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e 1

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s e F

F r d e bull~

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n

= d

1

-4 7

s e r n s 0

euroI

ltJ

-

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e

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9 e

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aJvIj~ l~-II t (I~VV V~~~ ~ JLi~1-~_~~ G Jtlt 1

RAPID APPRAISAL OF IRRIGATION WATER DISTRIBUTION IN RAHAD

By M S Shafique 1

Abdel Bagi A Yousaf Elgam2 Magdi E Tawadrous3

Wi4

Background

The International Irrigation Management Insti tute (IIMI) initiated a research activity in the Rahad Irrigation Scheme in 1991 The research study entitled as Forces Constrain ts and Interactions of Water Users the Rahad Agricul tura] corfora ~ion and the Min try of Jrr Jga tJon Jn the opera tion and Maintenance of the Rahad Irrigation Scheme was aimed to achieve the following objectives

(a) To document the water indents deliveries at Minor heads and Abu Ashreens in the head middle and tail sections of the Scheme

(b) To document and understand the process by which water indents are determined by the Rahad Agricultural Corporation (RAC) and delivery responses to the inden ts by the Ministry of Irrigation (MOI) shy

(c) To evaluate the equity of wa ter deli very among Abu Ashreens in the selected Minors

(d) To document and understand water users response to wa ter deliveries

The main principle of IIMIs strategy for its ~nternational field operations lS based on securing maximum involvement of relevant local agencies In doing so the

Instltute seeks to strengthen t~e national capacity in the fleld of irrigation management Under this setting at IIMI we do acknowledge the important contributions of (a) the Hydraulic Research station (HRS) f MOl for taking leading role In the local calibration of irrigation control structures and (b) the Department of the Rahad Irrigation Operations (RIO) amp the Rahad Agricultural Corpora tion in extending full cooperation for undertaking the study

The above stated objectives are simply building blocks of an overall objective

Head Sudan Field Operations IIMI

2 Director Rahad Irrigation Operations MOl

3 Research Coordinator IIMI-Sudan

II to assist the relevant managing agencies and cultivators to fi d test practical tools for monitoring and assessing irrigation performance of the Rahad Irrigation System It is the context in which IIMI-Sudan has undertaken two exercises for Rapid Appraisal of Irriga tion Water Distribution in Rahad In November 1992 first such exercise was conducted for the field managers of the Rahad Agricul tural corporation (RAC) One day was spent in explaining the use of a manual for flow measurements (Shafique 1992) On the following day the managers collected data and quick analysis of the flow data about main Major Minor and field canals was then done to compare the findings with indents placed by the f ld managers of RAC to MOl for the selected sub-system

The second rapid appraisal exercise was designed for the MOl staff responsib for the irrigation operations in Rahad Almost entire staff of the department from director to section engineers participated in this exercise held on 25 February 1993 The level of interest can be judged from the fact that the monitoring took place on a hot day during Ramadan and all the participants of the agency were fasting On this day the main canal (one control point only) and Major 5 ( 8 control po 1 were monitored

This report is based on the data collected by the MOl staff on 25 February The quick analysis was then discussed wi th the participants on 3 March 1993 at headquarters of EI Ain Subdivision in

Village 23 of the Rahad Scheme The second-day gathering was aimed (i) to share findings of the exercise with the officials (ii) to interpret results and (iii) draw conclusions jointly Next step will be to repeat similar exerc e for monitoring the performance of the Minor and field canals

The third but very important party respons ible for the management of the irrigated agr iculture in the scheme the farmers They will also b invi ted to undertake such rapi appraisal of the system and then join with above mentioned managers of two agencies to analyze amp interpret the existing irrigation performance We hope that this joint effort should he to develop and field test package of improvements main role of IIMI in this whole exercise will be to provide all the necessary support as an international neutral body to bring all the parties together help to develop consensus about the problems and present potential management innovations to be tried

Methodology

The RIO staff of MOl in cooperation with IIMI-Sudan selected 9 control structures at the following points in the scheme (i) Kilo 76 of the Main Rahad Canal and (ii) Kilo 00 Kilo 15 Kilo 35 Kilo Kilo 15 Kilo 18 Kilo 21 Kilo 26 of Major 5 The main reason for selecting thes structures for moni toring flow was that they were calibrat by a specialized agency of Ministry of Irrigation

me was

s of the

t iraw 3tep i the and

very for

lted is o b ) tilpid and

med to

the Lon his

to a

The lole all an to

ler )out ent

~ n t ln

an res the ain 0 12 and ain r

gt~

ese ows ted the the

Hydraulic (HRS)

Research Station

At points

all there

the were

s8

elected sluice

gates and one Butchers Weir installed for controlling flows They all are in good condition After the referred calibration these control structures are also being used by IIMI as flow measuring devices In close cooperation wi th HRS I IMI facili ta ted to paint gauges to read directly gate openings Similarly at the gated control points upstream and downstream gauges were installed to determined head across the structures Such already existing arrangements did further facilitate the job of rapid appraisal of irr iga tion water distribution in the selected part of the Rahad System

The data collection started from Kilo 76 of the main canal and ended at Kilo 26 of Major 5 At certain points where either the upstream and downstream gauges were stolen a survey level was used to find out head across the sluice gates As a matter of fact the necessity to use the survey instrument also helped to correct certain bench mark errors which perhaps existed from the s~art of the scheme As a side benefit of the exercise the manager of the RIO immediately instructed the gauge readers to use new correct reference for recoIding hourly water levels at Kilo 76 of the main canal and the head of Major 5

The irrigation staff were provided a manual for flow measurements based on field calibration conducted in 1991

This document helped the officials to know the status of irrigation water supplies along the Major 5 immediately As the assistant divisional engineer of EI Ain Subdivision was also a member of the team information about indents was also readily available for comparison purposes This paper therefore is only a documentation of the rapid analysis done by the MOl staff in the field

As almost all the irrigation systems in Sudan are designed for an adequate and equitable water supplies the main aim of the rapid appraisal was to evaluate if the design objectives were being realized The data collection for rapid appraisal of irrigation water distribution was shaped by the above stated design considerations

r -gt

I - -

ANNOUNCEMENT lt

Th emiddotmiddotmiddot In terIla1ional

II I Irrigation Management

Insti tuteannaunces ani award of 5000middot sudanese ltimiddotmiddotpounds middotfar middotmiddotmiddotmiddotltseLected f researchpaper papersotrmiddot I thefaJlawiI1g1apicfThemiddot

I Performance middotof IrrigatedltmiddotmiddotmiddotI A griCUT1l1reiSlinked Wi1h j Performancemiddot of its HanagingAgenciesimiddot bull bullbull I Imiddotmiddot I IMI middotWiTlregtlEst Ii Of bull middotmiddotmiddotn~tiOricentlexper1s middotitd middotmiddot1 i help inmiddotthe selection I

I pioc~s ~middotbullbullThela~tdat~~rI recelvlng middotsuch papersbullbull middot JsHgtljil April 30 1993 bull bullbullbull j

Data Collected

Following table provides all the information collected during the exercise by the Mor staff of Rahad

( ~w )INGS HEAD J

I

Q (IndentsQ (Supplies) ~Thousand) Thousand

m3 jday (M)

m3 jday

K 090 095 735 878II76 I

K 060 113 535 8101 00 I I

080K 15 060 448 750I ~

K 3 5 1 40 012 380 585

K 12

K 15 I

i

K 018 I 110 141 I 270 I18 i105 190K 020 060

I

I 018

21

16056

At a next step th information was analyzed for participants interpretations and recommendations This strategy is aimed to support the findings with inside information and initiate a constructive deba te about the status of water distribution in the scheme This is expected to evolve a common understanding about the forces and constraints of the system

Data Analysis

The analysis of the collected is presented Figures 1 through 8 arrangement was to keep

data in

Th the

classroom-discussion ocussed ) on the selected irrigation performance

s of

Data Presentation a simple

comparison of irrigation indents placed and supplies monitored along Major 5 on 25 February This information is directly taken from the above given data Table

For the purpose of interpretation and discussion following questions were asked

(1) The indents placed by the Rahad Agricul tural Corpora tion for Major 5 at each control point are

i

ing

i)

le Lon es 25 is

)Ve

of )D 1

d

he a1

5 Ire

8001 I

I

600

drastically mOl-e than delivery responses determined by the officials of NOI of Rahad What are the factors which cause such misma tch

(2 ) In your opinion wha t is the real use of placing or receiving indents on regular basis Are there doubts about such requests to be irrelevant Hov can such an existing institutional arrangement be utilized effectively

(3) If the preparation of inden ts is practice wi th no practical use should not it be better to eliminate it

(4) What are consciols efforts (if any) made to bridge the wide difference between supply

and demand

(5) If there have been no efforts to bridge the gap do you have suggestions to remedy the si tuation

(6) Under the new extended rol e of MOI for del ivering irr iga tion water to the level of field outlet pipe (FOP) how will it help to address concerns regarding distribution scheme

vlater in the

The staff is

response summarized

from below

RIO

(1) Drastic difference between demand and supply resulted partly an incorrect reduced level used to determine head difmiddotference across the first gated structure for Najor Canal No5

(2) The block inspectors of the scheme place indents which are more than required According to the RIO staff the RAe official think tha t HOI always deliver less than demanded and hence they try to indent maximum

(3) The curren t procedure lJe_ing used to determine indents needs to be revised However the practice a useful institutional arrangement and it should not be eliminated

( 4) In order to overcome difFiculties caused due to canal siltation and the dynamic nature of

ltO r~middotmiddot---middotmiddot------middot---middot--middot-middotmiddot--~middotmiddot---

crop water requirements indents should placed daily If indented amount stays constant the RIO will assume that supplies are suffi ent

the daily suggested requests change then supplies can be adjusted accordingly

(5) The extension of RIO MOIs role to POP-level is expected to ensure supplies for intended Abu Ashreens only This will also help to evaluate increases in demand wi th the design capaci ties of different channels

(6) An interesting response about the adequate water supplies was based on the argument that planned and planted areas have not been abandoned

Perhaps the RAe off Is may 1 ike to argue about some of the responses given above However the responses merit due consideration in the process of explaining the water distribution in the Rahad Irrigated Scheme At the same time there may more to be added

In order to share and improve understanding about the water distribution along Major 5 the attenion of the RIO officials was drawn to second graphic presentation ie Figure 2 This figure displays the same above referred data transformed for each reach

The concept reach is def ined here as a section canal between two control points For Major are the reaches

R 1 K 00 to K 15 R - 2 = K 15 to K 3 5 R 3 K 35 to K 12 R 4 K 12 to K 15 R 4 = K 15 to K 18 R 6 K 18 to K 21 H - 7 = K 21 to K 26 R 8 K 26 to K 38

usiug the collected information the supplies and indents for each reach were determined by deducting cumul supplies indents of downstream reach from the currulative supplies at the head of upstream reach bull I~r t rr=============================~

nl~d Ccbi Melcll per Day

Fig 2 R~chmiddotwiae Supplies and Inderts

Looing at Fig 2 l following point questions airr-ed I at se responses (1) Fig 1 shows a drastic

difference between shyindents placed and

ies provided along control point

Major 5 ie more

i

1

ted and ere il ilg j ~nts

the r

(

lead

bull r

2 I j

med

tic een and ~ong of

10TC

quanti ties ted and low delivery ~esponses Howe T7er the reach-flTise data presentation in

g 2 des some interesting contrast Reach ~ilTos 1 3 1amp7 are receiving more than amoun t inden ted On the other hand si tua tio] middotFor the rest of the reaches ~s qui te opposi te ~ihy is it so

(2 ) Are we ayla~e of the phenomenon of under and over supplies on reach basis as compared to under supply at each control point of Major 5

(3) Do we need to look at each indi middotvidual reach There are certa l-eElcileS tl1JicJ1 Jlave Ji1or~e l~ect

Double Abu Ashreens (DAXXs) Abu Ashreens (AXXs) as compared to the ones which have more Ninor canals for DAXXs an A XXs It vlOU also be important to discuss head- taLl syndrolne this context

In re e to the cbove inquir Sf 0 icials were little bit surprised a~d taken aback They did acknowledge the points raised Em-lever I additional reasons the depicted inequitaDie water distribution were as 1

~ of contr01 structures do contribute to this problem of inequi table water distribution However th do i t ~n

response to complains from tails sections of di t NinoI canals

( -1 Guards (

(2) Changes in the ~la ter levels of maIn canal IS

an added ctOT

(3) Double gated canels also have a potential to

The above ~actors may contributes some inequity but they definitely do not tell the whole story Pact rema that the system needs to be monitored regularly for making and impl appropriate decisions to deliver adequate and equitable water supplies

on the distorted water distr ibutions g 3 lSI

here to show the

COlTtmand

r21CeS ll2S

react-wise ccmmana areas are

R L - 4599 feddans R 2 11809 II

R 3 ~ 436l R 4 = 10695 II

R 5 = 9418 R 6 5362 R 7 = 2664 R 8 9501

The reach-vise indents and suppl s calculated earlier were divided by the command areas reaches as given above The resulting

+-lt-lon is tabulated in F~g 3

FrOIn the presentedlit can that maximum supplies per unit command area were found in case

be no t

of Reach Nos 1 f 3 I and 7 HOTwever I re ctive supplies for rest the reaches half to one third of the above

fact the RIO staff shmved

sta ted lc Similarly when we look at the indents per unit command area of each reach Reach No3 the indents per fedda~dr6 within an acceptable rarge Some difference m hal2

resulted because of SOUle

difference in the ratios of c areas to the commanded areas of different reaches

For discuss follow questions were asked

(J) Why the suppli of leaCFl 110s 1 3f a1Jd 7 are t-vlO or three lmes as cOlnLoa L~ed to til e j~es ~ ~

