CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Former, Indonesia is known as a fertile land. The islands that stretches along

the equator like a string of glittering emeralds that make its residents feel calm,

comfortable, peaceful, and prosperous. Many plants can grow there. In fact, wooden

sticks and even, according to Koes Plus version, it could grow into a fertile plant.

However, with development of human civilization, Indonesia is no longer

convenient to live. The land is so arid and barren. Never sticks and wood, seeds

failed to grow in Indonesia. Even more distressing, from year to year, Indonesia is

only reap disaster. Flash floods, landslides, tsunamis, or drought as if already become

an annual phenomenon that continues and continues to happen. Meanwhile, illegal

logging, poaching of wildlife, forest fires, illegal logging, illegal logging and even

(almost) never escape from the destructive environmental agenda.

Why is disaster after disaster unfolded? Is not this country already has a clear

legal instruments regarding Environmental Management? Is not the Minister of

Environment and Minister of National Education has built a mutual agreement about

environmental education? However, why the victims still continue to fall due to

damage to the environment that already is at its nadir? Who should be held

accountable when the earth is no longer being hospitable to its inhabitants? Who is to

blame when disasters and calamities come straight people cost the lives of innocents?

Currently there seems almost no more land in Indonesia are convenient for

plants to grow lush and dense. Start the outposts hamlet to urban areas, leaving only

slits baked the barren land, barren, and fierce. At the outposts of the hamlet, acres of

forest have been deforested, burned, and cot out so there was nowhere else to water

absorption. Wild animals also have lost their habitat. Meanwhile, in urban areas has

grown flue-chimney that planted the capitalists to make profits without considering

their impact on the environment. Pollution of land, water, air and really have

surrounded the urban community, so there's no place else to be able to breathe freely

and conveniently. Household and industrial waste increasingly aggravating the

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condition of soil and water in urban areas so that it becomes a cozy nest for various

types of diseases that can threaten human safety in the vicinity. Actually we can learn

from local wisdom of our ancestors about how to treat the environment with good

and friendly. Although theoretically they are blind to knowledge, but on a practical

level they are able to read the signs and symptoms of nature through her intuitive

sensitivity.

Indonesia has lost hundreds of thousands of residents due to the earthquake

and tsunami. The number of fatalities illustrates that preparation and community

preparedness is still low, mainly due to lack of knowledge and concern for these

natural phenomena and the resulting disaster. The Government and people of

Indonesia for disaster management focuses on activities post-disaster rehabilitation

and reconstruction. Community preparedness has not been a priority activity. The

earthquake and tsunami in Aceh is all-powerful momentum to change the paradigm

of disaster management to how to improve community preparedness. Indonesian

people mostly live in vulnerable conditions, because they live in areas prone to

natural disasters. But the results of the study revealed the community in disaster

prone areas such as the Padang Pariaman district, Serang, Cilacap, and Sikka and the

city of Bengkulu still not ready in anticipation of disaster. Public education and

preparedness activities of society because it becomes very important and urgent to do

in order to reduce disaster risks.

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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Environment

Environment, often referred to as the environment, is a term that can cover all

living and nonliving creatures in nature that exist on Earth or a part of the Earth,

which functions naturally without excessive human intervention. Opponents of the

environment is an artificial environment, which includes the region and its

components are heavily influenced by humans. Environment is also defined as a

place that is around us consisting of abiotic and biotic components.

2.1.1 Definition of Environment

As for other environmental understanding is as follows:

1. According to Drs. Sri Hartati

The environment is an environment that has a high bearing capacity and

suitable for living organisms that live in it.

2. According to Dra. Ike Sabariah

Environment is everything that is around these living things like rocks,

water, trees, soil, etc.

3. By Iwan wahyu. S

The environment is a natural resource that is used for the purposes of

living things.

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2.1.2 Definition of Pollution or Contamination

The term pollution comes from the Greek meaning pollute, destroy or pollute.

