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An Information Framework for Creating a Smart City Through Internet of Things

MTECH[NETWORK ENGINEER]

VENKATESH

2INTRODUCTION

•What is Smart City??utilization of information and communications

technologies to achieve this objective presents an opportunity

for the development of smart cities

•Why need of Smart City??It is expected that 70% of the world’s population, over

six billion people, will live in cities and surrounding regions

•How can we create a city into Smart City??Smartness of a city is driven and enabled technologically

by the emergent Internet of Things (IoT).

•What is Cloud and IoT??

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Fig1: Thinking Smart

4MOTIVATION• Better services and quality of life• Use of technology in monitoring various environmental parametersBenefits of citizens (health and well-being), transport (mobility, productivity, and pollution), and services (critical community services).• Already underway technologies to collect application-specific data. These include • public parking monitoring, • microclimate monitoring, and • access and mobility (pedestrian, cyclists, cars, and freight

vehicles), • service operations in health services (noise, air, and water

quality),• strategic planning (mobility),• sustainability (energy usage),• tourism (visitor services and tourist activity), • business and international (city usage and access), • city safety.

5IOT INFRASTRUCTUREFOR SMART CITY

•Network-Centric IoT

•Cloud-Centric IoT

•Data-Centric IoT

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Fig.2 : IoT infrastructure from three different domains.

7Network-Centric IoT

vision of IoT can be interpreted in two ways:

1) “Internet” based

2) “Object” based

How Network-Centric IoT works

• Sensing Paradigm

• Addressing Scheme

• Connectivity Model

• QoS Mechanism

8Cloud-Centric IoT

• Analytic tool developers can provide their software tools.

• Services as infrastructures, platforms, or software.

• Data generated, tools used, and algorithms developed all disappear

into the background.

• Efficiently model this Smart City framework cost effective.

9Data-Centric IoT

Data-centric IoT emphasizes all aspects of data flow, including

collection, processing, storage, and visualization.

• Data Collection : Fixed and Mobile Sensing Infrastructure as

well as continuous and random sampling.

• Data Processing and Management : Extraction of

meaningful information from raw data.

• Data Interpretation : Visualization is important for data

representation in user-understandable form, allowing

interpretation by the users.

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DESIGN OF NETWORKARCHITECTURE

Two main design approaches for network architecture:

1. An evolutionary approach : Incremental changes to current

network architecture to reuse as many component as possible

2. A clean-slate approach : Redesign of network without being

constrained of current architecture. Four most common network architectures in the smart city

domain

1. Autonomous Network Architecture

2. Ubiquitous Network Architecture

3. Application-Layer Overlay Architecture

4. Service-Oriented Architecture

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Fig.3 : Connectivity model

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Autonomous Network Architecture1. Architecture Description:

• Autonomous networks are not connected to the public networks

• But they can access internet via gateways in some cases

2. Application—Automatic Parking Management : Sends

the availability for available space in parking area to your smart

phone. It will also enable the council to apply fine in case of

parking infringements.

3. QoS : Requirement in this case is indeed application dependent.

For the above automatic parking management, sensor coverage,

reliability, and system responsiveness are the major concerns.

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Ubiquitous NetworkArchitecture

1) Architecture Description: includes smart object networks

connected through the Internet gateway

• Multitier : Wireless multi-access networks and wireless

multi-hop networks

• Multiradio : WLAN, WiMAX, macro-cellular, femto-cellular, or

even ad-hoc

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2) Application—Structural Health Monitoring : Monitor the

city’s stationary structures—some small, some huge, others new,

most of them very old—such as buildings, dams, or bridges.

3) Application- Traffic Congestion and Impact

Monitoring : Sensors available for measuring pollution levels and

traffic delays and queuing, either stationary at fixed locations or

mobile mounted in vehicles.

• Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I)

communications

4) QoS : Guarantees is challenging and an emergent discipline. The

shortage of a standardized end-to-end protocol for establishing

QoS, the complexity of network dynamics.

Continued…

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Fig. 4 : Ubiquitous Network Architecture

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Application-Layer Overlay Network Architecture1) Architecture Description:

• Multipoint-to-point nature of data flow

• Data aggregation, data fusion, or rule-based feature

extraction, will greatly help reduce the amount of data

transmissions and prolong system lifetime.

2) Application-Compressive Sensing for Environmental

Monitoring:

3) QoS:

• The data traffic for environmental monitoring is elastic in

nature.

• It implies that bandwidth is the primary concern; delay and

packet loss are tolerable to some extent.

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Service-Oriented Network Architecture1) Architecture Description:• Heterogeneity is the most distinguished characteristic of the

IoT, which often contains a variety of subnetworks adopting different communication technologies.

