January 19, 2006Teck H. Ho1 Customers I. Economic and Behavioral Foundations of Pricing II. Innovative Pricing Concepts and Tools III. Internet Pricing

January 19, 2006 Teck H. Ho 1

Customers

I. Economic and Behavioral Foundations of Pricing

II. Innovative Pricing Concepts and Tools

III. Internet Pricing Models


Class Outline

The economic value to the customer (EVC): EVC analysisHow to determine EVC?How to communicate EVC?Use of EVC

The willingness to pay (WTP):Price elasticityTen factors affecting price elasticity How to change price sensitivity


Dell XPS M140 Notebook

How much is your willingness to pay?

http://www1.us.dell.com/content/default.aspx?c=us&cs=19&l=en&s=dhs

XPS M140Packs a PunchSmall and potent.

At about 1.5" thin, 5.5 lbs light and with a Genuine Windows® XP Media Center Edition 2005 Operating System, the M140 is a true expression of multimedia power in a package that gets heads turning.

True "instant on" functionality provides quick access to DVDs, video, music and photos and the 14.1" WXGA screen with optional TrueLifeTM helps make all this come alive.


Motivation Questions

As a buyer, what information do you use to determine how much you are willing to pay for a Dell XPS Laptop?

Are you sure about the accuracy of your information? How will a conversation with computer expert or sales person affect your decision?

What can a company do to influence consumer’s willingness to pay?


EVC Analysis

Economic value to the customer (EVC): the maximum amount a customer should be willing to pay, assuming that s/he is fully informed about the benefits of the product and the offerings of competitors

EVC = Reference Value + Differentiation Value

Reference value: the price of perceived closest substitute adjusted by difference in quantity used

Differentiation value: value of a product’s attribute difference between your offering and the closest substitute (+ or -)


EVC Analysis

PositiveDifferentiation

Value

ReferenceValue

Negative Differentiation value

EVC

Differentiation ValueSuperior performanceBetter reliabilityAdditional featuresLower maintenance

costFaster service

Reference Value


Dryel (released in June 1999)

Welcome to Dryel® — the safe, easy way to care for dry clean only and special care clothes in your home in about 30 minutes. At about $0.60 per garment (based on average national retail price), Dryel is the affordable alternative to dry cleaning your clothes. Discover how Dryel can give you the freedom to purchase and wear the kind of clothes you want, whenever you want.

http://www.dryel.com/usa/index.shtml

http://www.dryel.com/usa/index.shtml


EVC in 1999


Value

ReferenceValue


EVC


EVC in 2003


Value

ReferenceValue


EVC


An example: Alathon 25 In 1995, Du Pont introduced Alathon 25, a polyethylene resin

designed to compete with other resins in the manufacture of flexible pipe. Tests indicated that Alathon 25 pipe had failure rates of 3% compared with 8% for the competition. Farmers purchased Alathon pipe as part of below-ground irrigation system. The common substitute for Alathon pipe was a pipe made of an off-grade resin selling for $6.5 per hundred feet. Labor cost of replacing a failed pipe is about $60. Pipe failures, if not detected quickly, can also damage crops. The damage could range from 0 (if the plants were mature) to $40 when vulnerable seedlings were washed out. Young, poorly rooted crops are in place approximately 20% of the time that the irrigation system is in use.

What was the product’s economic value for the farmers? What if the failure rate is reduced from 7% to 1% (instead of 8% to

3%)?


An example: Alathon 25

Reference Value = $6.50

Replacement Savings= $0.31

Labor Savings= $3.00

Crop – Less Reduction= $0.40

Dif

fere

ntia

tion

Val

ue $40 x 0.20 x 5% = $0.40

$60 x 5% = $3.00

$6.5 x 5% = $0.31 EVC = $10.21


Using EVC to Segment Market

EVC Profile: Different segments have different EVCs. You need to determine the EVC of each segment and its size for formulating an effective pricing strategy.

