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aa/c (aircraft), 72, 150abbreviations, 23–25, 37–38, 145abeam the runway, 121, 193abort (v), 41Above Mean Sea Level (AMSL), 38, 92AC bus, 177, 187AC Essential feed, 191, 192access platform, 54accretion rate, 103acknowledge (v), 34–35, 56–57, 184adverbs, 36–37, 41, 114advice, 154, 162–63, 180affirm, 124air conditioning pack, 106, 176air intake, 29, 39, 42, 78, 92, 103Air Safety Report (ASR), 212Air Start Unit (ASU), 54airborne, 97airport layout, 31–34, 41–42, 70AIRPROX, 23, 111, 115, 118, 173airstairs, 54, 57alphanumeric information, 35–36alternate (n), 15, 139, 141altitude restriction, 160amber transit lights, 212ambient lighting, 199american and British English, 25–26, 44angle of attack, 78, 99, 135, 145, 176, 177, 180, 182angled exit / turn-off, 73announcing what has happened, 201–2anomaly, 57–58, 213, 214anti-ice / anti-icing, 78, 99, 103APCH (approach), 24, 133, 166Approach and Landing Accident Reduction (ALAR), 18, 23, 70, 71, 197, 210–12approach control frequency, 101apron, 18, 32, 33, 39, 53aquaplaning, 88, 107, 108arc, 168, 193Area Control Centre (ACC), 24, 38, 133, 137, 169arrival chart, 156asymmetry, 176, 177ATC transponder, 17, 35, 38, 96, 103, 104, 117, 145, 176, 198attitude, 173–74audio warning, 205auto-flight system, 193autobrake, 158autoland, 18Automatic Direction Finder (ADF), 127, 145, 212Automatic Flight Information Service (AFIS), 38Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS), 18, 20, 23, 38, 70, 77, 88, 92, 94–95autopilot (AP), 16, 101, 181autothrottle, 101autothrust, 178, 181Auxiliary Power Unit (APU), 40, 55, 105, 178, 181avoidance, 97, 98, 129, 198–200

Bback course, 206backtrack (v), 20, 44baggage cart, 54bank (n), 103base leg, 212base turn, 207bearing, 141best practice, 7, 47, 66, 67, 71bird strike, 57, 90, 108, 131–35, 176, 185black hole effect, 168

blast fence, 32bleed air, 105blind spot, 27, 153blow-out (n), 39bogged down, 36, 39bomb scare, 144, 185bowser, 51, 54braking action, 53, 158braking coefficient, 105breach (v), 126, 214–15broken up, 28build-up (n), 100, 103bulkhead, 72, 188

Ccabin altitude, 178, 181, 186, 189cabin attendant, 54cabin depressurisation, 111, 144, 146, 176, 181, 185, 193calibrated airspeed (CAS), 101call-out / callout, 101, 102call sign / callsign, 14, 18–19, 121–23, 132, 173–74, 210can and can’t, pronunciation of, 58capture (v), 193cause and effect, 124, 145–46, 181caution, 180ceiling, 99, 147centre pedestal, 187challenge-response call, 71chart, 24, 33, 70, 126–27, 155, 169, 170, 203checklist, 78, 84, 109, 149, 205chocks, 29, 48, 50, 54, 86, 158circuit breaker, 72, 188circuits and bumps, 200clarification, asking for, 104clarification, failure to request, 183clarification, giving and requesting, 20–23, 28, 35–37, 104, 183clean speed, 27clear air turbulence (CAT), 107, 108clear (v), 102clearance, 17, 60, 120cleared, 16, 60, 126, 127climb-out (n), 15, 119Co-ordinated Universal Time (UTC), 37, 76, 145cockpit voice recorder (CVR), 103, 104, 143code switching, 26–28collapse (v), 39combustion chamber, 105come into conflict (v), 142commander, 142communication purpose, identifying, 119–20comparisons, grading, 184complacency, 173, 174, 208compliance, 81compound nouns, 52, 53compressor, 15, 49, 105, 106, 177, 189, 190concussion, 15, 42, 108, 134, 150, 185conditional clearance, 67, 120conditional sentences, 45, 125, 136, 162, 166conditions, changing, 95confirmation, giving and asking for, 35–37, 72, 190conflicting traffic, 119, 174confusion, 66–68, 210congested, 39conjunctions, 114consequences, 180–83, 181–86, 187contaminated, 39, 158, 179contingency plan, 98, 208, 210contradictory, 135contributing factor, 66control tower, 32, 169control (v), 102controlled airspace, 18, 97, 200