• Revolutionary network architecture, named IDRA (Information Driven Architecture), is developed

2) Application—Combined Noise Mapping and Video Monitoring:

• One immediate IDRA application for smart cities is combined noise mapping and video monitoring.

3) QoS:

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Fig. 5 : Service-oriented network architecture

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SMART CITY SERVICES Structural Health of Buildings

Waste Management

Air Quality

Noise Monitoring

Traffic Congestion

City Energy Consumption

Smart Parking

Smart Lighting

Automation and Salubrity of Public Buildings

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Fig.6 : Smart City

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•Web Service Approach for IoT Service Architecture•Link Layer Technologies•Devices

URBAN IOT ARCHITECTURE

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Fig.7 : Conceptual representation of an urban IoT network based on the web service approach.

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• IoT domain many different standards are still struggling to be the

reference one and the most adopted.

• What is IETF STd?

• IETF is to make internet work better by producing high quality

relevant document, that influence the way people design use

and manage the internet

• IoT services designed in accordance with the ReST paradigm

exhibit very strong similarity with traditional web services

Web Service Approach for IoT Service Architecture

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Web Service Approach for IoT Service Architecturewe will distinguish three distinct functional layers

1. Data

2. Application/Transport

3. Network

Continued…

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Fig.8 : Protocol stacks for unconstrained (left) and constrained (right) IoT nodes

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Data layer

Data exchange is typically accompanied by a description of the

transferred content by means of semantic representation languages,

of which the extensible Mark-up Language (XML) is probably the

most common.

EXI defines two types of encoding

•Schema less

•Schema-informed

Continued…

28Data Format

• In architectures based on web services, data exchange is

typically accompanied by a description of the transferred content

by means of semantic representation languages, of which the

eXtensible Markup Language (XML) is probably the most

common.

• EXI defines two types of encoding, namely schema-less and

schema-informed.

• Schema-less encoding from the XML data and can be decoded by

any EXI entity, the schema informed encoding assumes that the

two EXI processors share an XML Schema before actual encoding

and decoding can take place.

Continued…

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Application and Transport Layers

•Most of the traffic that crosses the Internet nowadays is carried at

the application layer by HTTP over TCP.

•WHY COAP?

The verbosity and complexity of native HTTP make it unsuitable for a

straight deployment on constrained IoT devices.

HTTP become limiting factor for IoT node because of excessive large

amount of heavily correlated data.

Continued…

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•CoAP can easily interoperate with HTTP because:

1. It supports the ReST methods of HTTP (GET, PUT , POST, and

DELETE).

2. There is a one-to-one correspondence between the response codes of

the two protocols

3. The CoAP options can support a wide range of HTTP usage scenarios

Continued…

Network Layer:•IANA, that assigns IP addresses at a global level, has recently

announced the exhaustion of IPv4 address blocks.

•Solution to this problem is offered by the IPv6 standard, which

provides a 128-bit address field

•v4/v6 Port Address Translation (v4/v6 PAT)

•v4/v6 Domain Name Conversion

•URI mapping

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• Backend Servers

• Database management systems

• Web sites

• Enterprise resource planning systems (ERP)

• Gateways

• IoT Peripheral Nodes

Devices

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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY:PADOVA SMART CITY

• The goal of Padova Smart City is to promote the early adoption of open

data and ICT solutions in the public administration application consists of

• collecting environmental data and monitoring the public street

lighting

• Equipped with different kind of Sensors and connecting it to IoT

• collecting environmental parameters such as

• CO level,

• air temperature

• humidity

• Vibrations

• noise, and so on,

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Padova Smart CityComponents

different hardware and software components of the system are

• Street Light

• Constrained link layer technologies

• WSN gateway

• HTTP-CoAP proxy

• Database server

• Operator mobile device

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Fig.9 : System architecture of “Padova Smart City.”

System architecture of Padova Smart City

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Example of Data Collected by Padova Smart City

Fig.10 : Example of data collected by Padova Smart City: (a) temperature and (b) humidity

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Continue..

Example of Data Collected by Padova Smart City

Fig.10: Example of data collected by Padova Smart City : (a) Light and (b) benzene

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A CASE STUDY:NOISE MAPPINGCity of Melbourne, noise monitoring and mapping system, which

addresses the above limitations and helps to understand the noise

pollution and city sound scopes together with the impacts on health,

well-being, and quality of life.

1. Noise Mapping Architecture

1. Bottom Tier: Sensors positioned at ground level

2. Middle Tier : Relay Nodes to collect data from bottom tier

3. Top Tier : Gateways to collect from relay nodes and send

them via Internet to Cloud

2. An Urban Information Framework

3. Business Model

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THANK YOU

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ANY QUESTIONS???