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Metabolism of Bacteria
By
Ms.Patchanee Yasurin
471-9893
Faculty of Biotechnology
Assumption Univerity
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Why do we must know the
metabolism of bacteria ?
Because we want to know how to inhibitor stopbacteria growth and want to control
their metabolism to prolong shelf-lifeof
food products.
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What is Metabolism? The Greek metabole, meaning change
It is the totality of an organism's chemical
processes to maintain life.
- Catabolism- Anabolism
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What are nutrients that bacteria want?
C Sugar, Lipid Energy, Biosynthesis
N Protein Biosynthesis
O Air Energy
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Biochemical Components of Cells Water: 80 % of wet weight
Dry weight
Protein 40-70 %
Nucleic acid 13-34%
Lipid 10-15 %
Also monomers, intermediates and
inorganic ions
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Microorganisms require about ten elements in large
quantities, because they are used to construct
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Several other elements are needed in very small
amounts and are parts of enzymes and cofactors.
Concepts:
Nutrientrequirements
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Macronutrients Cells make proteins, nucleic acids and
lipids
Macronutrients
macromolecules, metabolism
C, H, O, N, S, P, K, Mg, Fe
Sources
Organic compounds
Inorganic salts
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Micronutrients and growth
factors Micronutrients: Metals and metalloids
Elements needed in trace quantities
Generally not necessary to add to medium Deficiencies can arise when medium constituents
are very pure
Growth factors: organic requirements
Vitamins, amino acids, purines, pyrimidines,
acetate
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micronutrients: required in lesser,
sometimes trace
amounts
not every element is
required by all cells
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growth factors:organic compounds required in small amountsnot every growth factor is required by all cells
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A. Basic Concepts Definitions
Metabolism: The processes of catabolism and
anabolism Catabolism: The processes by which a living
organism obtains its energy and raw materialsfrom nutrients
Anabolism: The processes by which energyand raw materials are used to buildmacromolecules and cellular structures(biosynthesis)
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Overview of cell metabolism
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Breakdown
Proteins to Amino Acids, Starch to Glucose
SynthesisAmino Acids to Proteins, Glucose to Starch
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Bacterial Metabolism
Exoenzymes: Bacteria cannottransport large polymers into the cell.They must break them down intobasic subunits for transport into thecell. Bacteria therefore elaborateextracellular enzymes for thedegradation of carbohydrates to
sugars (carbohydrases), proteins toamino acids (proteases), and lipids tofatty acids (Lipases).
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After Sugars are made or obtained, they are
the energy source of life.
Breakdown of sugar(catabolism) different
ways:
Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
Fermentation
Energy Generating Patterns
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Aerobic respiration
Glucose is a hexose, monosaccharide, C6H12O6 It is systematically broken down through
three related pathways to Carbon dioxide
(CO2) and Water (H2O) Process:
1. Glycolysis (in cytoplasm)
2. Kreb Cycle (in mitochondria)
3. Electron transport chain
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Glycolysis: Several glycolytic pathways
The most common one:
glucose----->pyruvic acid + 2 NADH +2ATP
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Section 8 1: Glycolysis
Figure 8.3 Glycolytic Pathway
From McKee and McKee, Biochemistry, 5th Edition, 2011 Oxford University Press
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Section 8 1: Glycolysis
Figure 8.3 Glycolytic
Pathway
From McKee and McKee, Biochemistry, 5th Edition, 2011 Oxford University Press
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Glycolysis
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Glycolytic Pathways
4 major glycolytic pathways found in differentbacteria:
Embden-Meyerhoff-Parnas pathway
Classic glycolysis
Found in almost all organisms Hexose monophosphate pathway
Also found in most organisms
Responsible for synthesis of pentose sugars used in
nucleotide synthesis
Entner-Doudoroff pathway
Found in Pseudomonasand related genera
Phosphoketolase pathway
Found in Bifidobacteriumand Leuconostoc
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cyclic pathway
Pyruvic acid is first acted on by an NZ and a coenzyme (COA). The end productis Acetyl-Coa and a CO2molecule.
Remember this occurs twice for each glucose molecule. (One glucose is split into
two pyruvic acid molecules.)