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Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT), 155, 171, 213converging, 163, 202conveyor belt loader, 54copy (v), 109correction, 14, 117cowl panel, 58cowling, 16crabbing, 100cracked, 39, 108, 179Crew Resource Management (CRM), 80, 131, 166, 180, 181, 197, 205, 207–9cross check (v), 116crossbleed valve, 176, 190crossfeed valve, 176, 181, 190crosswind, 58, 204cumuliform cloud, 103cumulonimbus (CB), 100, 107, 108, 200customer service manager, 188

ddamper, 190, 191de-energize (v), 179de-icing, 16, 32, 49, 54, 55, 103, 134debris, 20, 44, 81, 105decision altitude (DA), 170decision height (DH), 162, 170decision making, 131–51, 192–94, 213–15decrab (v), 100deflated, 39degradation, 63degraded mode, 180, 215delaying action, 97delivery, 130description, language of, 38–39, 90–91, 172, 204, 205–7deteriorate (v), 47, 69, 141, 149determine (v), 183dew point / dewpoint, 16, 77Digital Flight Data Recorder (FDR/DFDR), 104discharge (v), 186disconnect (v and n), 188disengage (v), 188disorientation, 90, 168, 204dispatch (n), 33, 109dispatcher/red cap, 29, 48, 50disregard (v), 198distance, language of, 168–69Distance Measuring Equipment (DME), 24, 38, 127, 145, 168, 177distraction, 78–79, 82–84, 111, 151, 210ditching, 131–32, 133diversion, 131, 135, 138–42do-list, 205dome light, 199don (v), 105, 108, 109Doppler technology, 97, 98dot, 158, 189downdraught / downdraft, 26, 89downwind, 19, 200drift correction, 204drift down (n), 140drifting snow, 91drizzle, 90due, 20, 55dump (v), 23, 135, 141, 142Dutch roll, 181duty time, 74

EElectronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS), 24, 212electronic racks, 135elevation, 24, 52, 112emergency code, 135, 144emergency descent, 111emergency exit, 132

en route, 111, 115en-route charts, 170Engine Pressure Ratio (EPR) indication, 188engine run-up area / pad, 32engine stall margin, 106engineering department, 82Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System (EGPWS), 212enunciation, 123, 124, 125environmental phenomena, 88–89, 90–92, 106–8Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA), 24Estimated Time of Departure (ETD), 22, 35, 37, 38ETOPS, 23evacuationExhaust Gas Temperature (EGT), 176, 186, 187expectation, 156–60expectation bias, 68, 70, 96–97, 173, 202–3expedite (v), 17explosive device, 186extended threshold, 65Extended Twin Operations (ETOPS), 23, 138–42

FF/O (First Officer), 22, 49far end, 69fast landing, 28feasibility, 146–47field (airfield), 16, 74, 165Final Approach Fix (FAF), 169, 207final approach track, 207fire emergency, 48, 54, 61–63fire extinguisher, 63, 205first aid, 11, 12, 13, 65, 108, 150flag, 195flameout / flame-out, 18, 107flap asymmetry, 177flaps-up landing, 27, 182flare, 25, 89flat tyre, 39, 40Flight Control Unit (FCU), 111, 115flight deck, 29, 50, 78, 123, 124, 128, 132, 134, 139, 174, 188flight idle, 182, 218Flight Information Region (FIR), 147Flight Level (FL), 24, 100Flight Management and Guidance System (FMGS), 80, 176, 178, 208Flight Management System (FMS), 212flight plan, 48, 96, 104, 105, 106, 141, 174flightpath / flight path, 88flow management, 80, 144, 177foam carpet, 146foam crash tender, 54follow-me car, 54foreign object, 18Foreign Object Damage (FOD), 37freezing level, 100freighter, 58frequency congestion, 15, 67, 72, 171, 178friction tester, 54fuel emergency, 185fuel farm, 32fuel hydrant, 54fuel manifold, 201fuel tanker, 54full-stop landing, 200fumes, 91fuselage, 40future tense, 54

Ggain on (v), 161galley, 72, 182garbled messages, 13, 14, 72, 178gate, 32, 52gear, 15, 76, 185, 189