Market potential

Indoor Plumbing Do-it-Yourself

Sewage

In-Ground Irrigation

Indoor-Plumbing

Commodity Value28.0

39.8

44.5

58.3

64.1

10.2 Farmers


Communicating EVC to Your Customers

Do not assume customers know EVC Educate customers is important when

The product delivers a stream of benefits over timeThe purchase price represents only a small portion of

the product’s overall costs The fact that consumers are not buying your

product is not by itself a reason to cut price. It may be a reason to change your marketing program to justify the price


Steps in EVC Analysis

1. Identify the price of the closest competitive product to determine reference value

2. Identify all factors that differentiate your product from the competitive product

3. Determine the differentiation value

4. Sum up the reference value and differentiation value to determine EVC

5. Develop EVC profile for each segment

6. Develop marketing programs to educate consumers about EVC


Use of EVC

AdvantagesDescribe decision process of sophisticated purchasers Enables firm to distinguish between under-promoted vs.

overpriced product Can indicate attribute improvements which give largest

gain in EVC (i.e., channel your improvement effort)Can be a great aid to sales force

Limitations:Actual willingness to pay depends perceived

differentiation value and perceived value of the competitive product


EVC Analysis Line Extension Opportunities

EVC ofAttribute

H

L

Rating on AttributeL H

Improve Maintain

Ignore Overkill


Factors Affecting Actual Willingness to Pay (1)

Substitutes awareness effect: Buyers are more price sensitive the higher the price difference between this product and the perceived substitute

Difficult comparison effect: buyers are less price sensitive the more difficult to evaluate competing offers

Switching cost effect: Buyers are less price sensitive the greater the sunk investment they have made in anticipation of its continued use.

Price-quality effect: Buyers are less price sensitive to the extent that higher price signals higher quality. (Image and exclusive products or products without quality cues)


Baby Oil (Rite Aid versus Johnson & Johnson)

our price:

$2.99


UC Medical Plans HMO POS PPO Indemnity Plan

Definition Health Maintenance Point-of-Service Plan Preferred Provider Traditional Fee-for-Service PlanOrganization (Health Net, (Blue Cross Plus) Organization (Blue (Core)Kaiser, PacifiCare, Cross PPO)WHA)

Reasons People Least Costly Overall Greater Choice of Medical Broader network of No limits on access to providers;Choose This Type Providers than an HMO; providers than HMO or desire to self-insure a largerof Plan ability to go outside the POS; preferred doctor part of front-end costs (high

network for care (at a higher only participates in this deductible)cost) kind of plan

Choice of Providers You choose a PCP or a Tier 1 works like an HMO. You do not choose a Unrestricted access to anyprimary care group from Tier 2--you may choose any PCP; you pay less if provider (see "Cost Sharing forthe network. Both your provider, but you pay more of you use a network Services" below)primary and speciality the cots (see "Cost Sharing provider. If you use a care is through your for Services" below) non-network provider,chosen PCP/medical your costs will be highergroup. (see "Cost Sharing for

Services" below)Provider Providers and medical Providers and medical groups Providers and medical No networkRelationships groups contracted contracted through the HMO groups contracted

through the HMO network network for Tier 1; no network through the PPO for Tier 2 network

Primary Care Care is coordinated by In Tier 1, care is coordinated No PCP required No PCP requireda PCP. by a PCP; Tier 2 does not

require a PCP.Speciality Care Your PCP authorizes Your PCP authorizes referrals You may self-refer in or You may self-refer.

referrals to specialists. in Tier 1. You may self-refer out of network.in Tier 2.

Networks Plan networks are Tier 1 is similar to an HMO Networks tend to be No network.limited. Fewer HMO network. Tier 2 has no wider than HMO networks are available network networks. Plans oftenoutside urban areas and have nationwide providers are becoming networks.less willing to contractwith HMOs.


UC Medical Plans In-Area Coverage You must receive You must receive services You must receive No restriction.

services from a network from a network provider to services from a networkprovider have coverage at the Tier 1 provider to have

benefit level; Tier 2 has no coverage at the highestrequirement. level in the plan

Out-of-Network You are only covered For srvices outside the For services outside the No restriction.Coverage for emergency services network, you pay a deductible network, you pay a

and share more of the costs. deductible and sharemore of the costs.

US Premiums Lowest premiums (except More expensive than an HMO; Most expensive Lowest premium due to planfor Core) less expensive than PPO design (high deductible,

catastrophic coverage)Cost Sharing for Copayments for Tier 1--Higher copayments for Annual deductibles; Coinsurance coverage lowerServices services; no deductibles services than HMO; Tier 2-- coinsurance payments than most PPOs after high(copayment=flat or co-insurance deductibles & coinsurance lower for network annual deductible is satisfied.dollar cost; providers; higher for coinsurance=%of non-network providerstotal costOut-of-Pocket Yes Yes Yes YesMaximumClaims No Claims, but preautho- Tier 1--like an HMO. Members file claims for Members file claims for

rization required for Tier 2--members file claims for partial payment of costs partial payment of costssome services (see plan partial payment of costs after after deductible is after deductible is details) deductible is satisfied satisfied satisfied

Prescriptions Typically, a card Typically, a card Coinsurance design-- No formulary; prescriptions program with a formulary program with a formulary with a retail network and covered on straight percentageand different copayments and different copayments a mail order program reimbursement with no discounts.for generic, brand name, for generic, brand name,and non-for-mulary and non-for-mulary drugs. Usually has a drugs. Usually has amail-order program for mail-order program formaintenance drugs. maintenance drugs.