In 1966 the institution in the United States are on "Waste Management and Control"

makes a discussion of pollution.

There are several other terms of pollution, namely:

1. According to Dra. Sri Hartati, M. Si

Pollution is a change in condition/physical, chemical or biological from

the air, water or soil (land), which give harmful effects of environmental

conditions and natural smoke (culture) that exists.

2. According to Dra. Sri Hartati, M. Si

Pollutants (contaminants) are substances that cause changes in physical

properties, chemical and biology from the environment.

3. According to Law No. 23 of 1997 Article 1 Verse 3

Pollution/contamination is the introduction of living things, energy

substances, and or other components into the environment and/or change

the order of the environment and the activities of natural processes, so the

quality dropped to a certain level which causes the environment becomes

less or no longer works in accordance destining.

2.1.3 Benefits from Environment

The benefits we derive from the Earth so much. Natural environment

(ecosystems in a more narrow sense) provides a variety of functions. The function of

these ecosystems can be broadly grouped as follows:

1. Supply Function

This function includes natural resources and its results - the goods - which

is obtained from the ecosystem. Including food, timber, medicines, fuel

and firewood, fiber and other non-timber forest products. So that

ecosystems provide basic needs for many industries, such as: agriculture,

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animal husbandry, fisheries, timber, and medicine. It also is the basis for a

variety of livelihoods.

2. Adjustment Function

Among some of the benefits gained from the regulatory function provided

by the ecosystem is in the form of climate control and flooding.

3. Supporting Functions

This is the function of ecosystems that are necessary for the production of

all other ecosystems. For example, biomass production, balancing the gas

in the atmosphere, soil formation, waste decomposition, nutrient cycling

and water, and pollination.

4. Cultural Function

Form of non-material benefits obtained by humans from ecosystems

through spiritual enrichment, learning development, recreation and

aesthetic experiences.

Framework of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) test and

demonstrate the relationship between biodiversity, ecosystems and ecosystem

function, and also a clear link between the function of ecosystems and human well-

being (MA, 2005).

2.2 Disaster

Disaster is an event or series of events caused by natural, human and/or by

both that resulted in the victims of human suffering, loss of property, environmental

damage, damage to infrastructure, public facilities, as well as causing disruption to

the administration's lives and livelihoods.

2.2.1 Definition of Disaster

Event or series of events that threaten and disrupt the lives and livelihoods

caused by both natural factors and/or non-natural factors and human factors that lead

to the emergence of the human casualties, environmental damage, loss of property,

and psychological impact.

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(The definition of disaster according to Law No. 24 in 2007). Disaster is a

meeting of three elements, namely the threat of disaster, vulnerability, and

capabilities in the trigger by an event.

2.2.2 Disaster Management

Poverty reduction is all the effort and activities undertaken include the

activities of prevention, mitigation (taming), preparedness at the time before the

disaster, the rescue at the time of the disaster, as well as rehabilitation and

reconstruction in post-disaster period. During this mitigation has been attempted

through various ways by involving the entire community through coordination at the

level of treatment since the disaster site in the area until at the national level.

 Refugees are persons/group of persons displaced or on the basis of their own accord

to leave the original life, because it threatened the safety and security. The handling

is required in order to rescue the refugees, protection and empowerment of refugees

from civil conflict, which includes emergency relief, development, return,

resettlement/relocation and reconciliation.

Disasters can be caused by natural events (natural disaster) or man-made

(man-made disaster). Factors that could cause disaster include:

1. Natural hazards (natural hazards) and human-made hazards (man-

made hazards), which the United Nations International Strategy for

Disaster Reduction (UN-ISDR) can be grouped into geological

hazards (geological hazards), hydro-meteorological hazards (hydro

meteorological hazards), biological hazards (biological hazards),

technological hazards (technological hazards) and degradation of

environmental quality (environmental Degradation).