(2) cominarld ar-ea ~rs

~ill cas~ oi-~ leij11 jlc)

In response it was rec ogn i ze d tha t dr(~ sti c discrepancy exi3Ccd aIong reaches The most signi~icant outcome of the exercise was the

courage to confront accept its very exi s tence In addit to t~he obv-

i-ties for imprev the cp8rational practic S I

~=o 11oTIt omiddotth(~r contiblting J

Iaccors were also mentione~

) Tn case o[ Reach 1 Fits lociJ t_io] i1 t tile j]ea1-f-nd vias cQJlsidered to be 2TJ

~~ant factor --f~1i-()- middottfc i~ead Ar[i1Jor is -~Jc ~ orcly Hinor o[ S wi til two ga tes EKcesmiddots

ies can also rcsul tdue the opera tion of sUf t u~~que structure

(2) JTcac] 3 has a feature it has lTiOre di-ect double Ashreens Majer 5 i~S

of SUC

caz-als at this no strictly COTl tL-ol1 ecl farmers are getting mo~~e

Slal-e of wa ter SUP] ies iiS to tile res t Addi tional [actor in such commands is the presene oE inf1 uen tial fa7ne~5

wi til a [lexible croppL7g pa t tern l15 the RAe is no~ responsible [or the

tions of s~ch rciM eid canals tIle ~nacn-

placed are generaL low call ita futLe s trea tmen t

Reach 7 has also mere direct Abu Ashrecns Double J1bu ilshreEl]S aJ~

shiil-es the saIne fortu 12-t fea tUl-es as descr_ibcc or Reach 3

I

I

hotved

c s

cs i-cd

csr~l t

J-lbu 5 5

rn -~) ~I C

sue]]

~~a

ltjA~e

trc~e

ar

Ideas for Oeerating~stem for an EnuITable anaACreauate Hater --~---~--~~ -~~~

Distribution

Like many other irrigation systems ln Sudan the Rahact System is also designed for adequate and itable water dis ion tive o~ ti-te and loca tiOLl) Even if -tle supplies are not adequate as compared to the ones indented for example on 25 February 1993 o1-e can sU11 operate the system such a to achieve Cln i ta~ rha~tel~ distribution based on an ed criterion If we agree to an equit~ctble water distrtbution G~l command area basis the supply rece i v(~d head a canal be di v ided by its tot~al command area and then calculations ca~ be made for respEctive suppl s at each control po down the line as shown F 4 S irni lar exercise can also be

ated adequate and equi table water s 1 If we assume that indents indicate the irrigation water requirements then projected adegua te and equi tab Ie quantities of ater supplies case Major 5 will result as shown in Fig 4

AIn the context of F t bull

following questions are for discussion

(1) In orc5er to distribute projected supplies

ho should we

(2) fltlha t kind cili ties are needed foshyimplementing the potential opLions for equi table or equi table and ade ate fa ter distribution

hCriSampLd Cu~it ~~ttJ pr 1)s11Que ~-~--------~-~--~~--------~~--~-

The respOrlse hese questions -esulted into a

i1S middotto exerC~S8

SUT~mary-- of Ti2~7S S

givel1 be

( 1) Us the Sll[)LDort ZvJanu21 J1easurelnen ts 1992) the

tes can be set or

Deci

and

us projected supplies In case of ga te~structur2s

te openings may have to be rea us ted tlThen lI1a ter levels 011 upstrearn al1a downstream stabilize However gate setting will have domina

t as c017lpaJ~ed to change in the opera head ~cross a struct~re

Ho~ever I to deli vrer

along 5

determined sies c t ~ a~

1

I rnonitor-i d adj us tinen ts of 1iI1C)rS c3 nd

comparlson equi tabIe

other direct canals have to be ensl~7ed _ Sue]] a

IJetIloco109JT reco~mc~ded ~o be tested dur_Lng th e I]2J(t

in-iga tio season

(2) pilct sugqes ted 0 Ocl~a tiCJ1Jal S C 17 e iT e i IT LV r 0 v e dr

COlnn7uni C~] tior sys tEl71 suej-) as f l~lal]-TalJ[)T i]ard~laret

will be of imffiense ~se

Fig 5 prese~ts alxost similar i~formation as shown in C2se of Fig plusmn 110vlel8r I tile latter lS intended to show differences in actual supplies as corpared too

ected or an equitable

Thampliu~ ~f Cl1~~~ e~o amp (f Deshy10

IGa

Zv ~

vla-ter -eacnes of the Sirrlilarly Fig 6 p-esents a

SJPpl iss fa- iiif 2renlt ceacres One has to note that cas middots f Suppl~es

such plerC112DCrl shoJld emiddotffect o -~llers

r23Cr2S adlerse 11 UT Q2 - slio s2Pl)l~( S i tla tioJ as rr02-~i -ored O~ 25 Fe bruary 1993

- con t_et i ~tfle

fOCUSS2C Grc1l-~d followi~g qUEstions

it onlY a cnanoe or are tl]Cl-C SCD7e OtllCi~- _Dct ~ _s

farot si tu -1 tiCmiddot1

I 7 l L fIo caTl ai9Jz-C] ~~---~ ate

Jna 11Clgemei7 t aecis io~lS ]-c1i-u to di stribu te t2]i s

luc][ to 1-e 1 2 t i ve 1 y

II to assist the relevant managing agencies and cultivators to fi d test practical tools for monitoring and assessing irrigation performance of the Rahad Irrigation System It is the context in which IIMI-Sudan has undertaken two exercises for Rapid Appraisal of Irriga tion Water Distribution in Rahad In November 1992 first such exercise was conducted for the field managers of the Rahad Agricul tural corporation (RAC) One day was spent in explaining the use of a manual for flow measurements (Shafique 1992) On the following day the managers collected data and quick analysis of the flow data about main Major Minor and field canals was then done to compare the findings with indents placed by the f ld managers of RAC to MOl for the selected sub-system

The second rapid appraisal exercise was designed for the MOl staff responsib for the irrigation operations in Rahad Almost entire staff of the department from director to section engineers participated in this exercise held on 25 February 1993 The level of interest can be judged from the fact that the monitoring took place on a hot day during Ramadan and all the participants of the agency were fasting On this day the main canal (one control point only) and Major 5 ( 8 control po 1 were monitored

This report is based on the data collected by the MOl staff on 25 February The quick analysis was then discussed wi th the participants on 3 March 1993 at headquarters of EI Ain Subdivision in

Village 23 of the Rahad Scheme The second-day gathering was aimed (i) to share findings of the exercise with the officials (ii) to interpret results and (iii) draw conclusions jointly Next step will be to repeat similar exerc e for monitoring the performance of the Minor and field canals

The third but very important party respons ible for the management of the irrigated agr iculture in the scheme the farmers They will also b invi ted to undertake such rapi appraisal of the system and then join with above mentioned managers of two agencies to analyze amp interpret the existing irrigation performance We hope that this joint effort should he to develop and field test package of improvements main role of IIMI in this whole exercise will be to provide all the necessary support as an international neutral body to bring all the parties together help to develop consensus about the problems and present potential management innovations to be tried

Methodology

The RIO staff of MOl in cooperation with IIMI-Sudan selected 9 control structures at the following points in the scheme (i) Kilo 76 of the Main Rahad Canal and (ii) Kilo 00 Kilo 15 Kilo 35 Kilo Kilo 15 Kilo 18 Kilo 21 Kilo 26 of Major 5 The main reason for selecting thes structures for moni toring flow was that they were calibrat by a specialized agency of Ministry of Irrigation

me was

s of the

t iraw 3tep i the and

very for

lted is o b ) tilpid and

med to

the Lon his

to a

The lole all an to

ler )out ent

~ n t ln

an res the ain 0 12 and ain r

gt~

ese ows ted the the

Hydraulic (HRS)

Research Station

At points

all there

the were

s8

elected sluice

gates and one Butchers Weir installed for controlling flows They all are in good condition After the referred calibration these control structures are also being used by IIMI as flow measuring devices In close cooperation wi th HRS I IMI facili ta ted to paint gauges to read directly gate openings Similarly at the gated control points upstream and downstream gauges were installed to determined head across the structures Such already existing arrangements did further facilitate the job of rapid appraisal of irr iga tion water distribution in the selected part of the Rahad System

The data collection started from Kilo 76 of the main canal and ended at Kilo 26 of Major 5 At certain points where either the upstream and downstream gauges were stolen a survey level was used to find out head across the sluice gates As a matter of fact the necessity to use the survey instrument also helped to correct certain bench mark errors which perhaps existed from the s~art of the scheme As a side benefit of the exercise the manager of the RIO immediately instructed the gauge readers to use new correct reference for recoIding hourly water levels at Kilo 76 of the main canal and the head of Major 5

The irrigation staff were provided a manual for flow measurements based on field calibration conducted in 1991

This document helped the officials to know the status of irrigation water supplies along the Major 5 immediately As the assistant divisional engineer of EI Ain Subdivision was also a member of the team information about indents was also readily available for comparison purposes This paper therefore is only a documentation of the rapid analysis done by the MOl staff in the field

As almost all the irrigation systems in Sudan are designed for an adequate and equitable water supplies the main aim of the rapid appraisal was to evaluate if the design objectives were being realized The data collection for rapid appraisal of irrigation water distribution was shaped by the above stated design considerations

r -gt

I - -

ANNOUNCEMENT lt

Th emiddotmiddotmiddot In terIla1ional

II I Irrigation Management

Insti tuteannaunces ani award of 5000middot sudanese ltimiddotmiddotpounds middotfar middotmiddotmiddotmiddotltseLected f researchpaper papersotrmiddot I thefaJlawiI1g1apicfThemiddot

I Performance middotof IrrigatedltmiddotmiddotmiddotI A griCUT1l1reiSlinked Wi1h j Performancemiddot of its HanagingAgenciesimiddot bull bullbull I Imiddotmiddot I IMI middotWiTlregtlEst Ii Of bull middotmiddotmiddotn~tiOricentlexper1s middotitd middotmiddot1 i help inmiddotthe selection I

I pioc~s ~middotbullbullThela~tdat~~rI recelvlng middotsuch papersbullbull middot JsHgtljil April 30 1993 bull bullbullbull j

Data Collected

Following table provides all the information collected during the exercise by the Mor staff of Rahad

( ~w )INGS HEAD J

I

Q (IndentsQ (Supplies) ~Thousand) Thousand

m3 jday (M)

m3 jday

K 090 095 735 878II76 I

K 060 113 535 8101 00 I I

080K 15 060 448 750I ~

K 3 5 1 40 012 380 585

K 12

K 15 I

i

K 018 I 110 141 I 270 I18 i105 190K 020 060

I

I 018

21

16056

At a next step th information was analyzed for participants interpretations and recommendations This strategy is aimed to support the findings with inside information and initiate a constructive deba te about the status of water distribution in the scheme This is expected to evolve a common understanding about the forces and constraints of the system

Data Analysis

The analysis of the collected is presented Figures 1 through 8 arrangement was to keep

data in

Th the

classroom-discussion ocussed ) on the selected irrigation performance

s of

Data Presentation a simple

comparison of irrigation indents placed and supplies monitored along Major 5 on 25 February This information is directly taken from the above given data Table

For the purpose of interpretation and discussion following questions were asked

(1) The indents placed by the Rahad Agricul tural Corpora tion for Major 5 at each control point are

i

ing

i)

le Lon es 25 is

)Ve

of )D 1

d

he a1

5 Ire

8001 I

I

600

drastically mOl-e than delivery responses determined by the officials of NOI of Rahad What are the factors which cause such misma tch

(2 ) In your opinion wha t is the real use of placing or receiving indents on regular basis Are there doubts about such requests to be irrelevant Hov can such an existing institutional arrangement be utilized effectively

(3) If the preparation of inden ts is practice wi th no practical use should not it be better to eliminate it

(4) What are consciols efforts (if any) made to bridge the wide difference between supply

and demand

(5) If there have been no efforts to bridge the gap do you have suggestions to remedy the si tuation

(6) Under the new extended rol e of MOI for del ivering irr iga tion water to the level of field outlet pipe (FOP) how will it help to address concerns regarding distribution scheme

vlater in the

The staff is

response summarized

from below

RIO

(1) Drastic difference between demand and supply resulted partly an incorrect reduced level used to determine head difmiddotference across the first gated structure for Najor Canal No5

(2) The block inspectors of the scheme place indents which are more than required According to the RIO staff the RAe official think tha t HOI always deliver less than demanded and hence they try to indent maximum

(3) The curren t procedure lJe_ing used to determine indents needs to be revised However the practice a useful institutional arrangement and it should not be eliminated

( 4) In order to overcome difFiculties caused due to canal siltation and the dynamic nature of

ltO r~middotmiddot---middotmiddot------middot---middot--middot-middotmiddot--~middotmiddot---

crop water requirements indents should placed daily If indented amount stays constant the RIO will assume that supplies are suffi ent

the daily suggested requests change then supplies can be adjusted accordingly

(5) The extension of RIO MOIs role to POP-level is expected to ensure supplies for intended Abu Ashreens only This will also help to evaluate increases in demand wi th the design capaci ties of different channels

(6) An interesting response about the adequate water supplies was based on the argument that planned and planted areas have not been abandoned

Perhaps the RAe off Is may 1 ike to argue about some of the responses given above However the responses merit due consideration in the process of explaining the water distribution in the Rahad Irrigated Scheme At the same time there may more to be added