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TCA Cycle(Krebs)
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Return to Krebs and show how it works with electron transport chain. Note how
glycolysis and Krebs are working together. Note that each produces reducedcarriers that need to be processed.
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Carbohydrates,
fats, and proteins
can all becatabolized
through the same
pathways.
Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFig. 9.19
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Lipid Metabolism
Lipids are essential to the structure and function of
membranes
Lipids also function as energy reserves, which can
be mobilized as sources of carbon
90% of this lipid is triacyglycerol
triacyglycerol lipase glycerol + 3 fatty acids
The major fatty acid metabolism is -oxidation
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Lipids are catabolized to Glyerol and Fatty
acids Glycerol easily enters glycolysis and Krebs
just like pyruvate
Fatty acids are chopped into 2 or 3 acidfragments that are broken downt to
carbondioxide
Even nucleic acidsOH SO MUCHMORE!!! Take biochem.
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Lipid Metabolism
-oxidation of fatty acid
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Lipid Metabolism
Glycerol Metabolism
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Other fuels
Proteins: digested to amino acids
Amino acids are :
deaminated : amino group removed,the reulting acid can be further
metabolized, more ATP
decarboxylated: carboxyl group
removed, the end products then
enter glycolysis or Krebs to make ATP
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Nitrogen Metabolism
Nitrogenis an essential element ofbiological molecules, such as amino acids,
nucleotides, proteins, and DNA
Bacteria vary widely in their ability to
utilize various sources of nitrogen for
synthesis of proteins
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General view of nitrogen metabolism
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Amino acid degradation
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Pathways Involved in Nitrogen Utilization
1. Protein Digestionby proteinase and peptidase2. Oxidative Deamination
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3. Reductive Deamination
4. Decarboxylation
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5. Transamination Reactions
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Anaerobic respiration
Final electron acceptor : never be O2
Sulfate reducer: final electron acceptor is sodium
sulfate (Na2 SO4)
Methane reducer: final electron acceptor is CO2
Nitrate reducer : final electroon acceptor is
sodium nitrate (NaNO3)
O2/H2O coupling is the most oxidizing, more energy
in aerobic respiration.
Therefore, anaerobic is less energy efficient.
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Chemoautotroph:
Nitrifying bacteria
2 NH4++ 3 O2 2 NO2- + 2 H2O + 4 H++ 132 Kcal
Bacteria Electron
donor
Electron
acceptor
Products
Alcaligens and
Pseudomonas sp.H2 O2 H2O
Nitrobacter NO2- O2 NO3
-, H2O
Nitrosomonas NH4+ O2 NO2- , H2ODesulfovibrio H2 SO4 2- H2O. H2SThiobacill us deni tri fi cans S0. H2S NO3
- SO4 2- , N2
Thiobacill us ferrooxidans Fe2+ O2 Fe3+ , H2O
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C. Fermentation Features of fermentation pathways
Pyruvic acid is reduced to form reduced
organic acids or alcohols. The final electron acceptor is a reduced
derivative of pyruvic acid
NADH is oxidized to form NAD: Essential
for continued operation of the glycolyticpathways.
O2is not required.
No additional ATP are made.
Gasses (CO2and/or H2) may be released
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Fermentation Glycosis:
Glucose ----->2 Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH
Fermentation pathwaysa. Homolactic acid F.
P.A -----> Lactic Acid
eg. Streptococci, Lactobacilli
b.Alcoholic F.
P.A -----> Ethyl alcohol
eg. yeast
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Some organisms (facultative anaerobes),
including yeast and many bacteria, can survive
using either fermentation or respiration. For facultative anaerobes,
pyruvate is a fork in the
metabolic road that leads
to two alternative routes.
Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFig. 9.18
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Re-Dox Reactions
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CentralMetabolism
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Glycolysis
Fermentation Products
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Nutrition
Table 27.1
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Alternative energy generating
patterns(3)
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Alternative energy generating
patterns(4)
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Energy/carbon classes of organisms
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Fig. 5-12
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Overview of Metabolism
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Electron Transport Chain
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Electron Flow
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Electron Flow
and Energy
Trapping
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Microbiology chapters 7 - 8 part 2
Glycolysis: Anaerobic, no oxygen required, linear NZ pathway
Begins with ______End products _________
How much ATP? _______
How many carrier molecules? ____
Name the carrier molecule. ____
Where in the cell? _______
What happens after if the organism
Is an aerobe? _____
Facultative? ______
Strict anaerobe? ______
Aerobe deprived of oxygen? ____
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ATPAdenosine triphosphate, universal cellular energy
Cyclically made and energy is stored and then broken down and theenergy is released
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ATPAdenosine triphosphate, universal cellular energy
Cyclically made and energy is stored and then broken down and theenergy is released
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Microbiology chapters 7 - 8 part 2
Note: ATP is a ribonucleotide, it has ribose, a nitogenous base
(adenine), and phosphate. The high energy bond of the terminal ofthe three phosphates is the one cyclically broken and regenerated.
Sugars like glucose can be broken down in a catabolic pathway
controlled by many cellular enzymes. Some of the energy releasedby the breaking of covalent bonds is harvested and stored in the
energy bonds of ATP.
Most any biomolecule can be used for energy; we will focus on thecatabolism of glucose (a monosaccharide) and later show how the
others are involved (lipids, AA, etc)
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Microbiology chapters 7 - 8 part 2
Note: ATP is a ribonucleotide, it has ribose, a nitogenous base
(adenine), and phosphate. The high energy bond of the terminal ofthe three phosphates is the one cyclically broken and regenerated.
Sugars like glucose can be broken down in a catabolic pathway
controlled by many cellular enzymes. Some of the energy releasedby the breaking of covalent bonds is harvested and stored in the
energy bonds of ATP.
Most any biomolecule can be used for energy; we will focus on thecatabolism of glucose (a monosaccharide) and later show how the
others are involved (lipids, AA, etc)
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Microbiology chapters 7 - 8 part 2
This is a cyclic pathway
Pyruvic acid is first acted on by an NZ and a coenzyme (COA). The end productis Acetyl-Coa and a CO2molecule.
Remember this occurs twice for each glucose molecule. (One glucose is split into
two pyruvic acid molecules.)
K b l (TCA Ci i id l ) A bi O i h
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Krebs cycle (TCA, Citric acid cycle) Aerobic stage, Occurs in the
fluid of the Matrix
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This is a cyclic pathway Pyruvic acid is
first acted on by an NZ and a coenzyme
(COA). The end product is Acetyl-Coa
and a CO2molecule.
Remember this occurs twice for each
glucose molecule. (One glucose is splitinto two pyruvic acid molecules.)
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Return to Krebs and show how it works with electron transport chain. Note how
glycolysis and Krebs are working together. Note that each produces reducedcarriers that need to be processed.
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Microbiology chapters 7 - 8 part 2
The electrons are passed down the chain and end up being added to oxygen. The Hydrogen ion (H+) is pumped out
(proton pump) and flows back in at special sites to be added to the Oxygen and electron to form Water. Energy is
conserved (harvested; stored) in the bonds of ATP
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Theory of Chemiosmosis: Proton pump, increased H+ ion concentration, flow
through ATP synthase related channel, energy is harvested in high energy bondsof ATP. Enough to generate 34 more ATP.
Carbohydrate Metabolism
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y
2. EntnerDoudoroff (ED) pathway
Carbohydrate Metabolism
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Ca bo yd ate etabo s
3. Pentose phosphate (PP) pathway
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Formation of intermediates of the EmbdenMeyerhofParnas
(EMP) and EntnerDoudoroff (ED) pathway from carbohydratesother than glucose
Table 1:Distribution of EmbdenMeyerhofParnas
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(EMP), EntnerDoudoroff (ED), and pentose phosphate(PP) pathway in bacteria
Organism EMP ED PP
Pseudomonas aeruginosa - +i -
Enterococcus faecalis + +i +
(Streptococcus)
Salmonella typhimurium + +i +Bacillus subtilis + - -
Escherichia coli + +i +
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis + +i -
Remark: + = Present;
= not present.
i = inducible