/11,21,68,77,96,100/112.120

9,10,97,105,115,118,123,125,145,148,167

I 'I' - Colow Plate - at the end of Chapter 4 IMO Codes & Regs v,viii/xv,xix,xxi,xxiii,xxvi1,3,10112,16,25,71,851112.119,133,140.165 Ingress 86,135,154 Instructions to Surveyors 1,15 Interlayer stacker 138,142,144 International Convention(s) vii,1,85,88,92,105,123

J 'J' - Colour Plate - at the end of Chapter 6 Jane's Freight Containers Jettison

K - 'K' - Colow Plate - at the end of Chapter 6 Kgf Kiln-dried Kiloponde (kp) Kilo-Newton (kN) Knot(s)

Cordage Speed

(1551156) 76177,1671168, Addendum 1

104 Addendum 1

26, Addendum 1 35137 35138

9,21,23,102,148,152/153

L - 'L' - Colour Plate - at the end of Chapter 6 (1551156) Lashing(s) 1 - 71 and onward

Rules-of-thumb xii,xvhxi,l5,16 Slip-loads xiii,5,15/16,20,31,56,59,65/70,80184,90.143

Lashing capacity (LC) 30,56164 Lashing costs - See Chapter 7 Laslung lugslplateslpoints 40,75,77.88 Load(s) vii,xi,xvi,xxiv1.2,3,5,6,7,10,11,15,28,29,31,34,37,41 -See,also, Breakbails Load Line Rules 1.3,15,85,92,96,104,105,136 Load Line (timber) 86,87,88,89 Locator cones 1371139 Locator pot 138 Logs 85186,90,104/107 Lug(s) 30/31,68169,73.75/77, Plate F. 123,1451146,161

M - Manila rope 34.35,36 Maritime & Coastguard Agency (MCA) viii/ix,xiv,xix,1,3,20 Materials - Chapter 7 Maximum Securing Load (MSL) ix1xxvi,16/17,22/48,56,65,68,76179,91,1181119,158/160,183/190 Minimum Breaking Strength (MBS) - See Break Loads Mechanical principles 59 Merchant Shipping viii,3, 85,112,123,136,179 Metacentric height 9,96,97,120 Metric weights Addendum 1 Mild steel l6,73,75176,123,127,136,15811M) Modules - packaged timber 981100 MSL (Maximum Securing Load) - See Break Loads Moment(s) 3,77,124 Monograph ii,vii.x,49

The Nauticirl Institurf

N Nautical Institute Nautical mile NBL (nominal break-load) See under Break Load, type, etc Nou-purpose built North of England P. & I. Nuclear (waste) Nylon

0 - Openings Overboard

P - Packaged timber Parker, C. Julian Peak angles Pelican-hook (slip-hook) Permissible loading Pitch(ing)

Of ship Of lashings

Plank(s)(ing) Plating Point-loading Polypropylene Power tensioners Pre-tension Proof-load(s) PVC-coated wire

n Quautity

R - Ranging Radius of gyration Rag-bolts Ragged ends Ratchets Regulation(s) Riggers Rigging-screws Ropes Ro-ro vessels

S - Safe working load (SWL) Salinity Sceuding Sea fastenings Seamanship Semi-trailers Shackles Shippers Shippers' Risk Shipowner(s)

ii,vii,ixlxi, I3 Addendum 1

xvi,25,26 7,108,129,134,136

vii 16/17 34137

3,4,51,54,86,131 xi,xx,xxiii,l,2,7,72,85/87,91195,102/105,134,154/155 Plate H

1,14,19,75,96,1191122,128,148,152,154 851102,106

7.21,Chapter 7 1,73,75,96,135,154,168

517, 135 34/37

107 43,59,69,108

40141.1 19,183,1851186,Addendum No.5 83, 84, Plate G, 172

xxiii/xxvi,l6/17.30131,34,40/41,65,67,68,91,1181119,156/160,183,185/187 Addendum 1