In order to share and improve understanding about the water distribution along Major 5 the attenion of the RIO officials was drawn to second graphic presentation ie Figure 2 This figure displays the same above referred data transformed for each reach

The concept reach is def ined here as a section canal between two control points For Major are the reaches

R 1 K 00 to K 15 R - 2 = K 15 to K 3 5 R 3 K 35 to K 12 R 4 K 12 to K 15 R 4 = K 15 to K 18 R 6 K 18 to K 21 H - 7 = K 21 to K 26 R 8 K 26 to K 38

usiug the collected information the supplies and indents for each reach were determined by deducting cumul supplies indents of downstream reach from the currulative supplies at the head of upstream reach bull I~r t rr=============================~

nl~d Ccbi Melcll per Day

Fig 2 R~chmiddotwiae Supplies and Inderts

Looing at Fig 2 l following point questions airr-ed I at se responses (1) Fig 1 shows a drastic

difference between shyindents placed and

ies provided along control point

Major 5 ie more

i

1

ted and ere il ilg j ~nts

the r

(

lead

bull r

2 I j

med

tic een and ~ong of

10TC

quanti ties ted and low delivery ~esponses Howe T7er the reach-flTise data presentation in

g 2 des some interesting contrast Reach ~ilTos 1 3 1amp7 are receiving more than amoun t inden ted On the other hand si tua tio] middotFor the rest of the reaches ~s qui te opposi te ~ihy is it so

(2 ) Are we ayla~e of the phenomenon of under and over supplies on reach basis as compared to under supply at each control point of Major 5

(3) Do we need to look at each indi middotvidual reach There are certa l-eElcileS tl1JicJ1 Jlave Ji1or~e l~ect

Double Abu Ashreens (DAXXs) Abu Ashreens (AXXs) as compared to the ones which have more Ninor canals for DAXXs an A XXs It vlOU also be important to discuss head- taLl syndrolne this context

In re e to the cbove inquir Sf 0 icials were little bit surprised a~d taken aback They did acknowledge the points raised Em-lever I additional reasons the depicted inequitaDie water distribution were as 1

~ of contr01 structures do contribute to this problem of inequi table water distribution However th do i t ~n

response to complains from tails sections of di t NinoI canals

( -1 Guards (

(2) Changes in the ~la ter levels of maIn canal IS

an added ctOT

(3) Double gated canels also have a potential to

The above ~actors may contributes some inequity but they definitely do not tell the whole story Pact rema that the system needs to be monitored regularly for making and impl appropriate decisions to deliver adequate and equitable water supplies

on the distorted water distr ibutions g 3 lSI

here to show the

COlTtmand

r21CeS ll2S

react-wise ccmmana areas are

R L - 4599 feddans R 2 11809 II

R 3 ~ 436l R 4 = 10695 II

R 5 = 9418 R 6 5362 R 7 = 2664 R 8 9501

The reach-vise indents and suppl s calculated earlier were divided by the command areas reaches as given above The resulting

+-lt-lon is tabulated in F~g 3

FrOIn the presentedlit can that maximum supplies per unit command area were found in case

be no t

of Reach Nos 1 f 3 I and 7 HOTwever I re ctive supplies for rest the reaches half to one third of the above

fact the RIO staff shmved

sta ted lc Similarly when we look at the indents per unit command area of each reach Reach No3 the indents per fedda~dr6 within an acceptable rarge Some difference m hal2

resulted because of SOUle

difference in the ratios of c areas to the commanded areas of different reaches

For discuss follow questions were asked

(J) Why the suppli of leaCFl 110s 1 3f a1Jd 7 are t-vlO or three lmes as cOlnLoa L~ed to til e j~es ~ ~

(2) cominarld ar-ea ~rs

~ill cas~ oi-~ leij11 jlc)

In response it was rec ogn i ze d tha t dr(~ sti c discrepancy exi3Ccd aIong reaches The most signi~icant outcome of the exercise was the

courage to confront accept its very exi s tence In addit to t~he obv-

i-ties for imprev the cp8rational practic S I

~=o 11oTIt omiddotth(~r contiblting J

Iaccors were also mentione~

) Tn case o[ Reach 1 Fits lociJ t_io] i1 t tile j]ea1-f-nd vias cQJlsidered to be 2TJ

~~ant factor --f~1i-()- middottfc i~ead Ar[i1Jor is -~Jc ~ orcly Hinor o[ S wi til two ga tes EKcesmiddots

ies can also rcsul tdue the opera tion of sUf t u~~que structure

(2) JTcac] 3 has a feature it has lTiOre di-ect double Ashreens Majer 5 i~S

of SUC

caz-als at this no strictly COTl tL-ol1 ecl farmers are getting mo~~e

Slal-e of wa ter SUP] ies iiS to tile res t Addi tional [actor in such commands is the presene oE inf1 uen tial fa7ne~5

wi til a [lexible croppL7g pa t tern l15 the RAe is no~ responsible [or the

tions of s~ch rciM eid canals tIle ~nacn-

placed are generaL low call ita futLe s trea tmen t

Reach 7 has also mere direct Abu Ashrecns Double J1bu ilshreEl]S aJ~

shiil-es the saIne fortu 12-t fea tUl-es as descr_ibcc or Reach 3

I

I

hotved

c s

cs i-cd

csr~l t

J-lbu 5 5

rn -~) ~I C

sue]]

~~a

ltjA~e

trc~e

ar

Ideas for Oeerating~stem for an EnuITable anaACreauate Hater --~---~--~~ -~~~

Distribution

Like many other irrigation systems ln Sudan the Rahact System is also designed for adequate and itable water dis ion tive o~ ti-te and loca tiOLl) Even if -tle supplies are not adequate as compared to the ones indented for example on 25 February 1993 o1-e can sU11 operate the system such a to achieve Cln i ta~ rha~tel~ distribution based on an ed criterion If we agree to an equit~ctble water distrtbution G~l command area basis the supply rece i v(~d head a canal be di v ided by its tot~al command area and then calculations ca~ be made for respEctive suppl s at each control po down the line as shown F 4 S irni lar exercise can also be

ated adequate and equi table water s 1 If we assume that indents indicate the irrigation water requirements then projected adegua te and equi tab Ie quantities of ater supplies case Major 5 will result as shown in Fig 4

AIn the context of F t bull

following questions are for discussion

(1) In orc5er to distribute projected supplies

ho should we

(2) fltlha t kind cili ties are needed foshyimplementing the potential opLions for equi table or equi table and ade ate fa ter distribution

hCriSampLd Cu~it ~~ttJ pr 1)s11Que ~-~--------~-~--~~--------~~--~-

The respOrlse hese questions -esulted into a

i1S middotto exerC~S8

SUT~mary-- of Ti2~7S S

givel1 be

( 1) Us the Sll[)LDort ZvJanu21 J1easurelnen ts 1992) the

tes can be set or

Deci

and

us projected supplies In case of ga te~structur2s

te openings may have to be rea us ted tlThen lI1a ter levels 011 upstrearn al1a downstream stabilize However gate setting will have domina

t as c017lpaJ~ed to change in the opera head ~cross a struct~re

Ho~ever I to deli vrer

along 5

determined sies c t ~ a~

1

I rnonitor-i d adj us tinen ts of 1iI1C)rS c3 nd

comparlson equi tabIe

other direct canals have to be ensl~7ed _ Sue]] a

IJetIloco109JT reco~mc~ded ~o be tested dur_Lng th e I]2J(t

in-iga tio season

(2) pilct sugqes ted 0 Ocl~a tiCJ1Jal S C 17 e iT e i IT LV r 0 v e dr

COlnn7uni C~] tior sys tEl71 suej-) as f l~lal]-TalJ[)T i]ard~laret

will be of imffiense ~se

Fig 5 prese~ts alxost similar i~formation as shown in C2se of Fig plusmn 110vlel8r I tile latter lS intended to show differences in actual supplies as corpared too

ected or an equitable

Thampliu~ ~f Cl1~~~ e~o amp (f Deshy10

IGa

Zv ~

vla-ter -eacnes of the Sirrlilarly Fig 6 p-esents a

SJPpl iss fa- iiif 2renlt ceacres One has to note that cas middots f Suppl~es

such plerC112DCrl shoJld emiddotffect o -~llers

r23Cr2S adlerse 11 UT Q2 - slio s2Pl)l~( S i tla tioJ as rr02-~i -ored O~ 25 Fe bruary 1993

- con t_et i ~tfle

fOCUSS2C Grc1l-~d followi~g qUEstions

it onlY a cnanoe or are tl]Cl-C SCD7e OtllCi~- _Dct ~ _s

farot si tu -1 tiCmiddot1

I 7 l L fIo caTl ai9Jz-C] ~~---~ ate

Jna 11Clgemei7 t aecis io~lS ]-c1i-u to di stribu te t2]i s

luc][ to 1-e 1 2 t i ve 1 y

me was

s of the

t iraw 3tep i the and

very for

lted is o b ) tilpid and

med to

the Lon his

to a

The lole all an to

ler )out ent

~ n t ln

an res the ain 0 12 and ain r

gt~

ese ows ted the the

Hydraulic (HRS)

Research Station

At points

all there

the were

s8

elected sluice

gates and one Butchers Weir installed for controlling flows They all are in good condition After the referred calibration these control structures are also being used by IIMI as flow measuring devices In close cooperation wi th HRS I IMI facili ta ted to paint gauges to read directly gate openings Similarly at the gated control points upstream and downstream gauges were installed to determined head across the structures Such already existing arrangements did further facilitate the job of rapid appraisal of irr iga tion water distribution in the selected part of the Rahad System

The data collection started from Kilo 76 of the main canal and ended at Kilo 26 of Major 5 At certain points where either the upstream and downstream gauges were stolen a survey level was used to find out head across the sluice gates As a matter of fact the necessity to use the survey instrument also helped to correct certain bench mark errors which perhaps existed from the s~art of the scheme As a side benefit of the exercise the manager of the RIO immediately instructed the gauge readers to use new correct reference for recoIding hourly water levels at Kilo 76 of the main canal and the head of Major 5

The irrigation staff were provided a manual for flow measurements based on field calibration conducted in 1991

This document helped the officials to know the status of irrigation water supplies along the Major 5 immediately As the assistant divisional engineer of EI Ain Subdivision was also a member of the team information about indents was also readily available for comparison purposes This paper therefore is only a documentation of the rapid analysis done by the MOl staff in the field

As almost all the irrigation systems in Sudan are designed for an adequate and equitable water supplies the main aim of the rapid appraisal was to evaluate if the design objectives were being realized The data collection for rapid appraisal of irrigation water distribution was shaped by the above stated design considerations

r -gt

I - -

ANNOUNCEMENT lt

Th emiddotmiddotmiddot In terIla1ional

II I Irrigation Management

Insti tuteannaunces ani award of 5000middot sudanese ltimiddotmiddotpounds middotfar middotmiddotmiddotmiddotltseLected f researchpaper papersotrmiddot I thefaJlawiI1g1apicfThemiddot

I Performance middotof IrrigatedltmiddotmiddotmiddotI A griCUT1l1reiSlinked Wi1h j Performancemiddot of its HanagingAgenciesimiddot bull bullbull I Imiddotmiddot I IMI middotWiTlregtlEst Ii Of bull middotmiddotmiddotn~tiOricentlexper1s middotitd middotmiddot1 i help inmiddotthe selection I

I pioc~s ~middotbullbullThela~tdat~~rI recelvlng middotsuch papersbullbull middot JsHgtljil April 30 1993 bull bullbullbull j

Data Collected

Following table provides all the information collected during the exercise by the Mor staff of Rahad

( ~w )INGS HEAD J

I

Q (IndentsQ (Supplies) ~Thousand) Thousand

m3 jday (M)

m3 jday

K 090 095 735 878II76 I

K 060 113 535 8101 00 I I

080K 15 060 448 750I ~

K 3 5 1 40 012 380 585

K 12

K 15 I

i

K 018 I 110 141 I 270 I18 i105 190K 020 060

I

I 018

21

16056

At a next step th information was analyzed for participants interpretations and recommendations This strategy is aimed to support the findings with inside information and initiate a constructive deba te about the status of water distribution in the scheme This is expected to evolve a common understanding about the forces and constraints of the system

Data Analysis

The analysis of the collected is presented Figures 1 through 8 arrangement was to keep

data in

Th the

classroom-discussion ocussed ) on the selected irrigation performance

s of

Data Presentation a simple

comparison of irrigation indents placed and supplies monitored along Major 5 on 25 February This information is directly taken from the above given data Table

For the purpose of interpretation and discussion following questions were asked

(1) The indents placed by the Rahad Agricul tural Corpora tion for Major 5 at each control point are

i

ing

i)

le Lon es 25 is

)Ve

of )D 1

d

he a1

5 Ire

8001 I

I

600

drastically mOl-e than delivery responses determined by the officials of NOI of Rahad What are the factors which cause such misma tch

(2 ) In your opinion wha t is the real use of placing or receiving indents on regular basis Are there doubts about such requests to be irrelevant Hov can such an existing institutional arrangement be utilized effectively

(3) If the preparation of inden ts is practice wi th no practical use should not it be better to eliminate it

(4) What are consciols efforts (if any) made to bridge the wide difference between supply

and demand

(5) If there have been no efforts to bridge the gap do you have suggestions to remedy the si tuation

(6) Under the new extended rol e of MOI for del ivering irr iga tion water to the level of field outlet pipe (FOP) how will it help to address concerns regarding distribution scheme

vlater in the

The staff is

response summarized

from below

RIO

(1) Drastic difference between demand and supply resulted partly an incorrect reduced level used to determine head difmiddotference across the first gated structure for Najor Canal No5