2. Vulnerabilities (vulnerability) high from the people, infrastructure and

elements within the city / region is at risk of disaster.

3. Low capacity of the various elements within the community.

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CHAPTER III

DISCUSSION

3.1 The Phenomenon that Occurs in Society

Environmental crisis facing modern man is a direct result of environmental

management that "non-ethical". That is, humans do manage natural resources almost

without regard to the role of ethics. Thus it can be said that the ecological crisis

facing humanity is rooted in the crisis of ethics or moral crisis. Modern man facing

nature almost without a conscience. Nature simply exploited and polluted without

feeling guilty. The result is a drastic decrease in the quality of natural resources such

as the disappearance of some species from the earth, which followed the natural

degradation. Humans are the source of sustainability and environmental damage. YB

Mangunwijaya view them as opposition or conflict between man and nature. No

other environmental issues is a matter of how to develop a philosophy of life that can

manage and develop human existence in relation to nature.

We must begin to change our lives for our actions is no longer destroy the

Earth. Of course we are humans who can not do everything. So, we just do the deeds

we can do and do not need to push yourself. The little things we can do for example

is taking out the trash in its place, to save electricity, save fuel and much more.

Maybe we're bored with the words "Put Trash In Place". We hear those words since

we were kids to adults. But are we already doing that we consider this simple?

Maybe yes, maybe not. Sometimes for a large garbage we remember, but if a small

trash such as pieces of paper, plastic, or wrap snack, we throw it away. If we are in

class, then we put it in the trash under the table. if it is on public vehicles will be

placed under a seat.

It was not only done by the children, but also by adults. That suggests that the

most important is self-awareness. Age has no effect on a person's attitude. The most

influential is the consciousness. That's the most important. So is the use of electricity

and water. We always assume that more people are using water from ourselves, so

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we think if we save, it still would not be useful. That is erroneous thinking. If

everyone thinks that, then nothing will save it? We must instill the mind of all things

good things it should start from ourselves. Do not wait for others to do good things.

3.2 The Environmental Damage

Based on the causes, forms of environmental damage can be divided into 2

types, namely:

3.2.1 The Environmental Damage Due to Natural Events

Various forms of natural disasters that recently hit Indonesia has created a lot

of impact damage to the environment. Enormity of the tsunami that devastated the

earth Veranda of Mecca and Nias, and the Ritcher scale earthquake that leveled 5

Yogyakarta and surrounding areas, are examples of natural phenomena in an instant

could change the face of the earth's shape. Other natural events that affect

environmental degradation, among others:

3.2.1.1 Volcanic Eruption

Volcanic eruptions occur due to magma activity in the bowels of the earth

which cause strong pressure out through the top of a volcano.

The danger posed by volcanic eruptions such as:

1. The rain of volcanic ash, causing respiratory problems.

2. Hot lava, destroy and kill anything that passed.

3. Hot clouds, can turn off the living creatures that pass.

4. Containing poison gas.

5. Solid material (rock, gravel, sand), can override housing, and others.

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3.2.1.2 Earthquake

An earthquake is the vibration of the earth's crust that can be caused by

several things, among them the magmatic activity (volcanic activity), the soil down,

and because the plate in the bottom of the ocean. Humans can measure how the

intensity of the quake, but the man is utterly unable to predict when an earthquake.

Therefore, the danger posed by an earthquake more powerful than volcanic

eruptions. At the time of the earthquake lasted several events occurred as a result,

directly or indirectly, among them:

1. Various buildings collapsed.

2. Land in the Earth's surface broke, the road to be broken.

3. Soil erosion due to shocks.

4. Floods, due to damage to the embankment.

5. An earthquake in the ocean floor can cause a tsunami (tidal wave).

3.2.1.3 Cyclone

Hurricanes occur due to air flow from regions of high pressure toward low

pressure areas. This air pressure difference occurs because the striking differences in

air temperature. Hurricane attack for countries in the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean

region is a common thing. For the territories in the region of California, Texas, until

in Asia such as Korea and Taiwan, the danger of catastrophic hurricanes are

seasonal. But for Indonesia only be felt in mid-2007. This suggests that climate

change has occurred in Indonesia, which no other symptoms caused by global

warming.

