Introduction to
SURGICAL ONCOLOGY
Artanto Wahyono SMF Bedah RSUP Dr Sardjito
ONCOLOGY MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD OF MEDICINE Oncology ORCHESTRA
Oncology Orchestra General Physician Radiology Specialist Pathology Specialist General Surgeon Surgical Oncologist Medical Oncologist Radiotherapy Oncologist Oncologic Nursing Specialist Palliative Medicine Medical Rehabilitation Nutrition specialist Psychologist etc..
3 Factors
Tumour Factors Patients Factors Doctor & Hospital Factors
Tumour Factors Clinical diagnosis Microscopic diagnosis Lymphatic metastase Hematogenic metastase
Patient Factors Physical General Status Psychological Status Socioeconomic Factors
Doctor & Hospital factors Competence of Doctors Supporting Facilities
Tumors Clinical dx Microscopic dx Treatment Planning Curative treatment or non curative Palliative treatment Temporary or definitive
Microscopic Tumor type Carcinoma, Sarcoma, Blastoma (embryonal), Lymphoreticular Histopathological grading Extent of the disease to surounding tissue
Microscopic Factors Differentiation degree Well, moderate, poorly differentiated Undifferentiated With/without surrounding tumor invasion Lymph node mets, is there any invasive lymphnode capsule Distant metastase
Grade of malignancy Pleomorphic changes of the cell Grade of differentiation The number of mitosis Cells necrosis
Natural History of Cancer Dysplasia Carcinoma (malignancy in situ) Invasive type/ Infiltrating type Local extension Spreading lymphatic or haematogenic
Special: Basal cell carcinoma Locally destruction
TNM staging Tumor Node (Lymph node) Metastase To indicate treatment planning To indicate prognosis To facilitate evaluation and exchange of treatment result
SPREAD Lymphatic spreading Extranodal growth Hematogenic spreading
Tumor The extent of primary tumor
T 0 : no evidence of primary tumour Tis : insitu T 1-3, 4 (a, b, c) : increasing size, fixed T1 microscopic
Lymph node The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastase N 0 : no evidence of regional lymph node involvement N 1-3 : increasing involvement number mobility/ fixation connection to one another
Metastase The absence or presence of distant metastase Distant Metastase Hematogenic metastase Lymph node metastses beyond the regional lymph node area
Clinical and Pathological TxNxMx (Clinical TNM) pTxNxMx (Pathological) Postoperative microscopic examination of resected tissue Example: preop cT2N0M0 become pT2N2M0 Implications for treatment planning
The Basic No Cancer treatment may start before there is microscopic evidence of a malignant disesase Plays a significant role in oncology Cytology: FNAB/FNAC Exfoliative cytology Histolgy: Thick needle biopsy/ core needle biopsy, incisional biopsy, excisional biopsy
Depends on the site and size of tumour The pathological information that is needed for treatment planning Bite punch biopsy
FNAB FNAC Easy, simple, quick Hardly any complications Disadvantages Histologic characteristics like invasive growth are misssing A possible false-negative result Bone?
A NEGATIVE RESULT MEANS: NO TUMOUR CELLS ARE FOUND IN THE SAMPLE THIS DOES NOT MEAN THAT THIS EXCLUDES A MALIGNANT TUMOUR THE SAMPLE TOO SMALL TAKEN FROM ADJACENT TISSUE
WHEM THERE IS CLINICAL SUSPICION OF MALIGNANT TUMOUR SHOULD BE REPEATED OR ANOTHER BIOPSY METHOD
TUMOUR SPILL IN BIOPSY CONTAMINATION OF THE SURROUNDING TISSUES WITH TUMOUR CELLS WHICH IN TURN CAN CAUSE RECURRENT TUMOURS
IN THE IMMEDIATE SURROUNDING OF THE INVASIVE PROCEDURES IN CAVITIES SPONTANEOUSLY IATROGENIC
FNAC, very rare Excisional biopsy extended microscopically wider than was expected clinically Incisional biopsy always occur
Contaminated instrument Must be replaced From several lesions Use clean instrument for each new biopsy May be One of the tumour malignant the others are not
Local anesthesia Field block Field wise at a distance around the lesion NOT TO INFILTRATE UNDER OR IN THE LESION LOCAL NERVE BLOCK OR GENERAL ANESTHESIA FNAC no need Thick or Core biopsy only the skin area
Treatment Treatment Planning WATCHFUL WAITING Curative treatment or non curative Palliative treatment Temporary or definitive Locoregional treatment Systemic treatment
Tumour type Biological behavioour Localization and the extent The Age and the general conditions
Locoregional Treatment Surgery Radiation Therapy Whether or not combined with cancer drug treatment (adjuvant treatment) Curation can be obtained whom the the tumour is restricted to the primary locoregional area and in the whom locoregional lymph nodes do not show extranodal growth
SYSTEMIC DISEASE
Neoadjuvant treatment Cancer drug treatment Combination with Radiation Therapy Hormonal therapy Immunotherapy Spesific Receptors therapy
SURGERYThe most dramatic but not the only
Most tumours cancer surgery is usually more extensive than non-oncological surgery Tumor characteristics Biological behaviour Possibilities of radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, immunotherapy
EVERY ONCOLOGICAL SURGICAL TREATMENT
WITH CURATIVE INTENT IS AIMED TO COMPLETE REMOVAL OF THE TUMOUR AND POSSIBLY PRESENT LYMPH NODE METASTASES
Excision with small margins Excisions with large marins Excision en-bloc of the primary tumour and the regional lymph node area Lymph node dissection
EXAMINATION OF RESECTION MARGINS
Enucleation (only in selected cases) Tissue destructive methods Isolated regional perfusion Excision of hematogenic metastases
Follow up IN ONCOLOGY FOLLOW UP IS AN IMPORTANT PART OF PATIENT MANAGEMENT FOR SEVERAL TUMOURS FOLLOW UP IS ALSO IMPORTANT IN THE EARLY DETECTION OF A SECOND PRIMARY TUMOUR IN THE CASE OF LOCAL OR DISTANT RECURRENCES, TREATMENT WITH CURATIVE INTENT CAN STILL BE OFFERED TO SEVERAL PATIENTS
THANK YOU TO SERVE AND TO PROTECT PROTECT YOURSELF BY PROTECT YOUR PATIENTs PRIMUM NON NOCERE Learn to communicate with patients and their family Learn to teach patients and their family Balanced informations