(2) The block inspectors of the scheme place indents which are more than required According to the RIO staff the RAe official think tha t HOI always deliver less than demanded and hence they try to indent maximum

(3) The curren t procedure lJe_ing used to determine indents needs to be revised However the practice a useful institutional arrangement and it should not be eliminated

( 4) In order to overcome difFiculties caused due to canal siltation and the dynamic nature of

ltO r~middotmiddot---middotmiddot------middot---middot--middot-middotmiddot--~middotmiddot---

crop water requirements indents should placed daily If indented amount stays constant the RIO will assume that supplies are suffi ent

the daily suggested requests change then supplies can be adjusted accordingly

(5) The extension of RIO MOIs role to POP-level is expected to ensure supplies for intended Abu Ashreens only This will also help to evaluate increases in demand wi th the design capaci ties of different channels

(6) An interesting response about the adequate water supplies was based on the argument that planned and planted areas have not been abandoned

Perhaps the RAe off Is may 1 ike to argue about some of the responses given above However the responses merit due consideration in the process of explaining the water distribution in the Rahad Irrigated Scheme At the same time there may more to be added

In order to share and improve understanding about the water distribution along Major 5 the attenion of the RIO officials was drawn to second graphic presentation ie Figure 2 This figure displays the same above referred data transformed for each reach

The concept reach is def ined here as a section canal between two control points For Major are the reaches

R 1 K 00 to K 15 R - 2 = K 15 to K 3 5 R 3 K 35 to K 12 R 4 K 12 to K 15 R 4 = K 15 to K 18 R 6 K 18 to K 21 H - 7 = K 21 to K 26 R 8 K 26 to K 38

usiug the collected information the supplies and indents for each reach were determined by deducting cumul supplies indents of downstream reach from the currulative supplies at the head of upstream reach bull I~r t rr=============================~

nl~d Ccbi Melcll per Day

Fig 2 R~chmiddotwiae Supplies and Inderts

Looing at Fig 2 l following point questions airr-ed I at se responses (1) Fig 1 shows a drastic

difference between shyindents placed and

ies provided along control point

Major 5 ie more

i

1

ted and ere il ilg j ~nts

the r

(

lead

bull r

2 I j

med

tic een and ~ong of

10TC

quanti ties ted and low delivery ~esponses Howe T7er the reach-flTise data presentation in

g 2 des some interesting contrast Reach ~ilTos 1 3 1amp7 are receiving more than amoun t inden ted On the other hand si tua tio] middotFor the rest of the reaches ~s qui te opposi te ~ihy is it so

(2 ) Are we ayla~e of the phenomenon of under and over supplies on reach basis as compared to under supply at each control point of Major 5

(3) Do we need to look at each indi middotvidual reach There are certa l-eElcileS tl1JicJ1 Jlave Ji1or~e l~ect

Double Abu Ashreens (DAXXs) Abu Ashreens (AXXs) as compared to the ones which have more Ninor canals for DAXXs an A XXs It vlOU also be important to discuss head- taLl syndrolne this context

In re e to the cbove inquir Sf 0 icials were little bit surprised a~d taken aback They did acknowledge the points raised Em-lever I additional reasons the depicted inequitaDie water distribution were as 1

~ of contr01 structures do contribute to this problem of inequi table water distribution However th do i t ~n

response to complains from tails sections of di t NinoI canals

( -1 Guards (

(2) Changes in the ~la ter levels of maIn canal IS

an added ctOT

(3) Double gated canels also have a potential to

The above ~actors may contributes some inequity but they definitely do not tell the whole story Pact rema that the system needs to be monitored regularly for making and impl appropriate decisions to deliver adequate and equitable water supplies

on the distorted water distr ibutions g 3 lSI

here to show the

COlTtmand

r21CeS ll2S

react-wise ccmmana areas are

R L - 4599 feddans R 2 11809 II

R 3 ~ 436l R 4 = 10695 II

R 5 = 9418 R 6 5362 R 7 = 2664 R 8 9501

The reach-vise indents and suppl s calculated earlier were divided by the command areas reaches as given above The resulting

+-lt-lon is tabulated in F~g 3

FrOIn the presentedlit can that maximum supplies per unit command area were found in case

be no t

of Reach Nos 1 f 3 I and 7 HOTwever I re ctive supplies for rest the reaches half to one third of the above

fact the RIO staff shmved

sta ted lc Similarly when we look at the indents per unit command area of each reach Reach No3 the indents per fedda~dr6 within an acceptable rarge Some difference m hal2

resulted because of SOUle

difference in the ratios of c areas to the commanded areas of different reaches

For discuss follow questions were asked

(J) Why the suppli of leaCFl 110s 1 3f a1Jd 7 are t-vlO or three lmes as cOlnLoa L~ed to til e j~es ~ ~

(2) cominarld ar-ea ~rs

~ill cas~ oi-~ leij11 jlc)

In response it was rec ogn i ze d tha t dr(~ sti c discrepancy exi3Ccd aIong reaches The most signi~icant outcome of the exercise was the

courage to confront accept its very exi s tence In addit to t~he obv-

i-ties for imprev the cp8rational practic S I

~=o 11oTIt omiddotth(~r contiblting J

Iaccors were also mentione~

) Tn case o[ Reach 1 Fits lociJ t_io] i1 t tile j]ea1-f-nd vias cQJlsidered to be 2TJ

~~ant factor --f~1i-()- middottfc i~ead Ar[i1Jor is -~Jc ~ orcly Hinor o[ S wi til two ga tes EKcesmiddots

ies can also rcsul tdue the opera tion of sUf t u~~que structure

(2) JTcac] 3 has a feature it has lTiOre di-ect double Ashreens Majer 5 i~S

of SUC

caz-als at this no strictly COTl tL-ol1 ecl farmers are getting mo~~e

Slal-e of wa ter SUP] ies iiS to tile res t Addi tional [actor in such commands is the presene oE inf1 uen tial fa7ne~5

wi til a [lexible croppL7g pa t tern l15 the RAe is no~ responsible [or the

tions of s~ch rciM eid canals tIle ~nacn-

placed are generaL low call ita futLe s trea tmen t

Reach 7 has also mere direct Abu Ashrecns Double J1bu ilshreEl]S aJ~

shiil-es the saIne fortu 12-t fea tUl-es as descr_ibcc or Reach 3

I

I

hotved

c s

cs i-cd

csr~l t

J-lbu 5 5

rn -~) ~I C

sue]]

~~a

ltjA~e

trc~e

ar

Ideas for Oeerating~stem for an EnuITable anaACreauate Hater --~---~--~~ -~~~

Distribution

Like many other irrigation systems ln Sudan the Rahact System is also designed for adequate and itable water dis ion tive o~ ti-te and loca tiOLl) Even if -tle supplies are not adequate as compared to the ones indented for example on 25 February 1993 o1-e can sU11 operate the system such a to achieve Cln i ta~ rha~tel~ distribution based on an ed criterion If we agree to an equit~ctble water distrtbution G~l command area basis the supply rece i v(~d head a canal be di v ided by its tot~al command area and then calculations ca~ be made for respEctive suppl s at each control po down the line as shown F 4 S irni lar exercise can also be

ated adequate and equi table water s 1 If we assume that indents indicate the irrigation water requirements then projected adegua te and equi tab Ie quantities of ater supplies case Major 5 will result as shown in Fig 4

AIn the context of F t bull

following questions are for discussion

(1) In orc5er to distribute projected supplies

ho should we

(2) fltlha t kind cili ties are needed foshyimplementing the potential opLions for equi table or equi table and ade ate fa ter distribution

hCriSampLd Cu~it ~~ttJ pr 1)s11Que ~-~--------~-~--~~--------~~--~-

The respOrlse hese questions -esulted into a

i1S middotto exerC~S8

SUT~mary-- of Ti2~7S S

givel1 be

( 1) Us the Sll[)LDort ZvJanu21 J1easurelnen ts 1992) the

tes can be set or

Deci

and

us projected supplies In case of ga te~structur2s

te openings may have to be rea us ted tlThen lI1a ter levels 011 upstrearn al1a downstream stabilize However gate setting will have domina

t as c017lpaJ~ed to change in the opera head ~cross a struct~re

Ho~ever I to deli vrer

along 5

determined sies c t ~ a~

1

I rnonitor-i d adj us tinen ts of 1iI1C)rS c3 nd

comparlson equi tabIe

other direct canals have to be ensl~7ed _ Sue]] a

IJetIloco109JT reco~mc~ded ~o be tested dur_Lng th e I]2J(t

in-iga tio season

(2) pilct sugqes ted 0 Ocl~a tiCJ1Jal S C 17 e iT e i IT LV r 0 v e dr

COlnn7uni C~] tior sys tEl71 suej-) as f l~lal]-TalJ[)T i]ard~laret

will be of imffiense ~se

Fig 5 prese~ts alxost similar i~formation as shown in C2se of Fig plusmn 110vlel8r I tile latter lS intended to show differences in actual supplies as corpared too

ected or an equitable

Thampliu~ ~f Cl1~~~ e~o amp (f Deshy10

IGa

Zv ~

vla-ter -eacnes of the Sirrlilarly Fig 6 p-esents a

SJPpl iss fa- iiif 2renlt ceacres One has to note that cas middots f Suppl~es

such plerC112DCrl shoJld emiddotffect o -~llers

r23Cr2S adlerse 11 UT Q2 - slio s2Pl)l~( S i tla tioJ as rr02-~i -ored O~ 25 Fe bruary 1993

- con t_et i ~tfle

fOCUSS2C Grc1l-~d followi~g qUEstions

it onlY a cnanoe or are tl]Cl-C SCD7e OtllCi~- _Dct ~ _s

farot si tu -1 tiCmiddot1

I 7 l L fIo caTl ai9Jz-C] ~~---~ ate

Jna 11Clgemei7 t aecis io~lS ]-c1i-u to di stribu te t2]i s

luc][ to 1-e 1 2 t i ve 1 y

Data Collected

Following table provides all the information collected during the exercise by the Mor staff of Rahad

( ~w )INGS HEAD J

I

Q (IndentsQ (Supplies) ~Thousand) Thousand

m3 jday (M)

m3 jday

K 090 095 735 878II76 I

K 060 113 535 8101 00 I I

080K 15 060 448 750I ~

K 3 5 1 40 012 380 585

K 12

K 15 I

i

K 018 I 110 141 I 270 I18 i105 190K 020 060

I

I 018

21

16056

At a next step th information was analyzed for participants interpretations and recommendations This strategy is aimed to support the findings with inside information and initiate a constructive deba te about the status of water distribution in the scheme This is expected to evolve a common understanding about the forces and constraints of the system

Data Analysis

The analysis of the collected is presented Figures 1 through 8 arrangement was to keep

data in

Th the

classroom-discussion ocussed ) on the selected irrigation performance

s of

Data Presentation a simple

comparison of irrigation indents placed and supplies monitored along Major 5 on 25 February This information is directly taken from the above given data Table

For the purpose of interpretation and discussion following questions were asked

(1) The indents placed by the Rahad Agricul tural Corpora tion for Major 5 at each control point are

i

ing

i)

le Lon es 25 is

)Ve

of )D 1

d

he a1

5 Ire

8001 I

I

600

drastically mOl-e than delivery responses determined by the officials of NOI of Rahad What are the factors which cause such misma tch

(2 ) In your opinion wha t is the real use of placing or receiving indents on regular basis Are there doubts about such requests to be irrelevant Hov can such an existing institutional arrangement be utilized effectively

(3) If the preparation of inden ts is practice wi th no practical use should not it be better to eliminate it

(4) What are consciols efforts (if any) made to bridge the wide difference between supply

and demand

(5) If there have been no efforts to bridge the gap do you have suggestions to remedy the si tuation

(6) Under the new extended rol e of MOI for del ivering irr iga tion water to the level of field outlet pipe (FOP) how will it help to address concerns regarding distribution scheme

vlater in the

The staff is

response summarized

from below

RIO

(1) Drastic difference between demand and supply resulted partly an incorrect reduced level used to determine head difmiddotference across the first gated structure for Najor Canal No5

(2) The block inspectors of the scheme place indents which are more than required According to the RIO staff the RAe official think tha t HOI always deliver less than demanded and hence they try to indent maximum

(3) The curren t procedure lJe_ing used to determine indents needs to be revised However the practice a useful institutional arrangement and it should not be eliminated

( 4) In order to overcome difFiculties caused due to canal siltation and the dynamic nature of

ltO r~middotmiddot---middotmiddot------middot---middot--middot-middotmiddot--~middotmiddot---

crop water requirements indents should placed daily If indented amount stays constant the RIO will assume that supplies are suffi ent

the daily suggested requests change then supplies can be adjusted accordingly

(5) The extension of RIO MOIs role to POP-level is expected to ensure supplies for intended Abu Ashreens only This will also help to evaluate increases in demand wi th the design capaci ties of different channels

(6) An interesting response about the adequate water supplies was based on the argument that planned and planted areas have not been abandoned

Perhaps the RAe off Is may 1 ike to argue about some of the responses given above However the responses merit due consideration in the process of explaining the water distribution in the Rahad Irrigated Scheme At the same time there may more to be added

In order to share and improve understanding about the water distribution along Major 5 the attenion of the RIO officials was drawn to second graphic presentation ie Figure 2 This figure displays the same above referred data transformed for each reach

The concept reach is def ined here as a section canal between two control points For Major are the reaches