Attacks hurricane (tornado) can cause environmental damage in the form:

1. Tear down the building.

2. Damage to agriculture and plantation areas.

3. Endanger the flight.

4. Generate large waves that can sink ships.

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3.2.2 The Environmental Damage Due to Human Actions

Forms of environmental degradation due to human actions are:

1. Occurrence of pollution (air pollution, water, soil, and voice) as a

result of industrial estates.

2. The occurrence of floods, as the impact of poor drainage or sewerage

system and errors in maintaining the watershed and the impacts of

forest destruction.

3. The occurrence of landslides, as the direct impact of forest

destruction.

Some human activities that either directly or indirectly have an impact on

environmental degradation, among others:

1. Illegal logging of forests (deforestation).

2. Poaching.

3. Damage the mangrove forest.

4. Hoarding the swamps to the settlement.

5. Disposal of waste in any place.

6. Building logging in the watershed (watershed).

7. The utilization of natural resources excessively out of bounds.

3.2.3 Initiatives by Government

The things done by the government include:

1. Removing the Basic Agrarian Law No.. 5 of 1960 which regulates the

Land Use.

2. Publishing Law. 4/1982, concerning Basic Provisions for

Environmental Management.

3. Government Regulation No. imposed. 24 of 1986, the EIA

(Environmental Impact Assessment.)

4. In 1991, the government established the Environmental Management

Agency,

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The main objective of the Environmental Management Agency:

1. Tackling pollution cases.

2. Oversee hazardous materials and toxic (B3).

3. Conducting environmental impact assessment (EIA).

4. Declares the motion to plant a million trees.

Environmental management is an integrated effort to preserve the

environmental functions, including structuring policies, utilization, development,

maintenance, restoration, monitoring, and environmental control (Partner Info,

2000). Environmental management was held with the principle of state

responsibility, the principle of sustainability, and the principle of benefit.

Targets of environmental management are:

a. The achievement of harmony, harmony, and balance between humans

and the environment

b. The realization of the Indonesian people as a human environment that

have the attitude and acts of protecting and nurturing environment

c. Ensuring the interests of today's generation and future generations

d. Achieving sustainability of environmental functions

e. Control of the use resources wisely

f. NKRI protecting against the impacts of business and / or activities

outside the territory of which cause environmental destruction.

Some developed countries have been doing a lot of organic and inorganic

waste separation for recycling purposes. In every household there are bins of colorful

appropriate allocation. Indonesia also conducts waste management efforts currently

being promoted is the recycling or recycling. With the possible use of waste

recycling, such as plastic, aluminum, and paper into useful goods. Another effort to

reduce pollution is to use solar power. Solar thermal power is stored in solar cells for

later use in cooking purposes, heating the room, and the energy of motion. Solar

power does not cause pollution. In addition to solar power, wind power can also be

used as an energy source by using the-mill windmill.

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3.2.4 Environmental Conservation Efforts by the Joint Community

Government

Several community efforts that can be related to environmental preservation,

among others:

3.2.4.1 Land Preservation

Land conservation efforts can be done by promoting the planting of trees or

reforestation of previously deforested land (reforestation). To the hills or mountains

sloping land position needs to be built terraces or sengkedan, so as to inhibit the rate

of flow of rain water. Sengkedan make a swift movement of water is reduced. So,

erosion or soil erosion does not occur.

3.2.4.2 Air Preservation

Efforts that can be done to keep the air clean and healthy, among others:

1. Promote the planting of trees or ornamental plants around us. Plants

can absorb harmful gases to humans. Plants capable of producing

oxygen through photosynthesis. Damage to forests caused millions of

crop production lost so much oxygen to the atmosphere is reduced, in

addition, plants also release water vapor, so the humidity will remain

intact.