75 44/47

"Lashbrg & Securing of Deck Cargov~ "- 2002

Shoe(s) 5,137 Side rail(s) 1351135 Single-stack 139 Skirt(s)(container) 1341135, Plate I Slip 37,49/55,57,59,60,84,93,96197 Slip-load 5, 15,20,31,56,59,65/70,84,91,133 Soft-eye(s) ii,vi,Plate A,31,55,59,65/70,73,80/83,90,183/185,188, Addendum No.5 Sounding-pipes 85,104 Sowter,Geoffrey ix Spanset Ltd. 32,149,158,161 Splices 25,35,3749/50 Spread (the load) 5,7,65,71,125,126,137,1491150 Squarecnd (packages) 85/89,91 Stackers 133.1371142 Steel sections 44,46 Stiff ship 8.9 Stowage($ iii,viii1ix,xv,l/4,7,12/13,33/34.40,49,71,73,79,85191,94/105,109,1341145,1481153 Straining-screws 41,190,192 3-Strand rope(s) 34 Strength(s)- See under type & material, ie, Breaking;Chain,etc Stress(es) 1,9.15,34.44,76-81,91,95,I18,134,142,148,150 Stretch

Elastic 28129 Constructional 26

Supercargo 55,108 Surge 14 Surveyors iilxi,xivlxv,l,l5, 145.155 Sway 14 Swedish Research Commission (TFK) i,1,109 Seaworthiness 1,22123,96,108 SWL (see Safe Working Load)

T - Tables

Angled holding powers Bottle-screwslhamburgers Breaking Strengths Chain Conversion Costs Galvanised wire Knots MSL's Pad-eyes . Proof Loads Ropes Shackles Stretch SWL's Wire ropes Wire rope terminations

Tapinglwhipping Tender ship Tension Test-bed Testing

20,80182 41,1901192

Addendum 5 30,187

48,Addendum No. l Chapter 7

26 37

xvi,xvii, 16, Addendum No.5 79

Addendum No.5 34135

38/40,185/186,Addendum No.5 29

Addendum No.5 26,187

Addendum No.5 Plate A, Plate E, 52, Addendum No.2

8 3 31,33,43,60,105.137,142,161

56,84,Plate G 25,Plate G,133

Tiers - timber packages xxiii,93,98/100,134/137,140,145,150 Thomas Miller P. & I. ii,vii,55,83 Tie-brace 146,147 Tighten(ing) 22,29/33,36,43,55,57,103,112,1 17,142,l7lll73 Tiber ( s ) &Code of Safe Practice i,iii,vii/xv,xx/xxv,117,25,37,44,46,65,72,83/l19,134,136,140/159,199 3-Times rule xvi,xviii,15,17,21,65,68,70,75,98,127,134 Toes 5 Torque 41,57,17l,Addendum No.2 Transformer 75, Plate F Trigonometry 19-22,1241127 Turnbuckles 16,20,31,34,37/44, Plate D,51,56,59/60,65,67,69/70,91192,103/104,108,133,Addendum No.5 Twist-lock(s) 1331143

u - Underdeck Under-bearers Unskilled Uprights

v - Valve($ Ventilator(s), ventilation Visibility Volume(s)

86.98.99 86,97

1571159 Addendum 1

W - Waves (Sea and Swell) 1,22,23 Weakening 36/38,113,123 Weather, weathenight 2/9,11,15,21,33/34,43,75,102/103,108,113,118,125,127,134,136,140,146,148 Webbing 29,31133,Plate B,72/73,1081109,1131114,158,161 Weight(s) 2/9,15/16,25/26,33,66/73,95198,1011107,110,1121l17,120,1241127,1331137,1451154 Weld(s),welding 4,7,44/47,73/79,98,108,123,1331142 Whipping(ed) 51,52,53,54,55,57 Wiggle wires 86,106 Wind 1,3,15,22,23,24,113 Wire rope($ 16/17,25/29,33,49,52159,83,91,109,118 Working Load L i t (WLL) xxiiilxxiv, 17.30/31,40/41,185/187 Wrong way(s) iv,54,93

Y - Yaw Yield point Yield strength(s) .

z - Zones