R 1 K 00 to K 15 R - 2 = K 15 to K 3 5 R 3 K 35 to K 12 R 4 K 12 to K 15 R 4 = K 15 to K 18 R 6 K 18 to K 21 H - 7 = K 21 to K 26 R 8 K 26 to K 38

usiug the collected information the supplies and indents for each reach were determined by deducting cumul supplies indents of downstream reach from the currulative supplies at the head of upstream reach bull I~r t rr=============================~

nl~d Ccbi Melcll per Day

Fig 2 R~chmiddotwiae Supplies and Inderts

Looing at Fig 2 l following point questions airr-ed I at se responses (1) Fig 1 shows a drastic

difference between shyindents placed and

ies provided along control point

Major 5 ie more

i

1

ted and ere il ilg j ~nts

the r

(

lead

bull r

2 I j

med

tic een and ~ong of

10TC

quanti ties ted and low delivery ~esponses Howe T7er the reach-flTise data presentation in

g 2 des some interesting contrast Reach ~ilTos 1 3 1amp7 are receiving more than amoun t inden ted On the other hand si tua tio] middotFor the rest of the reaches ~s qui te opposi te ~ihy is it so

(2 ) Are we ayla~e of the phenomenon of under and over supplies on reach basis as compared to under supply at each control point of Major 5

(3) Do we need to look at each indi middotvidual reach There are certa l-eElcileS tl1JicJ1 Jlave Ji1or~e l~ect

Double Abu Ashreens (DAXXs) Abu Ashreens (AXXs) as compared to the ones which have more Ninor canals for DAXXs an A XXs It vlOU also be important to discuss head- taLl syndrolne this context

In re e to the cbove inquir Sf 0 icials were little bit surprised a~d taken aback They did acknowledge the points raised Em-lever I additional reasons the depicted inequitaDie water distribution were as 1

~ of contr01 structures do contribute to this problem of inequi table water distribution However th do i t ~n

response to complains from tails sections of di t NinoI canals

( -1 Guards (

(2) Changes in the ~la ter levels of maIn canal IS

an added ctOT

(3) Double gated canels also have a potential to

The above ~actors may contributes some inequity but they definitely do not tell the whole story Pact rema that the system needs to be monitored regularly for making and impl appropriate decisions to deliver adequate and equitable water supplies

on the distorted water distr ibutions g 3 lSI

here to show the

COlTtmand

r21CeS ll2S

react-wise ccmmana areas are

R L - 4599 feddans R 2 11809 II

R 3 ~ 436l R 4 = 10695 II

R 5 = 9418 R 6 5362 R 7 = 2664 R 8 9501

The reach-vise indents and suppl s calculated earlier were divided by the command areas reaches as given above The resulting

+-lt-lon is tabulated in F~g 3

FrOIn the presentedlit can that maximum supplies per unit command area were found in case

be no t

of Reach Nos 1 f 3 I and 7 HOTwever I re ctive supplies for rest the reaches half to one third of the above

fact the RIO staff shmved

sta ted lc Similarly when we look at the indents per unit command area of each reach Reach No3 the indents per fedda~dr6 within an acceptable rarge Some difference m hal2

resulted because of SOUle

difference in the ratios of c areas to the commanded areas of different reaches

For discuss follow questions were asked

(J) Why the suppli of leaCFl 110s 1 3f a1Jd 7 are t-vlO or three lmes as cOlnLoa L~ed to til e j~es ~ ~

(2) cominarld ar-ea ~rs

~ill cas~ oi-~ leij11 jlc)

In response it was rec ogn i ze d tha t dr(~ sti c discrepancy exi3Ccd aIong reaches The most signi~icant outcome of the exercise was the

courage to confront accept its very exi s tence In addit to t~he obv-

i-ties for imprev the cp8rational practic S I

~=o 11oTIt omiddotth(~r contiblting J

Iaccors were also mentione~

) Tn case o[ Reach 1 Fits lociJ t_io] i1 t tile j]ea1-f-nd vias cQJlsidered to be 2TJ

~~ant factor --f~1i-()- middottfc i~ead Ar[i1Jor is -~Jc ~ orcly Hinor o[ S wi til two ga tes EKcesmiddots

ies can also rcsul tdue the opera tion of sUf t u~~que structure

(2) JTcac] 3 has a feature it has lTiOre di-ect double Ashreens Majer 5 i~S

of SUC

caz-als at this no strictly COTl tL-ol1 ecl farmers are getting mo~~e

Slal-e of wa ter SUP] ies iiS to tile res t Addi tional [actor in such commands is the presene oE inf1 uen tial fa7ne~5

wi til a [lexible croppL7g pa t tern l15 the RAe is no~ responsible [or the

tions of s~ch rciM eid canals tIle ~nacn-

placed are generaL low call ita futLe s trea tmen t

Reach 7 has also mere direct Abu Ashrecns Double J1bu ilshreEl]S aJ~

shiil-es the saIne fortu 12-t fea tUl-es as descr_ibcc or Reach 3

I

I

hotved

c s

cs i-cd

csr~l t

J-lbu 5 5

rn -~) ~I C

sue]]

~~a

ltjA~e

trc~e

ar

Ideas for Oeerating~stem for an EnuITable anaACreauate Hater --~---~--~~ -~~~

Distribution

Like many other irrigation systems ln Sudan the Rahact System is also designed for adequate and itable water dis ion tive o~ ti-te and loca tiOLl) Even if -tle supplies are not adequate as compared to the ones indented for example on 25 February 1993 o1-e can sU11 operate the system such a to achieve Cln i ta~ rha~tel~ distribution based on an ed criterion If we agree to an equit~ctble water distrtbution G~l command area basis the supply rece i v(~d head a canal be di v ided by its tot~al command area and then calculations ca~ be made for respEctive suppl s at each control po down the line as shown F 4 S irni lar exercise can also be

ated adequate and equi table water s 1 If we assume that indents indicate the irrigation water requirements then projected adegua te and equi tab Ie quantities of ater supplies case Major 5 will result as shown in Fig 4

AIn the context of F t bull

following questions are for discussion

(1) In orc5er to distribute projected supplies

ho should we

(2) fltlha t kind cili ties are needed foshyimplementing the potential opLions for equi table or equi table and ade ate fa ter distribution

hCriSampLd Cu~it ~~ttJ pr 1)s11Que ~-~--------~-~--~~--------~~--~-

The respOrlse hese questions -esulted into a

i1S middotto exerC~S8

SUT~mary-- of Ti2~7S S

givel1 be

( 1) Us the Sll[)LDort ZvJanu21 J1easurelnen ts 1992) the

tes can be set or

Deci

and

us projected supplies In case of ga te~structur2s

te openings may have to be rea us ted tlThen lI1a ter levels 011 upstrearn al1a downstream stabilize However gate setting will have domina

t as c017lpaJ~ed to change in the opera head ~cross a struct~re

Ho~ever I to deli vrer

along 5

determined sies c t ~ a~

1

I rnonitor-i d adj us tinen ts of 1iI1C)rS c3 nd

comparlson equi tabIe

other direct canals have to be ensl~7ed _ Sue]] a

IJetIloco109JT reco~mc~ded ~o be tested dur_Lng th e I]2J(t

in-iga tio season

(2) pilct sugqes ted 0 Ocl~a tiCJ1Jal S C 17 e iT e i IT LV r 0 v e dr

COlnn7uni C~] tior sys tEl71 suej-) as f l~lal]-TalJ[)T i]ard~laret

will be of imffiense ~se

Fig 5 prese~ts alxost similar i~formation as shown in C2se of Fig plusmn 110vlel8r I tile latter lS intended to show differences in actual supplies as corpared too

ected or an equitable

Thampliu~ ~f Cl1~~~ e~o amp (f Deshy10

IGa

Zv ~

vla-ter -eacnes of the Sirrlilarly Fig 6 p-esents a

SJPpl iss fa- iiif 2renlt ceacres One has to note that cas middots f Suppl~es

such plerC112DCrl shoJld emiddotffect o -~llers

r23Cr2S adlerse 11 UT Q2 - slio s2Pl)l~( S i tla tioJ as rr02-~i -ored O~ 25 Fe bruary 1993

- con t_et i ~tfle

fOCUSS2C Grc1l-~d followi~g qUEstions

it onlY a cnanoe or are tl]Cl-C SCD7e OtllCi~- _Dct ~ _s

farot si tu -1 tiCmiddot1

I 7 l L fIo caTl ai9Jz-C] ~~---~ ate

Jna 11Clgemei7 t aecis io~lS ]-c1i-u to di stribu te t2]i s

luc][ to 1-e 1 2 t i ve 1 y

ing

i)

le Lon es 25 is

)Ve

of )D 1

d

he a1

5 Ire

8001 I

I

600

drastically mOl-e than delivery responses determined by the officials of NOI of Rahad What are the factors which cause such misma tch

(2 ) In your opinion wha t is the real use of placing or receiving indents on regular basis Are there doubts about such requests to be irrelevant Hov can such an existing institutional arrangement be utilized effectively

(3) If the preparation of inden ts is practice wi th no practical use should not it be better to eliminate it

(4) What are consciols efforts (if any) made to bridge the wide difference between supply

and demand

(5) If there have been no efforts to bridge the gap do you have suggestions to remedy the si tuation

(6) Under the new extended rol e of MOI for del ivering irr iga tion water to the level of field outlet pipe (FOP) how will it help to address concerns regarding distribution scheme

vlater in the

The staff is

response summarized

from below

RIO

(1) Drastic difference between demand and supply resulted partly an incorrect reduced level used to determine head difmiddotference across the first gated structure for Najor Canal No5

(2) The block inspectors of the scheme place indents which are more than required According to the RIO staff the RAe official think tha t HOI always deliver less than demanded and hence they try to indent maximum

(3) The curren t procedure lJe_ing used to determine indents needs to be revised However the practice a useful institutional arrangement and it should not be eliminated

( 4) In order to overcome difFiculties caused due to canal siltation and the dynamic nature of

ltO r~middotmiddot---middotmiddot------middot---middot--middot-middotmiddot--~middotmiddot---

crop water requirements indents should placed daily If indented amount stays constant the RIO will assume that supplies are suffi ent

the daily suggested requests change then supplies can be adjusted accordingly

(5) The extension of RIO MOIs role to POP-level is expected to ensure supplies for intended Abu Ashreens only This will also help to evaluate increases in demand wi th the design capaci ties of different channels

(6) An interesting response about the adequate water supplies was based on the argument that planned and planted areas have not been abandoned

Perhaps the RAe off Is may 1 ike to argue about some of the responses given above However the responses merit due consideration in the process of explaining the water distribution in the Rahad Irrigated Scheme At the same time there may more to be added

In order to share and improve understanding about the water distribution along Major 5 the attenion of the RIO officials was drawn to second graphic presentation ie Figure 2 This figure displays the same above referred data transformed for each reach

The concept reach is def ined here as a section canal between two control points For Major are the reaches

R 1 K 00 to K 15 R - 2 = K 15 to K 3 5 R 3 K 35 to K 12 R 4 K 12 to K 15 R 4 = K 15 to K 18 R 6 K 18 to K 21 H - 7 = K 21 to K 26 R 8 K 26 to K 38

usiug the collected information the supplies and indents for each reach were determined by deducting cumul supplies indents of downstream reach from the currulative supplies at the head of upstream reach bull I~r t rr=============================~

nl~d Ccbi Melcll per Day

Fig 2 R~chmiddotwiae Supplies and Inderts

Looing at Fig 2 l following point questions airr-ed I at se responses (1) Fig 1 shows a drastic

difference between shyindents placed and

ies provided along control point

Major 5 ie more

i

1

ted and ere il ilg j ~nts

the r

(

lead

bull r

2 I j

med

tic een and ~ong of

10TC

quanti ties ted and low delivery ~esponses Howe T7er the reach-flTise data presentation in

g 2 des some interesting contrast Reach ~ilTos 1 3 1amp7 are receiving more than amoun t inden ted On the other hand si tua tio] middotFor the rest of the reaches ~s qui te opposi te ~ihy is it so

(2 ) Are we ayla~e of the phenomenon of under and over supplies on reach basis as compared to under supply at each control point of Major 5

(3) Do we need to look at each indi middotvidual reach There are certa l-eElcileS tl1JicJ1 Jlave Ji1or~e l~ect

Double Abu Ashreens (DAXXs) Abu Ashreens (AXXs) as compared to the ones which have more Ninor canals for DAXXs an A XXs It vlOU also be important to discuss head- taLl syndrolne this context

In re e to the cbove inquir Sf 0 icials were little bit surprised a~d taken aback They did acknowledge the points raised Em-lever I additional reasons the depicted inequitaDie water distribution were as 1

~ of contr01 structures do contribute to this problem of inequi table water distribution However th do i t ~n

response to complains from tails sections of di t NinoI canals

( -1 Guards (

(2) Changes in the ~la ter levels of maIn canal IS

an added ctOT

(3) Double gated canels also have a potential to

The above ~actors may contributes some inequity but they definitely do not tell the whole story Pact rema that the system needs to be monitored regularly for making and impl appropriate decisions to deliver adequate and equitable water supplies

on the distorted water distr ibutions g 3 lSI

here to show the

COlTtmand

r21CeS ll2S

react-wise ccmmana areas are

R L - 4599 feddans R 2 11809 II

R 3 ~ 436l R 4 = 10695 II

R 5 = 9418 R 6 5362 R 7 = 2664 R 8 9501

The reach-vise indents and suppl s calculated earlier were divided by the command areas reaches as given above The resulting

