JSM 6053 - Chapter 1 - Principle of GIS v 1.0-LV

8/13/2019 JSM 6053 - Chapter 1 - Principle of GIS v 1.0-LV

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JSM 6053: Monitoring Using

Earth Observation (Eo) and GIS

Introduction to GIS

Sr Jong Tien Kiong [email protected]

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Sr Jong T. K

Education Background Master of Science, UTM

B. Surveying (Land) (Hons), UTM

Diploma in Land Surveying, PUO

Malayisa Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor, Malaysia

Hometown Sarawak

Contact: H/P: 013-802906

Email: [email protected]

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Introduction to

Geographic Information

Systems

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Introduction-Overview

Introduction Overview

History of GIS

What is GIS?

Why use a GIS?

What can a GIS do?

GIS definitions

Why Need GIS?

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The History

First developed in North America,particularly the U.S. and Canada in themid-1960s

Previously been used in naturalresources and environmental research

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History of GIS

1960s to 2000: -

Starting of the GIS projects & ESRI founded

1970 ERDAS founded

1980s GPS become operational

GIS text books

Mapinfo founded

1990s ESRI produce ArcView and ArcGIS Billion ringgit business in GIS

2000s current:-Internet become pupular

Billion of users 6


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History of GIS: Malaysia

1986 : -

Starting of the GIS projects

JUPEM, Ministry land Development (NALIS)

DOA, Forestry, Local Council and other Government

Departments.

Internet GIS: Lot of applications

Current: Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI)Every disciplines use GIS

Sarawak: ICT Unit, CMD

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Opening Definitions

Datanumbers, text,symbols

Sea surface temperature,

soil type, populationdensity

Informationdifferentiated fromdata

implying some degree ofselection, organization,and preparation forparticular purpose, or

data given some degree ofinterpretation

GeographicInformation(map, digital form)

Information about places on Earthssurface

GeographicversusspatialGeographic refers to Earthssurface and near surfaceSpatialrefers to any space (moregeneral)

Knowledge about where something is Knowledge about whatis at a given

location

Can be very detailed or very course Can be relatively static or change rapidly Can be very sparse or voluminous 8


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GIS definitions

A working GIS integrates five keycomponents:

methods

people, and

data,

software,

hardware,

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GIS definitions

"A system of hardware, software, andprocedures designed to support the

capture,

management,

manipulation,

analysis,

modeling and

display ofspatially-referenced data for solving

complex planning and management

problems." 10


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GIS SOME DEFINITIONS

GIS may include manual systems, however, itusually refers to a computerised database systemfor capture, storage, retrieval, analysis and displayof spatial data (Huxhold, 1991).

GIS is capable of assisting the storage, retrieval andmanipulation of spatially referenced data such asstreet address or a census tract (Nedovic-Budic,1999).

GIS is most useful when used to perform dataanalysis (Lee and Wong, 2001, viii)

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GIS SOME DEFINITIONS (cont.)

application acts as a problem solving solution

example: water pollution, traffic, land

management

toolbox

emphasize on the generic aspect of GIS in its

definition

always used by vendors to maximize theirmarket share

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What Is GIS - a Brief Introduction

Different mapping systems: Electronic atlases

Thematic mapping systems Street-based mapping systems

GIS: all these things + much more

analysis, import/export, combination ofdifferent data, dynamic map update, etc

a system of hardware, software, data, people,

organizations and institutional arrangements forcollecting, storing, analyzing, and disseminatinginformation about areas of the earth (Duekerand Kjerne, 1989)

Use of geography to

integrate information fromdifferent sources


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What does a GIS look like?

Two distinct meanings of the question Is this a GIS?

1. GIS is a real application including hardware, data,software and people needed to solve a problem(a GIS application)

2. GIS is a type of software sold by a softwaredeveloper

GIS hardware like any other computer with perhaps someextra components. Like?

What is importantis the kind of information thats stored.

In addition, a GIS includes toolsto do things with thisinformation.

Special functions that work on geographic

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It lets us do a range of tasks a lot better and quicker than

we could do manually.

It allows a range of tasks that could not be achievedmanually

We can repeat tasks and update information rapidly and

inexpensively

Why use a GIS?

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Why use a GIS?

An extension of the paper map, but much morethan a map, as you will see

GIS uses the analyticalpower of the computer tocomplete complex tasks

Computer's storagepower to manage large datasets.

Integrationof many different types of data from

many different sources GIS maps a variety of different data to the same

coordinate space (allows for combination ofdata)

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a. Automated mapping

b. Simple query

c. Spatial analysis

d. Spatial modelling

Why use a GIS?

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a. Automated MappingUsing digitally stored information to create thematic or topographic maps

quickly, relatively simply, and flexibly

b. Simple QueryDrawing out information in a spatial database.

e.g. How much of a particular vegetation type is found in the study area,

and where is it?