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generator overload, 201give way (v), 17glare, 91glide path, 20glideslope, 32, 33, 189, 193, 194, 195Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), 127, 159go ahead (v), 59go-around, 19, 25, 99, 101, 102, 155, 162ground crew, 29, 48, 50, 51, 53Ground Power Unit (GPU), 37Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS), 24, 80, 169, 214, 215

Hhail, 91hand signals, 81handoff (n), 26handover (n), 26hangar, 32, 33, 62hard copied (v), 71hard landing, 28, 88, 101hardly (adv), 36hazards, 48, 49haze, 90, 204Head Up Display (HUD), 79, 80heading (HDG), 16, 25, 129, 145, 202headwind, 100hearback error, 70, 97, 117–18, 160–61hectoPascal (hPa), 19high frequency (HF), 140High Intensity Runway Lighting (HIRL), 32high-speed approach, 193high-speed exit, 28, 32higher, 28hijacker, 135, 185hold short of (v), 13, 31holding point / position, 13, 26, 32, 72homophones, 124–35horizontal separation, 118,126, 28, 90, 112, 117, 128, 129, 198horizontal stabiliser, 186hot section, 105hot spot, 32, 33hydraulic problems, 135, 153, 178, 181, 185, 190, 200, 210hypoxia, 178Hz, 92

i-ing forms, 52, 114icing, dealing with, 35, 102–5idle, 105, 141in-flight turnback, 23inbound track, 98, 206, 207incapacitated, 28, 54, 149Indicated Airspeed (IAS), 24, 100, 109, 145Indicated Approach Fix (IAF), 24indication, 139, 180inertial navigation, 80Inertial Navigation System (INS), 24, 32, 44, 177Inertial Reference System (IRS), 24, 176information, obtaining and relaying, 142, 167–68Information Kilo, Lima, Mike etc., 18, 77, 154, 158in.Hg, 19, 23, 24, 26, 35, 112, 113Initial Approach Fix (IAF), 168, 207instructions, giving and receiving, 42–44, 81–82, 96–97, 114, 137–38, 205–6Instrument Flight Rules (IFR), 97, 197Instrument Landing System (ILS), 12, 19, 31, 37, 119, 127, 141, 159, 169, 192–94, 214Instrument Metereological Conditions (IMC), 27, 38, 142Integrated Drive Generator (IDG), 177, 186, 205intentions, asking about, 135, 148intercept (n), 112, 140intermittent, 177intersection, 32

intonation, 119, 121, 125intoxicated, 16

Jjammed, 39, 40, 177, 178Jeppesen charts, 170jet blast, 77jet streams, 139jettison (v), 23jetty, 54, 56jetway, 26, 54joining clearance, 97

Kkey in (v), 161

Lland long (v), 41Landing Distance Available (LDA), 139–40, 156landing gear, 15, 76, 185, 189language barrier, 143language confusion, 14–15late flare, 204lateral distance, 212leakage, 39, 40level busts, 111, 112, 118–19level change, 107lift dumper, 190light chop, 105line maintenance, 48, 49, 56, 141line up and wait (v), 26, 31, 72, 78line-up check, 71listening, 19, 122load shed, 192loadmaster, 48local time (LT), 212localizer antennalogbook, 139long-haul, 138long straight-in approach, 184long way round, 120loose, 179, 191loss, 131, 179low ceiling, 91low pass, 136low pressure (LP), 205lower cargo deck, 49

MMach number, 35magnetic track, 150main equipment centre, 182main gear, 16maintain own separation (v), 184maintain runway heading (v), 72mandatory, 156manoeuvrability, 12manoeuvring surface, 65marking, 31marshaller, 48maximum landing weight, 23, 135, 141Mayday calls, 18, 140, 185mean sea level, 169medium haul, 199memorising, 121–23met office, 32metal debris, 57Meteorological Airport Reports (METAR), 88, 92–94

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microburst, 89millibars, 129minima, 100minimum approach speed, 17Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA), 164, 169Minimum Equipment List (MEL), 42Minimum Safe Altitude (MSA), 169, 200missed approach, 12, 105, 155, 182Missed Approach Point (MAP), 24, 170missing, 39, 179misunderstandings, 13–14modal verbs, 73–74, 135Mode Control Panel, 111, 115monitor (v), 70, 126, 189–92

nnacelle, 16, 99National Air Traffic Services (NATS) chart, 112, 127, 155, 169, 171navaid, 59, 127, 141navigation accuracy check, 212Navigation Display (ND), 79, 97negative, 117no deviation signal, 194no-entry sign, 31no-go item, 42no show (n), 35noise, 179Non-Directional Beacon (NDB), 37, 38, 127, 213, 2112non-precision approach, 149northerly, 139nose-down correction, 204nose gear, 37nose-up elevator, 76note-taking, 17, 58, 59Notices for Airmen (NOTAMs), 69, 70, 214, 215numerals, 18, 26, 35–36, 67–68NZ60 incident, 192–95, 213–15