+-lt-lon is tabulated in F~g 3

FrOIn the presentedlit can that maximum supplies per unit command area were found in case

be no t

of Reach Nos 1 f 3 I and 7 HOTwever I re ctive supplies for rest the reaches half to one third of the above

fact the RIO staff shmved

sta ted lc Similarly when we look at the indents per unit command area of each reach Reach No3 the indents per fedda~dr6 within an acceptable rarge Some difference m hal2

resulted because of SOUle

difference in the ratios of c areas to the commanded areas of different reaches

For discuss follow questions were asked

(J) Why the suppli of leaCFl 110s 1 3f a1Jd 7 are t-vlO or three lmes as cOlnLoa L~ed to til e j~es ~ ~

(2) cominarld ar-ea ~rs

~ill cas~ oi-~ leij11 jlc)

In response it was rec ogn i ze d tha t dr(~ sti c discrepancy exi3Ccd aIong reaches The most signi~icant outcome of the exercise was the

courage to confront accept its very exi s tence In addit to t~he obv-

i-ties for imprev the cp8rational practic S I

~=o 11oTIt omiddotth(~r contiblting J

Iaccors were also mentione~

) Tn case o[ Reach 1 Fits lociJ t_io] i1 t tile j]ea1-f-nd vias cQJlsidered to be 2TJ

~~ant factor --f~1i-()- middottfc i~ead Ar[i1Jor is -~Jc ~ orcly Hinor o[ S wi til two ga tes EKcesmiddots

ies can also rcsul tdue the opera tion of sUf t u~~que structure

(2) JTcac] 3 has a feature it has lTiOre di-ect double Ashreens Majer 5 i~S

of SUC

caz-als at this no strictly COTl tL-ol1 ecl farmers are getting mo~~e

Slal-e of wa ter SUP] ies iiS to tile res t Addi tional [actor in such commands is the presene oE inf1 uen tial fa7ne~5

wi til a [lexible croppL7g pa t tern l15 the RAe is no~ responsible [or the

tions of s~ch rciM eid canals tIle ~nacn-

placed are generaL low call ita futLe s trea tmen t

Reach 7 has also mere direct Abu Ashrecns Double J1bu ilshreEl]S aJ~

shiil-es the saIne fortu 12-t fea tUl-es as descr_ibcc or Reach 3

I

I

hotved

c s

cs i-cd

csr~l t

J-lbu 5 5

rn -~) ~I C

sue]]

~~a

ltjA~e

trc~e

ar

Ideas for Oeerating~stem for an EnuITable anaACreauate Hater --~---~--~~ -~~~

Distribution

Like many other irrigation systems ln Sudan the Rahact System is also designed for adequate and itable water dis ion tive o~ ti-te and loca tiOLl) Even if -tle supplies are not adequate as compared to the ones indented for example on 25 February 1993 o1-e can sU11 operate the system such a to achieve Cln i ta~ rha~tel~ distribution based on an ed criterion If we agree to an equit~ctble water distrtbution G~l command area basis the supply rece i v(~d head a canal be di v ided by its tot~al command area and then calculations ca~ be made for respEctive suppl s at each control po down the line as shown F 4 S irni lar exercise can also be

ated adequate and equi table water s 1 If we assume that indents indicate the irrigation water requirements then projected adegua te and equi tab Ie quantities of ater supplies case Major 5 will result as shown in Fig 4

AIn the context of F t bull

following questions are for discussion

(1) In orc5er to distribute projected supplies

ho should we

(2) fltlha t kind cili ties are needed foshyimplementing the potential opLions for equi table or equi table and ade ate fa ter distribution

hCriSampLd Cu~it ~~ttJ pr 1)s11Que ~-~--------~-~--~~--------~~--~-

The respOrlse hese questions -esulted into a

i1S middotto exerC~S8

SUT~mary-- of Ti2~7S S

givel1 be

( 1) Us the Sll[)LDort ZvJanu21 J1easurelnen ts 1992) the

tes can be set or

Deci

and

us projected supplies In case of ga te~structur2s

te openings may have to be rea us ted tlThen lI1a ter levels 011 upstrearn al1a downstream stabilize However gate setting will have domina

t as c017lpaJ~ed to change in the opera head ~cross a struct~re

Ho~ever I to deli vrer

along 5

determined sies c t ~ a~

1

I rnonitor-i d adj us tinen ts of 1iI1C)rS c3 nd

comparlson equi tabIe

other direct canals have to be ensl~7ed _ Sue]] a

IJetIloco109JT reco~mc~ded ~o be tested dur_Lng th e I]2J(t

in-iga tio season

(2) pilct sugqes ted 0 Ocl~a tiCJ1Jal S C 17 e iT e i IT LV r 0 v e dr

COlnn7uni C~] tior sys tEl71 suej-) as f l~lal]-TalJ[)T i]ard~laret

will be of imffiense ~se

Fig 5 prese~ts alxost similar i~formation as shown in C2se of Fig plusmn 110vlel8r I tile latter lS intended to show differences in actual supplies as corpared too

ected or an equitable

Thampliu~ ~f Cl1~~~ e~o amp (f Deshy10

IGa

Zv ~

vla-ter -eacnes of the Sirrlilarly Fig 6 p-esents a

SJPpl iss fa- iiif 2renlt ceacres One has to note that cas middots f Suppl~es

such plerC112DCrl shoJld emiddotffect o -~llers

r23Cr2S adlerse 11 UT Q2 - slio s2Pl)l~( S i tla tioJ as rr02-~i -ored O~ 25 Fe bruary 1993

- con t_et i ~tfle

fOCUSS2C Grc1l-~d followi~g qUEstions

it onlY a cnanoe or are tl]Cl-C SCD7e OtllCi~- _Dct ~ _s

farot si tu -1 tiCmiddot1

I 7 l L fIo caTl ai9Jz-C] ~~---~ ate

Jna 11Clgemei7 t aecis io~lS ]-c1i-u to di stribu te t2]i s

luc][ to 1-e 1 2 t i ve 1 y

ltO r~middotmiddot---middotmiddot------middot---middot--middot-middotmiddot--~middotmiddot---

crop water requirements indents should placed daily If indented amount stays constant the RIO will assume that supplies are suffi ent

the daily suggested requests change then supplies can be adjusted accordingly

(5) The extension of RIO MOIs role to POP-level is expected to ensure supplies for intended Abu Ashreens only This will also help to evaluate increases in demand wi th the design capaci ties of different channels

(6) An interesting response about the adequate water supplies was based on the argument that planned and planted areas have not been abandoned

Perhaps the RAe off Is may 1 ike to argue about some of the responses given above However the responses merit due consideration in the process of explaining the water distribution in the Rahad Irrigated Scheme At the same time there may more to be added

In order to share and improve understanding about the water distribution along Major 5 the attenion of the RIO officials was drawn to second graphic presentation ie Figure 2 This figure displays the same above referred data transformed for each reach

The concept reach is def ined here as a section canal between two control points For Major are the reaches

R 1 K 00 to K 15 R - 2 = K 15 to K 3 5 R 3 K 35 to K 12 R 4 K 12 to K 15 R 4 = K 15 to K 18 R 6 K 18 to K 21 H - 7 = K 21 to K 26 R 8 K 26 to K 38

usiug the collected information the supplies and indents for each reach were determined by deducting cumul supplies indents of downstream reach from the currulative supplies at the head of upstream reach bull I~r t rr=============================~

nl~d Ccbi Melcll per Day

Fig 2 R~chmiddotwiae Supplies and Inderts

Looing at Fig 2 l following point questions airr-ed I at se responses (1) Fig 1 shows a drastic

difference between shyindents placed and

ies provided along control point

Major 5 ie more

i

1

ted and ere il ilg j ~nts

the r

(

lead

bull r

2 I j

med

tic een and ~ong of

10TC

quanti ties ted and low delivery ~esponses Howe T7er the reach-flTise data presentation in

g 2 des some interesting contrast Reach ~ilTos 1 3 1amp7 are receiving more than amoun t inden ted On the other hand si tua tio] middotFor the rest of the reaches ~s qui te opposi te ~ihy is it so

(2 ) Are we ayla~e of the phenomenon of under and over supplies on reach basis as compared to under supply at each control point of Major 5

(3) Do we need to look at each indi middotvidual reach There are certa l-eElcileS tl1JicJ1 Jlave Ji1or~e l~ect

Double Abu Ashreens (DAXXs) Abu Ashreens (AXXs) as compared to the ones which have more Ninor canals for DAXXs an A XXs It vlOU also be important to discuss head- taLl syndrolne this context

In re e to the cbove inquir Sf 0 icials were little bit surprised a~d taken aback They did acknowledge the points raised Em-lever I additional reasons the depicted inequitaDie water distribution were as 1

~ of contr01 structures do contribute to this problem of inequi table water distribution However th do i t ~n

response to complains from tails sections of di t NinoI canals

( -1 Guards (

(2) Changes in the ~la ter levels of maIn canal IS

an added ctOT

(3) Double gated canels also have a potential to

The above ~actors may contributes some inequity but they definitely do not tell the whole story Pact rema that the system needs to be monitored regularly for making and impl appropriate decisions to deliver adequate and equitable water supplies

on the distorted water distr ibutions g 3 lSI

here to show the

COlTtmand

r21CeS ll2S

react-wise ccmmana areas are

R L - 4599 feddans R 2 11809 II

R 3 ~ 436l R 4 = 10695 II

R 5 = 9418 R 6 5362 R 7 = 2664 R 8 9501

The reach-vise indents and suppl s calculated earlier were divided by the command areas reaches as given above The resulting

+-lt-lon is tabulated in F~g 3

FrOIn the presentedlit can that maximum supplies per unit command area were found in case

be no t

of Reach Nos 1 f 3 I and 7 HOTwever I re ctive supplies for rest the reaches half to one third of the above

fact the RIO staff shmved

sta ted lc Similarly when we look at the indents per unit command area of each reach Reach No3 the indents per fedda~dr6 within an acceptable rarge Some difference m hal2

resulted because of SOUle

difference in the ratios of c areas to the commanded areas of different reaches

For discuss follow questions were asked

(J) Why the suppli of leaCFl 110s 1 3f a1Jd 7 are t-vlO or three lmes as cOlnLoa L~ed to til e j~es ~ ~

(2) cominarld ar-ea ~rs

~ill cas~ oi-~ leij11 jlc)

In response it was rec ogn i ze d tha t dr(~ sti c discrepancy exi3Ccd aIong reaches The most signi~icant outcome of the exercise was the

courage to confront accept its very exi s tence In addit to t~he obv-

i-ties for imprev the cp8rational practic S I

~=o 11oTIt omiddotth(~r contiblting J

Iaccors were also mentione~

) Tn case o[ Reach 1 Fits lociJ t_io] i1 t tile j]ea1-f-nd vias cQJlsidered to be 2TJ

~~ant factor --f~1i-()- middottfc i~ead Ar[i1Jor is -~Jc ~ orcly Hinor o[ S wi til two ga tes EKcesmiddots

ies can also rcsul tdue the opera tion of sUf t u~~que structure

(2) JTcac] 3 has a feature it has lTiOre di-ect double Ashreens Majer 5 i~S

of SUC

caz-als at this no strictly COTl tL-ol1 ecl farmers are getting mo~~e

Slal-e of wa ter SUP] ies iiS to tile res t Addi tional [actor in such commands is the presene oE inf1 uen tial fa7ne~5

wi til a [lexible croppL7g pa t tern l15 the RAe is no~ responsible [or the

tions of s~ch rciM eid canals tIle ~nacn-

placed are generaL low call ita futLe s trea tmen t

Reach 7 has also mere direct Abu Ashrecns Double J1bu ilshreEl]S aJ~

shiil-es the saIne fortu 12-t fea tUl-es as descr_ibcc or Reach 3

I

I

hotved

c s

cs i-cd

csr~l t

J-lbu 5 5

rn -~) ~I C

sue]]

~~a

ltjA~e

trc~e

ar

Ideas for Oeerating~stem for an EnuITable anaACreauate Hater --~---~--~~ -~~~

Distribution

Like many other irrigation systems ln Sudan the Rahact System is also designed for adequate and itable water dis ion tive o~ ti-te and loca tiOLl) Even if -tle supplies are not adequate as compared to the ones indented for example on 25 February 1993 o1-e can sU11 operate the system such a to achieve Cln i ta~ rha~tel~ distribution based on an ed criterion If we agree to an equit~ctble water distrtbution G~l command area basis the supply rece i v(~d head a canal be di v ided by its tot~al command area and then calculations ca~ be made for respEctive suppl s at each control po down the line as shown F 4 S irni lar exercise can also be

ated adequate and equi table water s 1 If we assume that indents indicate the irrigation water requirements then projected adegua te and equi tab Ie quantities of ater supplies case Major 5 will result as shown in Fig 4

