Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology for Speech, Language, and

Hearing

Overview

• Anatomy and physiology definitions– Planes of Reference– Terms of Orientation– Hierarchy of tissues, organs, and

systems

Anatomy and Physiology Definitions

• Anatomy: – The study of the structure of an organism.

• Physiology: – The study of function.

• Applied (clinical) anatomy: – Application of anatomical study for diagnosis

and treatment of disease.• Descriptive (systematic) anatomy: – Involves the description of individual parts of

the body without reference to diseases.

Definitions

• Gross anatomy: – Study of the body and its parts that are visible

without the aid of microscopy.

• Microscopic anatomy:– Study of structure of the body by means of

microscopy (includes electron microscopy)

• Pathological anatomy: – Study of parts of the body with respect to the

pathological entity.

Definitions

• Developmental anatomy: – Study of the growth and development of

the organism.– Phylogenetic age and embryologic age

Related Terms

• Cytology: structure of cells• Histology: microscopic study of cells• Osteology: bones• Myology: muscles• Arthrology: joints• Angiology: blood• Neurology: nervous system

Planes of Reference

Where, and in what orientation, is something in the body?

Planes of Reference

Coronal plane: Divides body into

Front and back (asymmetric)

Sagittal plane: Divides body into

Left and right(symmetric)

Transverse plane: Top and bottom

(asymmetric)

Terms of Anatomical Orientation

Large scale divisions of the body

“Segments” of the Body

Thorax: Chest region

Abdomen: External abdominal wall

Torso (trunk): Thorax and abdomen together.

Pelvis: Hip bones

Cranium: Skull

Terms (Planes) of Orientation

Anterior or ventral: Front or belly

Posterior or dorsal: Back or Back

Rostral: Toward the head/brain

Caudal: Toward the tail

Peripheral: Away from the center

Superficial: Surface

Terms of Orientation

• Deep: – Closer to the axis of the body

• External: – Outside

• Internal: – Inside

• Distal: – Away from midline

• Medial: – Toward midline

Terms of Orientation

• Superior: – Above

• Inferior: – Below

• Prone: – On belly

• Supine: – On back

• Lateral: – Sides

Terms of Orientation

• Proximal:– Near to point of reference

• Flexion:– Bending toward front

• Extension: – Pulling to ends apart

• Hyperextension (dorsiflexion): – Bending dorsally

Terms or Orientation

Terms of Orientation

• Ipsi-lateral: – Same side

• Contra-lateral: – Opposite side

• Adduct: – Bring toward (usually the midline, or

close)• Abduct: – Draw away from (away from midline, or

open)

Anatomical Hierarchy

Tissues, Organs, Systems, and other important

structures

Tissue Types

• Epithelial: – Provides a protective surface lining for

structures.

• Connective: – Provides support for structures.

• Muscular: – Contracts to provide movement.

• Nervous: – Conveys neurotransmitters and nerve impulses

that encode either sensory information, or motor tasks.

Epithelial Tissue

• Simple epithelium: Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and ciliated

• Compound epithelium: Stratified and transitional– Skin (inner and outer), sensory cells

• “…epithelial tissue lines nearly all of the cavities of the body as well as the tubes that connective them.”

Connective Tissue

• Areolar: Elastic, supportive tissue. Found between muscles and organs.

• Adipose: Same as areolar tissue, but is more fatty. Also found between muscles and organs supports and cushions structures.

• Lymphoid: Found only in tonsils, adenoids, and lymph nodes.

Connective Tissue

• Fibrous: Binds structures together. –White fibrous: Strong and dense.

Found in ligaments. Composed of collagenous (fatty) and reticular (net-like) fibers.

– Yellow elastic: Has elasticity (returns to original shape). Found in some cartilages. Composed of elastic fibers.

Connective Tissue

• Cartilage: Strong & elastic.–Hyaline cartilage:Found where bones

connect to other structures (articulation), such as ribs.

– Fibro-cartilage: Contains collagenous fibers. Acts as a shock absorber. Found between vertebrae and in joints.

– Yellow cartilage: Firm. Not as elastic as other cartilages. Found in nose and ear (pinna).

Connective Tissue

• Blood: Fluid component called plasma.

• Bone: Hardest connective tissue. – Compact bone– Spongy (cancellous) bone: Contains

marrow.

Muscular Tissue

• Striated (skeletal) muscle: – Used to move skeletal structures. (a.k.a.

voluntary or somatic muscle) Contracts voluntary.

• Smooth muscle: – Muscle of internal organs. Contracts

involuntarily (autonomic), and may also be responsible for glandular secretions

• Cardiac muscle: – Muscle of the heart. Combo of striated and

smooth. Contracts involuntarily.

Nervous Tissue

• Used to chemically alter other tissue through its release of neurotransmitter.

• Composed of neurons.• Parts of neuron:– Body (soma)– Dendrite– Axon

Neuron: Simple Version

Axon (Output side)

Soma (Cell Body)

Dendrite (input side)

Neuron: Not so simple version

Body Systems

Sensory Systems, Motor Systems, Nervous System,

etc.

Body Systems

• Systems of the body are groups of organs that work together for a common purpose.

• Organs can belong to more than one system.

• Examples: muscular, skeletal, digestive, reproductive, and etc…

Speech Systems

• Respiratory system: – lungs, trachea, rib cage, abdominal muscles,

etc.• Phonatory system: – larynx and associated structures.

• Articulatory/resonatory system: – tongue, lips, palate, teeth, nasal cavity, and

oropharynx.• Auditory system: – outer, middle, and inner ear

Summary

• Anatomy is the study of the structure of an organism.

• Physiology is the study of an organism’s function.

• Comparative anatomy is also instructive when related to phylogenetic age

• Anatomical planes and orientation– Sagittal, coronal, and transverse– Anterior, posterior, ventral, dorsal, lateral,

etc…

Summary

• Types of tissues, organs, and systems– Epithelial, connective, muscular,

nervous– Joints, ligaments, muscles, and tendons– Speech systems• Respiratory, phonatory,

articulatory/resonatory, and auditory