Ooblique exit / turn-off, 73obscuration, 89offload (v), 51offset (v), 167on hold, 38, 65, 117on runway heading, 18onward clearance, 118opposite, 151options, considering, 140–41orbit (v), 17, 25outbound destination sign, 31outbound track, 207outer marker, 115outer taxiway, 32outflow valve, 177, 186outgoing flight, 53outlying stand, 32, 54, 56Outside Air Temperature (OAT), 24overfly (v), 148overhead, 100overhead panel, 180override (v), 59, 83, 84overshoot (v), 81, 100, 152oversight, 69

Ppack controller, 177pallet, 134‘pan-pan, pan-pan, pan-pan,’ 18, 140Parallel Aircraft Parking Aid (PAPA), 51parameter, 133

parking brake, 158pass your message (v), 120passenger, seriously ill, 131, 134, 137passenger address (PA), 202Passenger Service Unit (PSU), 105passive, uses of, 75–76, 114past continuous, 202past perfect, 114, 184, 202past simple, 65, 114, 133–34, 184, 202pausing, 119, 121, 181paving, 25, 32payload, 29, 35, 85penalty, 186perform a 360 (v), 21perimeter fencing, 32perishable goods, 51phrasal verbs, 99, 102, 187, 199phrasing, 124, 125pier, 32pilot flying (PF), 98, 104, 115pilot-in-command, 101pilot non-flying (PNF), 98, 189pilot reports (PIREP), 88, 92pitch attitude, 89pitch-down input, 204pitch-down movement, 184pitot heat, 78plain language, 11–13, 47–48, 81–82, 123, 132post-incident analysis, 158power cut, 176power setting, 102power transient, 180precautionary landing, 18, 134, 135, 200precipitation, 89Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI), 38, 180, 203, 204preferences, expressing, 211prepositions, 33–34, 114present continuous, 33–134, 50, 52, 53, 133–34, 184present perfect, 53, 113, 114, 184, 188, 201present simple, 53, 64, 136, 201primary radar target, 204probes, 99, 109, 180procedure turn, 97procedures, describing, 205–7pronunciation, 13, 14, 17published speed, 173pull in (v)purser, 16, 124pushback, 16, 29, 49, 57

QQFE (standard pressure altitude with reference to airport elevation), 37, 52QNH (standard pressure altitude with reference to sea level), 19, 52, 57questions, asking, 20, 21–22Quick Engine Change, 187Quick Reference Checklist / Handbook, 109, 149, 205quiet hours, 16

rR/T loading, 126, 129, 130radar antenna, 32, 169radar coverage, 61radar return, 105radar surveillance approach, 200radar vector, 160radial, 59, 120radio altitude, 158radio management panel, 82radio operator, 128radio silence, 184radome, 91

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skid (v), 42, 58, 81slide, 63slope, 35slot time, 28, 38smoke, 39, 90, 109, 185smooth tops, 100snow blower, 55snow flurries, 99snow plough, 55spacing, 28speed bugs, 78split sector, 126, 128spoilers, 49, 190, 191spurious, 177squall, 92squawk (n and v), 17stabilised approach, 155, 171, 189, 211stabiliser/stabilizer, 21, 26, 186stabiliser trim runaway, 177stack, 105stall, 103, 106, 176, 179stand by (v), 19, 48, 56, 59, 60, 63stand (n), 32, 49, 52Standard Instrument Departure (SID), 38, 126, 170standard operating procedures (SOPs), 71, 106, 126, 166standard phraseology, 10, 11–13, 13, 45, 78, 123, 132, 143standard pressure setting, 113standby instruments, 134, 143, 181, 182static discharger, 40, 178statute mile, 94step climb (n), 126step-down approach, 203, 206, 207step-down fix, 207sterile cockpit, 77–79stick shaker, 182sticking mike, 210stop bar, 72stopway, 32straight ahead, 13, 65, 72straight-in, 97, 146stratiform cloud, 103stress (human), 131, 132, 133, 143, 147–48, 149, 175stress (word), 102, 119, 121, 133, 198stretcher, 55, 56subject, omitting, 133supply line, 140supposition, structures for, 122surface movement radar, 80surface wind, 101surge margin, 106surge (n), 106, 179Surveillance Minimum Altitude (SMA) area, 169surveillance radar approach, 183sweeper, 55Swiss cheese model, 214, 215synthetic voice, 102