AIn the context of F t bull

following questions are for discussion

(1) In orc5er to distribute projected supplies

ho should we

(2) fltlha t kind cili ties are needed foshyimplementing the potential opLions for equi table or equi table and ade ate fa ter distribution

hCriSampLd Cu~it ~~ttJ pr 1)s11Que ~-~--------~-~--~~--------~~--~-

The respOrlse hese questions -esulted into a

i1S middotto exerC~S8

SUT~mary-- of Ti2~7S S

givel1 be

( 1) Us the Sll[)LDort ZvJanu21 J1easurelnen ts 1992) the

tes can be set or

Deci

and

us projected supplies In case of ga te~structur2s

te openings may have to be rea us ted tlThen lI1a ter levels 011 upstrearn al1a downstream stabilize However gate setting will have domina

t as c017lpaJ~ed to change in the opera head ~cross a struct~re

Ho~ever I to deli vrer

along 5

determined sies c t ~ a~

1

I rnonitor-i d adj us tinen ts of 1iI1C)rS c3 nd

comparlson equi tabIe

other direct canals have to be ensl~7ed _ Sue]] a

IJetIloco109JT reco~mc~ded ~o be tested dur_Lng th e I]2J(t

in-iga tio season

(2) pilct sugqes ted 0 Ocl~a tiCJ1Jal S C 17 e iT e i IT LV r 0 v e dr

COlnn7uni C~] tior sys tEl71 suej-) as f l~lal]-TalJ[)T i]ard~laret

will be of imffiense ~se

Fig 5 prese~ts alxost similar i~formation as shown in C2se of Fig plusmn 110vlel8r I tile latter lS intended to show differences in actual supplies as corpared too

ected or an equitable

Thampliu~ ~f Cl1~~~ e~o amp (f Deshy10

IGa

Zv ~

vla-ter -eacnes of the Sirrlilarly Fig 6 p-esents a

SJPpl iss fa- iiif 2renlt ceacres One has to note that cas middots f Suppl~es

such plerC112DCrl shoJld emiddotffect o -~llers

r23Cr2S adlerse 11 UT Q2 - slio s2Pl)l~( S i tla tioJ as rr02-~i -ored O~ 25 Fe bruary 1993

- con t_et i ~tfle

fOCUSS2C Grc1l-~d followi~g qUEstions

it onlY a cnanoe or are tl]Cl-C SCD7e OtllCi~- _Dct ~ _s

farot si tu -1 tiCmiddot1

I 7 l L fIo caTl ai9Jz-C] ~~---~ ate

Jna 11Clgemei7 t aecis io~lS ]-c1i-u to di stribu te t2]i s

luc][ to 1-e 1 2 t i ve 1 y

i

1

ted and ere il ilg j ~nts

the r

(

lead

bull r

2 I j

med

tic een and ~ong of

10TC

quanti ties ted and low delivery ~esponses Howe T7er the reach-flTise data presentation in

g 2 des some interesting contrast Reach ~ilTos 1 3 1amp7 are receiving more than amoun t inden ted On the other hand si tua tio] middotFor the rest of the reaches ~s qui te opposi te ~ihy is it so

(2 ) Are we ayla~e of the phenomenon of under and over supplies on reach basis as compared to under supply at each control point of Major 5

(3) Do we need to look at each indi middotvidual reach There are certa l-eElcileS tl1JicJ1 Jlave Ji1or~e l~ect

Double Abu Ashreens (DAXXs) Abu Ashreens (AXXs) as compared to the ones which have more Ninor canals for DAXXs an A XXs It vlOU also be important to discuss head- taLl syndrolne this context

In re e to the cbove inquir Sf 0 icials were little bit surprised a~d taken aback They did acknowledge the points raised Em-lever I additional reasons the depicted inequitaDie water distribution were as 1

~ of contr01 structures do contribute to this problem of inequi table water distribution However th do i t ~n

response to complains from tails sections of di t NinoI canals

( -1 Guards (

(2) Changes in the ~la ter levels of maIn canal IS

an added ctOT

(3) Double gated canels also have a potential to

The above ~actors may contributes some inequity but they definitely do not tell the whole story Pact rema that the system needs to be monitored regularly for making and impl appropriate decisions to deliver adequate and equitable water supplies

on the distorted water distr ibutions g 3 lSI

here to show the

COlTtmand

r21CeS ll2S

react-wise ccmmana areas are

R L - 4599 feddans R 2 11809 II

R 3 ~ 436l R 4 = 10695 II

R 5 = 9418 R 6 5362 R 7 = 2664 R 8 9501

The reach-vise indents and suppl s calculated earlier were divided by the command areas reaches as given above The resulting

+-lt-lon is tabulated in F~g 3

FrOIn the presentedlit can that maximum supplies per unit command area were found in case

be no t

of Reach Nos 1 f 3 I and 7 HOTwever I re ctive supplies for rest the reaches half to one third of the above

fact the RIO staff shmved

sta ted lc Similarly when we look at the indents per unit command area of each reach Reach No3 the indents per fedda~dr6 within an acceptable rarge Some difference m hal2

resulted because of SOUle

difference in the ratios of c areas to the commanded areas of different reaches

For discuss follow questions were asked

(J) Why the suppli of leaCFl 110s 1 3f a1Jd 7 are t-vlO or three lmes as cOlnLoa L~ed to til e j~es ~ ~

(2) cominarld ar-ea ~rs

~ill cas~ oi-~ leij11 jlc)

In response it was rec ogn i ze d tha t dr(~ sti c discrepancy exi3Ccd aIong reaches The most signi~icant outcome of the exercise was the

courage to confront accept its very exi s tence In addit to t~he obv-

i-ties for imprev the cp8rational practic S I

~=o 11oTIt omiddotth(~r contiblting J

Iaccors were also mentione~

) Tn case o[ Reach 1 Fits lociJ t_io] i1 t tile j]ea1-f-nd vias cQJlsidered to be 2TJ

~~ant factor --f~1i-()- middottfc i~ead Ar[i1Jor is -~Jc ~ orcly Hinor o[ S wi til two ga tes EKcesmiddots

ies can also rcsul tdue the opera tion of sUf t u~~que structure

(2) JTcac] 3 has a feature it has lTiOre di-ect double Ashreens Majer 5 i~S

of SUC

caz-als at this no strictly COTl tL-ol1 ecl farmers are getting mo~~e

Slal-e of wa ter SUP] ies iiS to tile res t Addi tional [actor in such commands is the presene oE inf1 uen tial fa7ne~5

wi til a [lexible croppL7g pa t tern l15 the RAe is no~ responsible [or the

tions of s~ch rciM eid canals tIle ~nacn-

placed are generaL low call ita futLe s trea tmen t

Reach 7 has also mere direct Abu Ashrecns Double J1bu ilshreEl]S aJ~

shiil-es the saIne fortu 12-t fea tUl-es as descr_ibcc or Reach 3

I

I

hotved

c s

cs i-cd

csr~l t

J-lbu 5 5

rn -~) ~I C

sue]]

~~a

ltjA~e

trc~e

ar

Ideas for Oeerating~stem for an EnuITable anaACreauate Hater --~---~--~~ -~~~

Distribution

Like many other irrigation systems ln Sudan the Rahact System is also designed for adequate and itable water dis ion tive o~ ti-te and loca tiOLl) Even if -tle supplies are not adequate as compared to the ones indented for example on 25 February 1993 o1-e can sU11 operate the system such a to achieve Cln i ta~ rha~tel~ distribution based on an ed criterion If we agree to an equit~ctble water distrtbution G~l command area basis the supply rece i v(~d head a canal be di v ided by its tot~al command area and then calculations ca~ be made for respEctive suppl s at each control po down the line as shown F 4 S irni lar exercise can also be

ated adequate and equi table water s 1 If we assume that indents indicate the irrigation water requirements then projected adegua te and equi tab Ie quantities of ater supplies case Major 5 will result as shown in Fig 4

AIn the context of F t bull

following questions are for discussion

(1) In orc5er to distribute projected supplies

ho should we

(2) fltlha t kind cili ties are needed foshyimplementing the potential opLions for equi table or equi table and ade ate fa ter distribution

hCriSampLd Cu~it ~~ttJ pr 1)s11Que ~-~--------~-~--~~--------~~--~-

The respOrlse hese questions -esulted into a

i1S middotto exerC~S8

SUT~mary-- of Ti2~7S S

givel1 be

( 1) Us the Sll[)LDort ZvJanu21 J1easurelnen ts 1992) the

tes can be set or

Deci

and

us projected supplies In case of ga te~structur2s

te openings may have to be rea us ted tlThen lI1a ter levels 011 upstrearn al1a downstream stabilize However gate setting will have domina

t as c017lpaJ~ed to change in the opera head ~cross a struct~re

Ho~ever I to deli vrer

along 5

determined sies c t ~ a~

1

I rnonitor-i d adj us tinen ts of 1iI1C)rS c3 nd

comparlson equi tabIe

other direct canals have to be ensl~7ed _ Sue]] a

IJetIloco109JT reco~mc~ded ~o be tested dur_Lng th e I]2J(t

in-iga tio season

(2) pilct sugqes ted 0 Ocl~a tiCJ1Jal S C 17 e iT e i IT LV r 0 v e dr

COlnn7uni C~] tior sys tEl71 suej-) as f l~lal]-TalJ[)T i]ard~laret

will be of imffiense ~se

Fig 5 prese~ts alxost similar i~formation as shown in C2se of Fig plusmn 110vlel8r I tile latter lS intended to show differences in actual supplies as corpared too

ected or an equitable

Thampliu~ ~f Cl1~~~ e~o amp (f Deshy10

IGa

Zv ~

vla-ter -eacnes of the Sirrlilarly Fig 6 p-esents a

SJPpl iss fa- iiif 2renlt ceacres One has to note that cas middots f Suppl~es

such plerC112DCrl shoJld emiddotffect o -~llers

r23Cr2S adlerse 11 UT Q2 - slio s2Pl)l~( S i tla tioJ as rr02-~i -ored O~ 25 Fe bruary 1993

- con t_et i ~tfle

fOCUSS2C Grc1l-~d followi~g qUEstions

it onlY a cnanoe or are tl]Cl-C SCD7e OtllCi~- _Dct ~ _s

farot si tu -1 tiCmiddot1

I 7 l L fIo caTl ai9Jz-C] ~~---~ ate

Jna 11Clgemei7 t aecis io~lS ]-c1i-u to di stribu te t2]i s

luc][ to 1-e 1 2 t i ve 1 y

fact the RIO staff shmved

sta ted lc Similarly when we look at the indents per unit command area of each reach Reach No3 the indents per fedda~dr6 within an acceptable rarge Some difference m hal2

resulted because of SOUle

difference in the ratios of c areas to the commanded areas of different reaches

For discuss follow questions were asked

(J) Why the suppli of leaCFl 110s 1 3f a1Jd 7 are t-vlO or three lmes as cOlnLoa L~ed to til e j~es ~ ~

(2) cominarld ar-ea ~rs

~ill cas~ oi-~ leij11 jlc)

In response it was rec ogn i ze d tha t dr(~ sti c discrepancy exi3Ccd aIong reaches The most signi~icant outcome of the exercise was the

courage to confront accept its very exi s tence In addit to t~he obv-

i-ties for imprev the cp8rational practic S I

~=o 11oTIt omiddotth(~r contiblting J

Iaccors were also mentione~

) Tn case o[ Reach 1 Fits lociJ t_io] i1 t tile j]ea1-f-nd vias cQJlsidered to be 2TJ

~~ant factor --f~1i-()- middottfc i~ead Ar[i1Jor is -~Jc ~ orcly Hinor o[ S wi til two ga tes EKcesmiddots

ies can also rcsul tdue the opera tion of sUf t u~~que structure

(2) JTcac] 3 has a feature it has lTiOre di-ect double Ashreens Majer 5 i~S

of SUC

caz-als at this no strictly COTl tL-ol1 ecl farmers are getting mo~~e

Slal-e of wa ter SUP] ies iiS to tile res t Addi tional [actor in such commands is the presene oE inf1 uen tial fa7ne~5

wi til a [lexible croppL7g pa t tern l15 the RAe is no~ responsible [or the

tions of s~ch rciM eid canals tIle ~nacn-

placed are generaL low call ita futLe s trea tmen t

Reach 7 has also mere direct Abu Ashrecns Double J1bu ilshreEl]S aJ~

shiil-es the saIne fortu 12-t fea tUl-es as descr_ibcc or Reach 3

I

I

hotved

c s

cs i-cd

csr~l t

J-lbu 5 5

rn -~) ~I C

sue]]

~~a

ltjA~e

trc~e

ar

Ideas for Oeerating~stem for an EnuITable anaACreauate Hater --~---~--~~ -~~~

Distribution

Like many other irrigation systems ln Sudan the Rahact System is also designed for adequate and itable water dis ion tive o~ ti-te and loca tiOLl) Even if -tle supplies are not adequate as compared to the ones indented for example on 25 February 1993 o1-e can sU11 operate the system such a to achieve Cln i ta~ rha~tel~ distribution based on an ed criterion If we agree to an equit~ctble water distrtbution G~l command area basis the supply rece i v(~d head a canal be di v ided by its tot~al command area and then calculations ca~ be made for respEctive suppl s at each control po down the line as shown F 4 S irni lar exercise can also be

ated adequate and equi table water s 1 If we assume that indents indicate the irrigation water requirements then projected adegua te and equi tab Ie quantities of ater supplies case Major 5 will result as shown in Fig 4