How It Works with a May be used to cover May be used to cover May be used to cover May be used to coverFSA (flexible copayments, expense not copayments in Tier 1, deductibles and deductibles and spending account) covered by plan or with deductibles and coinsurance coinsurance, expenses coinsurance, expenses

limited coverage (e.g, in Tier 2, expenses not not covered by plan or not covered by plan orlaser eye surgery). covered by plan or with limited with limited coverage with limited coverage

coverage (e.g, laser eye (e.g, laser eye surgery) (e.g, laser eye surgery)surgery)


UC Medical Plans

Plan Type Self Self+FamilyBlue Cross Plus POS 64.23$ 186.26$ Blue Cross PPO PPO 86.78$ 251.66$ BluePremier HMO NM HMO 75.51$ 218.18$ Core Idemnity -$ -$ Health Net HMO 17.64$ 51.15$ Kaiser Permanente- CA HMO 10.00$ 29.00$ PacificCare of CA HMO 18.12$ 52.55$ Western Health Advantage HMO 10.50$ 30.45$


Price-Quality Effect: http://www.sephora.com

For the man with no boundaries - a subtle, serene, and aquatic scent.

Romance Ralph Lauren Romance. The women's fragrance that evokes the timeless essence of falling in love. Discover the sensual essence of velvety woods, extravagant florals, and seductive musk.



Unique Value effect: Buyers are less price sensitive the more they value any unique attributes

End-benefit effect: When purchasing supplies, buyers are more price sensitive (1) the more price sensitive the demand for the end product; (2) the larger share of the total cost of the end product

Expenditure effect: Buyers are more price sensitive the higher the total expenditure, both in dollar terms and as a percentage of income

Shared-cost effect: Buyers are less price sensitive the smaller the portion of the price they actually pay


Unique Value Effect:http://rnglounge.com/

Double Boiled Sharks fin soup

Double boiled with chicken and sliced Virginia ham

Steamed clams served with beaten eggs.

http://rnglounge.com/


The Xootr Cruz

wheels and bearings 20%

deck 12

curved steer support 8

lower handle 8

deck-support-frame 8

brakes(lever/pad/cables) 5

front fork 3

handle bar clamp 3

handlebar/grips 3

fasteners 2

packaging 2

locking pin 1

labor/overhead 25

http://www.novacruz.com/novacruz/default.asp

http://www.novacruz.com/novacruz/default.asp



Fairness effect: Buyers are more price sensitive when it is outside the range that they perceive as “fair”

Inventory effect: Buyers are more price sensitive in the short run when they can hold inventories and believe that the current price is temporarily lower or higher than it will be in the future


Seller’s Posted Price Game

Seller has a variable cost of $10 (assume there is no fixed cost) and buyer is a distributor with an offer for the product for $20

Both seller and buyer know the above information and there are no other traders in the market

Seller posts the price at $X (i.e., makes a take-it-or-leave-it offer) (earning = $X - $10)

If you are the buyer, would you buy the product if the posted price is $X? (earning = $20 - $X)

If there is no trade, both parties earn nothing


DiscussionWhat are these slogans trying to accomplish?

Gold Mastercard: “Some circles shall remain exclusive.”

Woolite: “Woolite cleans this spring sensation for pennies. So why dry clean it for dollars?”

Dysan (floppy disks): “You can buy a less expensive diskette and not save a thing.”


Punch-line

EVC = Reference value + Differentiation value

EVC is the maximum willingness-to-pay, not actual willingness-to-pay

Always examine and enhance your product, place, and promotion strategies to attain EVC

Pay attention to factors that influence actual willingness to pay

Documents

January 19, 2006Teck H. Ho1 Customers I. Economic and Behavioral Foundations of Pricing II. Innovative Pricing Concepts and Tools III. Internet Pricing