2. Promoting the reduction of emissions or flue gas, either the

combustion engine combustion and forest. One of the efforts to reduce

emissions of harmful gases into the air is to use industrial materials in

an environmentally safe, and the installation of filters on smokestacks.

3. Reduce or even avoid the use of chemical gas that can damage the

ozone layer in the atmosphere. Freon gas used for cooling the air

conditioner and refrigerator and used in various cosmetic products, is

a gas that can be fused with ozone gas, resulting in shrinking ozone

layer. Ozone layer is a layer in the atmosphere that acts as a filter for

the earth, being able to reflect back into space ultraviolet rays emitted

by the sun. Excessive ultraviolet rays will damage skin tissue and

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cause increased air temperature. Global warming occurs in them

because of the depletion of the ozone layer in the atmosphere.

3.2.4.3 Preservation of Forests

Efforts can be done to preserve the forest:

1. Reforestation or replanting forest deforested.

Replanting forests is also called reforestation bald .. With

reforestation, rain water does not directly reach the ground. Thick

leaves of the trees will hold water. When the water reaches the soil,

the water will get into the soil and absorbed by plant roots.

2. Prohibit forest clearing arbitrarily.

3. Applying a selective logging system in cutting down trees.

4. Applying a cut-and-cropping system in logging activities.

5. Applying heavy sanctions for those who violate the provisions on

forest management.

6. Participate in the activities of nature lovers.

7. Supply of sophisticated equipment.

8. Conduct public education on the importance of the environment.

3.2.4.4 Marine and Coastal Preservation

The effort to preserve the ocean and beach can be done by:

1. Coastal reclamation by replanting mangrove plants in the area around the

coast.

2. Prohibit shooting rocks around the beach or on the seabed, because coral is a

habitat for fish and sea plants.

3. Prohibit the use of explosives and other chemicals in fishing.

4. Prohibit the use of trawlers for fishing.

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3.2.4.5 Preservation of Flora and Fauna

Efforts that can be done to preserve the flora and fauna among which are:

1. Establishing nature reserves and wildlife reserves.

2. Prohibit illegal hunting activities.

3. Conservation efforts to preserve rare flora and fauna and their ecosystems

in conservation areas.

4. Endangered species breeding program.

5. Extension of the intensive animal breeding.

6. Providing education to the public about biodiversity and its benefits for

society.

7. Improved human resource capacity.

8. Entering biodiversity into the curriculum elementary, junior high, high

school and college.

9. Expand wildlife habitat.

Factors to be considered for the public to participate in environmental

conservation, among others:

1. The level of education.

2. Increased revenue.

3. Knowledge of local wisdom.

4. Implementation of conservation farming systems (terracing, rorak -

soil that was unearthed by a certain size that serves to hold the rate of

flow-surface, cover crops, crop rotation, agroforestry, conservation

cropping though - processing that does not cause erosion.

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3.3 Policies and Strategies in Disaster Management

In the response to disaster management policies and strategies need to be

done, including:

3.3.1. Public Policy

In every effort for disaster relief and refugees, have the perception that is

common to all parties, both government officials and all ranks of society elements

which tracks the provisions stipulated in the general guidelines, implementation

guidelines, and procedures issued by the agency remains concerned in accordance

with its assignment unit respectively. Disaster relief and refugee implemented in an

integrated and coordinated response involving all potential government and the

community well before they occur, during or after a disaster / refugee embodied in a

bid/preventive measures, repressive and rehabilitative.

Policies for disaster relief and refugee nationally formulated and established

by the National Coordinating Agency for Disaster and Refugee Management

(BAKORNAS PBP).