AIn the context of F t bull

following questions are for discussion

(1) In orc5er to distribute projected supplies

ho should we

(2) fltlha t kind cili ties are needed foshyimplementing the potential opLions for equi table or equi table and ade ate fa ter distribution

hCriSampLd Cu~it ~~ttJ pr 1)s11Que ~-~--------~-~--~~--------~~--~-

The respOrlse hese questions -esulted into a

i1S middotto exerC~S8

SUT~mary-- of Ti2~7S S

givel1 be

( 1) Us the Sll[)LDort ZvJanu21 J1easurelnen ts 1992) the

tes can be set or

Deci

and

us projected supplies In case of ga te~structur2s

te openings may have to be rea us ted tlThen lI1a ter levels 011 upstrearn al1a downstream stabilize However gate setting will have domina

t as c017lpaJ~ed to change in the opera head ~cross a struct~re

Ho~ever I to deli vrer

along 5

determined sies c t ~ a~

1

I rnonitor-i d adj us tinen ts of 1iI1C)rS c3 nd

comparlson equi tabIe

other direct canals have to be ensl~7ed _ Sue]] a

IJetIloco109JT reco~mc~ded ~o be tested dur_Lng th e I]2J(t

in-iga tio season

(2) pilct sugqes ted 0 Ocl~a tiCJ1Jal S C 17 e iT e i IT LV r 0 v e dr

COlnn7uni C~] tior sys tEl71 suej-) as f l~lal]-TalJ[)T i]ard~laret

will be of imffiense ~se

Fig 5 prese~ts alxost similar i~formation as shown in C2se of Fig plusmn 110vlel8r I tile latter lS intended to show differences in actual supplies as corpared too

ected or an equitable

Thampliu~ ~f Cl1~~~ e~o amp (f Deshy10

IGa

Zv ~

vla-ter -eacnes of the Sirrlilarly Fig 6 p-esents a

SJPpl iss fa- iiif 2renlt ceacres One has to note that cas middots f Suppl~es

such plerC112DCrl shoJld emiddotffect o -~llers

r23Cr2S adlerse 11 UT Q2 - slio s2Pl)l~( S i tla tioJ as rr02-~i -ored O~ 25 Fe bruary 1993

- con t_et i ~tfle

fOCUSS2C Grc1l-~d followi~g qUEstions

it onlY a cnanoe or are tl]Cl-C SCD7e OtllCi~- _Dct ~ _s

farot si tu -1 tiCmiddot1

I 7 l L fIo caTl ai9Jz-C] ~~---~ ate

Jna 11Clgemei7 t aecis io~lS ]-c1i-u to di stribu te t2]i s

luc][ to 1-e 1 2 t i ve 1 y

hotved

c s

cs i-cd

csr~l t

J-lbu 5 5

rn -~) ~I C

sue]]

~~a

ltjA~e

trc~e

ar

Ideas for Oeerating~stem for an EnuITable anaACreauate Hater --~---~--~~ -~~~

Distribution

Like many other irrigation systems ln Sudan the Rahact System is also designed for adequate and itable water dis ion tive o~ ti-te and loca tiOLl) Even if -tle supplies are not adequate as compared to the ones indented for example on 25 February 1993 o1-e can sU11 operate the system such a to achieve Cln i ta~ rha~tel~ distribution based on an ed criterion If we agree to an equit~ctble water distrtbution G~l command area basis the supply rece i v(~d head a canal be di v ided by its tot~al command area and then calculations ca~ be made for respEctive suppl s at each control po down the line as shown F 4 S irni lar exercise can also be

ated adequate and equi table water s 1 If we assume that indents indicate the irrigation water requirements then projected adegua te and equi tab Ie quantities of ater supplies case Major 5 will result as shown in Fig 4

AIn the context of F t bull

following questions are for discussion

(1) In orc5er to distribute projected supplies

ho should we

(2) fltlha t kind cili ties are needed foshyimplementing the potential opLions for equi table or equi table and ade ate fa ter distribution

hCriSampLd Cu~it ~~ttJ pr 1)s11Que ~-~--------~-~--~~--------~~--~-

The respOrlse hese questions -esulted into a

i1S middotto exerC~S8

SUT~mary-- of Ti2~7S S

givel1 be

( 1) Us the Sll[)LDort ZvJanu21 J1easurelnen ts 1992) the

tes can be set or

Deci

and

us projected supplies In case of ga te~structur2s

te openings may have to be rea us ted tlThen lI1a ter levels 011 upstrearn al1a downstream stabilize However gate setting will have domina

t as c017lpaJ~ed to change in the opera head ~cross a struct~re

Ho~ever I to deli vrer

along 5

determined sies c t ~ a~

1

I rnonitor-i d adj us tinen ts of 1iI1C)rS c3 nd

comparlson equi tabIe

other direct canals have to be ensl~7ed _ Sue]] a

IJetIloco109JT reco~mc~ded ~o be tested dur_Lng th e I]2J(t

in-iga tio season

(2) pilct sugqes ted 0 Ocl~a tiCJ1Jal S C 17 e iT e i IT LV r 0 v e dr

COlnn7uni C~] tior sys tEl71 suej-) as f l~lal]-TalJ[)T i]ard~laret

will be of imffiense ~se

Fig 5 prese~ts alxost similar i~formation as shown in C2se of Fig plusmn 110vlel8r I tile latter lS intended to show differences in actual supplies as corpared too

ected or an equitable

Thampliu~ ~f Cl1~~~ e~o amp (f Deshy10

IGa

Zv ~

vla-ter -eacnes of the Sirrlilarly Fig 6 p-esents a

SJPpl iss fa- iiif 2renlt ceacres One has to note that cas middots f Suppl~es

such plerC112DCrl shoJld emiddotffect o -~llers

r23Cr2S adlerse 11 UT Q2 - slio s2Pl)l~( S i tla tioJ as rr02-~i -ored O~ 25 Fe bruary 1993

- con t_et i ~tfle

fOCUSS2C Grc1l-~d followi~g qUEstions

it onlY a cnanoe or are tl]Cl-C SCD7e OtllCi~- _Dct ~ _s

farot si tu -1 tiCmiddot1

I 7 l L fIo caTl ai9Jz-C] ~~---~ ate

Jna 11Clgemei7 t aecis io~lS ]-c1i-u to di stribu te t2]i s

luc][ to 1-e 1 2 t i ve 1 y

I rnonitor-i d adj us tinen ts of 1iI1C)rS c3 nd

comparlson equi tabIe

other direct canals have to be ensl~7ed _ Sue]] a

IJetIloco109JT reco~mc~ded ~o be tested dur_Lng th e I]2J(t

in-iga tio season

(2) pilct sugqes ted 0 Ocl~a tiCJ1Jal S C 17 e iT e i IT LV r 0 v e dr

COlnn7uni C~] tior sys tEl71 suej-) as f l~lal]-TalJ[)T i]ard~laret

will be of imffiense ~se

Fig 5 prese~ts alxost similar i~formation as shown in C2se of Fig plusmn 110vlel8r I tile latter lS intended to show differences in actual supplies as corpared too

ected or an equitable

Thampliu~ ~f Cl1~~~ e~o amp (f Deshy10

IGa

Zv ~

vla-ter -eacnes of the Sirrlilarly Fig 6 p-esents a

SJPpl iss fa- iiif 2renlt ceacres One has to note that cas middots f Suppl~es

such plerC112DCrl shoJld emiddotffect o -~llers

r23Cr2S adlerse 11 UT Q2 - slio s2Pl)l~( S i tla tioJ as rr02-~i -ored O~ 25 Fe bruary 1993

- con t_et i ~tfle

fOCUSS2C Grc1l-~d followi~g qUEstions

it onlY a cnanoe or are tl]Cl-C SCD7e OtllCi~- _Dct ~ _s

farot si tu -1 tiCmiddot1

I 7 l L fIo caTl ai9Jz-C] ~~---~ ate

Jna 11Clgemei7 t aecis io~lS ]-c1i-u to di stribu te t2]i s

luc][ to 1-e 1 2 t i ve 1 y

~ 1 ~ ---

C)

r~ ~ ~

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(5 ()J

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(I) +

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fmiddot d

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( ~7U bull t) bull Ei 1_11cr eLse I l-11C chosc -- I ~1dcx flOl~ le c i 0 1naI1 cc DC J0

GB (llso ~he sys em which w~s designed for an ade~unt8 water ~~pplies ~vamps 110 t pc ~-fOLii1g middote =-] c- t1C dny it was monito~ed

Ill e

middottl1C sy oJ tcr~l (I1oh2lned 19(7) o =- lOll ---g L1Jldcrl il~ 3~middot~LS

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CVI(QQr) 0- CV(SI) JS Ehc spatial coepoundfic=-c1~ 0 7al-~2ce

(standard devlation rnear) for specific period T over the

~ Rmiddot1 itmiddot] Rmiddot4 Rmiddot Rmiddot5 p middotc

F 2 hn Re~c -wse SIRB for LiG~

~C) 011 H As the mon] ~~c- -~J cxcpoundc~se ~ilS only for cne Gay _ 2 1 1 S t--en one Tl1~

p~r~mct8- describes the de9~~c o f J a- ~ Cl~ ~ 2 i yin - 2 G c c ~ te- sup~y rom 10c1tic --- cca ~ ~orl in regio1 R 2cccrd~--l=r l-=CJ (l~)Cr tlld K middot j Tle (1997) I ~~l~ C_O3Cl- ~hc value of ardflctmiddotr IJ s to 212-0 I trle greater tl~

dcS~uc cf equity ( spata Jr ~ [onr ty iu supply 1middot10012-- n~j Gates (1990) propose 000d ~ar u~d poo- performance wth va1Cj of P lt 11 to lt2 ancl gt ~ rcsec~ivcly

P r foc datil c L oc CG

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~oo~ ~er~o~~ance o~ the systc~ in Dueti~g the objectve c~

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( ~7U bull t) bull Ei 1_11cr eLse I l-11C chosc -- I ~1dcx flOl~ le c i 0 1naI1 cc DC J0

GB (llso ~he sys em which w~s designed for an ade~unt8 water ~~pplies ~vamps 110 t pc ~-fOLii1g middote =-] c- t1C dny it was monito~ed

Ill e

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(standard devlation rnear) for specific period T over the

~ Rmiddot1 itmiddot] Rmiddot4 Rmiddot Rmiddot5 p middotc

F 2 hn Re~c -wse SIRB for LiG~

~C) 011 H As the mon] ~~c- -~J cxcpoundc~se ~ilS only for cne Gay _ 2 1 1 S t--en one Tl1~

p~r~mct8- describes the de9~~c o f J a- ~ Cl~ ~ 2 i yin - 2 G c c ~ te- sup~y rom 10c1tic --- cca ~ ~orl in regio1 R 2cccrd~--l=r l-=CJ (l~)Cr tlld K middot j Tle (1997) I ~~l~ C_O3Cl- ~hc value of ardflctmiddotr IJ s to 212-0 I trle greater tl~

dcS~uc cf equity ( spata Jr ~ [onr ty iu supply 1middot10012-- n~j Gates (1990) propose 000d ~ar u~d poo- performance wth va1Cj of P lt 11 to lt2 ancl gt ~ rcsec~ivcly

P r foc datil c L oc CG

7 is 18 wh cr~ s n ~~d2X c~ f~ir perform~~cc O~

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JI(l0~cl C i rCuch-w l-C S l~S CCoICJ

~0 G r ~~1is ~-1pl~es 3 rL-~

~oo~ ~er~o~~ance o~ the systc~ in Dueti~g the objectve c~

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i

p C--c P valLes QC-~V2C fro~ ~ L L

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set C~ de=-iving P c= adcauacv j _1

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I~om lts a2Lual average vauc

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tre da~a given in Fig 7 hides o~ variability It heppers to an averagirg e=fect

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LI-r detenijlg ~he atual s~amiddotti a1 vcr iaDi 1 ~_ ty c~ re lCl ~i re

wa~c~ suppy ~~i3 ~~~=~~e1ce ~s ql1~~e obJiolS =-0 1 D JuJUc~-- v C13 a1G C77 ~~~c~l~lotiGn ~rov=-d(~

)Ct an3 8 re~~ectivcv AL- ~

(C 11 par- 0middot ~ihad -iqa JfoJ1 Systeiil was dssess3c to sse iZ

Cl t rlTas meeting G~3i01 obJectives i cgt u_io 2G-sq1e te and ecru it 201 e rya ~ c r distribution Based on abOVB

selecteCi cri teriZl I t i~uS concluded middothc t the d~stribution las neiti~e- adecrJ~Je (p =n 5

J

- --- Jl -) Eor eCluitable (PI~ =01) In both Cilses tile pcrfornance 01

25 Yeb 1993 shows vast room cr mproving canal opera tior

- J_ - bull bull ----a -- 0-7 rqrt-C1

~ ~ 0 _ ~ 1 ~ 1 a 1 ~ ~ ~ smiddot

-~i~ -cl 1~_

J~i-__-0-1 tACf_

I~)pound c~ p11c ~vc or e~-~wTle l4c J or 5) ~ t12 9~JJ era tee i no r~rna tiOD frOJ t12 Wlrc proposed ~hc~l~ Le u~e3 fo~ ~roper ga te set tina for ade~va to amp equi tabl e ia tB r discibution

(3) For imp~ov~nq the OIxJrations a selected systc th9 Tclevan t apoundTency staff slould be e~~i~p~d with b2~=e COj[1L~~icA ~io1 facl~i ~icsmiddot

l~~j ~ 907 -r- igcl tic1 ~ra1dS~ -i1t lr t Fo-d-7d BrGl-C~ cs-7~2vc_ ~~-C2 So L~ C3S t ~~1~Jj20 ~cJistar pn FR crceuroshy0 4= - -- --- +shy~ -- 111-1 - cL-S L2n I cll0-C I

PU1~=-) t-~ bull

2 ~~orlur~d R 111 1~57 P rl1SJl- to librli o-~ra fill

J

Ir-icLo~- CoweyancE Sy T

fo~ ~unaGTnt PllD Thesis O)o--2Co S~ te Uile1 ~ 1 It J~ Coli~J C1J~~orLdo

3 Gates 99C middot1eaS1r8S of Evalca=ior 0 -r1- Tcmiddot cn -l~-e~ ~ -J--- -

Delitcy S~ysc~s rl ~otr1hll of Ircigation ~1d 3Jrainace EnSi18erin~ I V02172 116 J v J (

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