Why use a GIS?

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c. Spatial AnalysisQuantitative analysis of one or more geographic themes

e.g. the calculation of a range of spatial variables in a

fragmented landscape.

More complex examination of processes which allow predictions based on

quantitative analysis.e.g. examining what environmental variables determine

rainforest types in the Wet Tropics, and using these models to extrapolate

over unsampled areas.

d. Spatial Modelling

Why use a GIS?

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Ecology: e.g. species-habitat modelling

Forestry: Management planning e.g. harvesting, roads, inventory

Land resource assessment / soil survey / geological survey

Engineering; eg landslide protection, most direct route for roads

Pollution evaluation and monitoring; often in conjunction with remote

sensing

Emergency services, e.g. how to best get to a fire etc.

Socioeconomic analyses: analyses of demograpic movements and

developments. This type of analyses is performed for the Australian

electoral commission.

Market analysis

Real estate, land valuation

Epidemiology: spread of a disease through a community

Wide range of uses

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What can a GIS do?

Generically

Find features with known properties but unknown

location

(Where is a particular feature on the landscape?)(Where are features with specific properties?)

Identify properties of features with known location

(What type of features are at a specific location?)

Analyze the relationship between/among featuresand location

(Is there a reason these features are found at this

location?)

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What can a GIS do? Specifically

Delineate watershed boundaries for estimates ofsedimentation effects on fish-bearing streams

Predict vegetation types based on elevation,

slope, and aspect

Predict landslide hazard for forest harvest units

Calculate the correlation between demographics

and HIV infection rates Locate natural areas that need protection

Make communicative, colorful, and interesting

maps 22


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Examples of what a GIS can doExample 1: Where is a given feature or set of features?

Where are forest stands greater than 100 years of age?

query criteria are defined

location is shown

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Examples of what a GIS can do Example 2: What features are at a given location?

What is the age of the forest near the 1050 Road?

1ststep:

select road

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Examples of what a GIS can do Example 2: What features are at a given location?

What is the age of the forest near the 1050 Road?

2ndstep:

select adjacent

stands

3rd step:

examine records of

adjacent stands

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Examples of GIS maps

surface drapes & 3-D modeling

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Examples of GIS maps

classified (thematic) maps

good for understanding data with many unique values28


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GIS: OLD AND NEW

Traditional GIS

MAP TYPEWRITERMANUAL DRAFING

TOOLS

New GIS

COMPUTER PLOTTER CD-ROM

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THE NEED FOR GIS

the real world has a lot of spatial data manipulation, analysis and modeling can be

effective and efficiently carried out with a GIS

the neighborhood of the intended purchase of house

the route for fire-fighting vehicles to the fire area location of historical sites to visit

the earth surface for purposes of army

the earth surface is a limited resource rational decisions on space utilization

fast and quality information in decision making

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... THE NEED FOR GIS

complexity of management due to the need to combine and process

many sets of data, in addition to judge as

many as possible, situation that might

happen.

intense competition

the need to use technology in makingdecisions and strategy in the world of

intense competition.

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Local Use:

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GIS & RS Application


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Basin, Catchment & Reservoir Management

Bakun Dam Catchment

Bakun Reservoir

Rajang River Basin

Mid-Rejang IADP


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Road Alignment Planning & Optimisation

3DPresentationofAlternative

Routes3D Presentation fo Alternative Routes

GIS Layout

GIS Layers


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High Voltage Power Transmission Management

Power Line Maintenance3D

Transmission Line Map


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Wireless Telecommunication System

Line of Sight Tools used in

Urban Built-up environment

Geospatial Solutions for

Rural System Design


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River System Management

Blue-Green Algae & Turbidity

Water & Waste Water Management

Quantitative Measurement of Water

Quality


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Land Information Management


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Forest Management

Tree

Crown

Delineation

Species Identification

Diversity Mapping

DominantCanopy Species

Bruguera Gymnorrhiza

Rhizophora Sp.

Camptostemon Schultzii

Unclassified

Integration of

remote sensing

and GIS is useful

for timely decision

making in forest

resources

inventory,

monitoring and

management

Raster layers


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National Wetlands Inventory

Advanced Processing

Raw Airborne Data Strips

Final Layout

Mangroves of the

Daintree River

Field Verification

Delineated Tree Crowns

Species Identification

Diversity Mapping

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Precision Agriculture


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Oil Palm Mapping

Relative Vegetation Vigour

Crown Counting & GIS Integration


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Exploration

Hyperspectral Mapping - Minerals delineated

Deformation Mapping in the Belridge Oil Fields


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Landslide Hazard Zonation Mapping

Destroyed a

longhouse & killed 16

Killed 2

The Proposed Bakun Hydro Electric Project, Sarawak


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Terima Kasih

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JSM 6053 - Chapter 1 - Principle of GIS v 1.0-LV