3.3.2. General Strategy

The general strategy is divided into two in disaster management, namely:

1. Disaster Management

2. Handling of Refugee

3.3.2.1 Disaster Management

Disaster prevention activities that are operational efforts and should be

implemented in coordination include:

1. Prevention, ie preventing disasters or risks that may occur through the

preparation of legislation, preparation of response procedures and

implement extension and training activities.

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2. Mitigation, which minimizes the impact of disasters on human life, so

that the soul and material losses and damage that occur can be

addressed through mitigation efforts, including preparedness

(preparedness) and preparation of physical readiness, alertness and

ability.

3. Emergency Response, undertaken in a planned, coordinated and

integrated in an emergency in a relatively short time in order to help,

save lives/property and the environment and reduce the impact of

disasters through the provision of moral and material assistance to

disaster victims.

4. Rehabilitation, repair damage in the form of both physical and non

physical form which takes the form of temporary/emergency and/or

permanently.

5. Reconstruction, in the form of repair and or rebuild in order to

recovery facilities, infrastructure, public facilities/social, home

residents and the environment according to standard technical

requirements and building construction.

3.3.2.2 Handling of Refugee

1. Rescue, namely the provision of help, protection and emergency relief

to victims of violence/conflict form of temporary shelter, food,

clothing, health care, and other emergency assistance.

2. Empowerment, in the form of capacity building activities and self-

reliance for refugees to carry out social and economic activities to

make ends meet.

3. Placement, ie place and return of refugees from temporary shelters

into permanent place in the form of return to its original place, the

insertion at the location of settlements that already exist and

placement in new locations.

4. Reconciliation, a peace support efforts to re-create the warring parties

to approach the social, cultural, human rights and legal aspects.

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3.3.3.3 Operational Support Activities

Support Operations conducted in order to expedite efforts for disaster relief

and refugees, including:

a. Data Collection, a series of notes, collect, process and present data

and information on disasters and refugees are required.

b. Reporting, namely the delivery of data and information on disasters

and refugees regularly, continuously and periodically from the results

of a process of implementation of activities that have been, is and will

be implemented based on the observation and recording.

c. Cooperation, with cooperation for disaster management and refugees

with government and non government organizations, both inside and

outside the country in accordance with prevailing regulations.

d. Aid Distribution/Logistics, developed as supplies for the

refugees/victims of disasters in order to survive in times of emergency

that must be available at any time as required.

e. Communications, held in a coordinated and integrated by deploying

various communications systems of various Departments / Institutions

and organizations that are integrated into one unified system to

support disaster relief and refugees.

f. Research and Development, conducted by various Government and

Non Government agencies are coordinated and integrated.

g. Control, held in the coordination and integration of all Departments /

Agencies BAKORNAS PBP element in carrying out disaster relief

and refugees in a rapid, precise and targeted at the discretion of the

Chairman BAKORNAS PBP.

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CHAPTER IV

CLOSING

In connection with the use of natural resources, so that the environment

remains sustainable, must be considered the order/procedure of the environment it

self. In this case the most appropriate human beings as managers because humans

have several superioriy compared with other organisms. Humans can remodel, repair,

and environmental condition as desired, such as:

1. Humans are able to think and predict the future state

2. Humans have the science and technology

3. Humans have the intellect and mind so that they can choose things that are

good.

Therefore, it is to protect our environment, our beloved Earth's environment

is, do a small thing because something big was not there before there is a small thing.

If the little things done by many people, the little things that would be a great thing.

If a thousand people throw garbage in place and maintain the cleanliness, the area

will be clean. But if a thousand people littering, then of course the area will be very

dirty at all.

So, do not ever underestimate the little things like save electricity, save water,

save fuel, or dispose of waste in place. Do start from yourself and is transmitted to

people around you. Be a friend of the Earth and love of this Earth. Hopefully if we

have done the best thing we can do, the Earth is again beautiful, cool, fresh air and

comfortable so itâ increasingly happy life on this Earth. BE FRIENDS EARTH!.

happy life on this Earth. BE FRIENDS EARTH!.

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