ttailpipe, 58tailwind, 89, 90, 101, 102, 166, 195, 214take-off roll, 60take over (v), 199task sharing, 140taxi instructions, 29, 38, 41–44, 70, 73taxi location sign, 31taxiway (TWY), 22, 32taxiway ending marking, 31team resource management, 207–8technical log, 139Tenerife accident, 1977 (runway incursion), 14, 59–60Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF), 88, 92–94Terminal Control Area (TMA), 129terrain, 138, 169threats, managing, 209–10threshold, runway, 14, 22, 32, 42

Ram Air Turbine (RAT) extended, 192ramp, 32ramp supervisor, 29, 48range, 97, 128read (v), 151readback, 16–18, 34, 56–57, 70, 96–97readback error, 13, 117–18, 160–61readback/hearback error, 118–19reading skill, 121–22rear cockpit bulkhead, 72reasons, asking for and giving, 124, 145–46, 181, 192–93reclear (v), 112–13recommendations, discussing, 125–26recovery, 106recycle (v), 186Reduced Vertical Separation Minima (RVSM), 111, 112, 127reference speed, 78, 101, 166, 173, 192relief crew, 124relight (v), 109, 110, 136, 149reluctance, 183remote stand, 32repair station, 141report short final, 18report (v), 12report vacating / vacated (v), 19, 57reporting, 89, 91–92, 167, 176–80requests, making, 12, 20, 22–23, 134Resolution Advisory (RA), 111, 115, 144, 198, 202results, speculating about, 90, 114retard (v), 187retract the gear (v), 76reverse thrust, 158rime icing, 92risk factor, 42, 212RNAV (Area Navigation), 127Roger, 34, 56, 58, 65, 77, 82roll through (v), 44rollout / roll-out (n), 23, 102, 182rudder deflection, 189run away (v)run up (v), 55, 187runway, 32runway centreline lighting, 32runway centreline marking, 31runway confusion, 166runway edge lighting, 32runway excursion, 156, 165–68runway exit, 32runway exit sign, 31runway holding point / position marking, 31runway incursion, 14, 29, 30, 33, 46, 59–60, 66–87, 156, 166Runway Visual Range (RVR), 19, 22, 37, 38, 76, 77

SSaint Elmo’s fire, 134say again (v), 21, 104, 143scattered (SCT) showers, 91, 94seal failure, 178Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR), 17, 146, 176, 183sector, 126, 128sensory perception, language of, 57–58separation, 80, 111, 112, 144sequencing, 200shift handover, 210shift (n), 91short circuit, 179short final, 44, 68Short Term Conflict Alert, 116, 117should, uses of, 162–63shutdown (n), 106signs, 31, 70, 71sill, 40sink rate, 101situational awareness, 19, 79–82, 121, 163–65

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throttle back (v), 135, 140, 179thrust (n), 59, 76thud, 57thunderstorms, 90, 97, 99, 101, 102, 103, 107, 165, 172, 201, 210toilet servicing truck, 55torching, 43touch and go (n), 200touchdown aim point / target, 32touchdown long (n), 166touchdown zone, 32tow bar, 55tow vehicle, 12, 16, 29, 30, 37, 41, 54, 55, 58, 61track, 25, 197Traffic Advisory, 111, 154, 198traffic circuit, 26Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS), 22, 80, 111, 197, 198traffic conflict, 115traffic pattern, 26transition altitude, 103, 104, 113transition level, 103, 104, 112transponder, 103, 104trim fuel valve, 186trim tank, 186Trimmable Horizontal Stabiliser (THS), 177, 186tug, 39, 54, 55turboprop, 23, 103turnaround, 29, 47–48turnaround incidents, handling, 39–41

Uunable, 132, 152, 200unambiguous, 123, 124uncertainty, expressing, 135–36unconsciousness, 56, 150undershoot windshear, 100unexpected events, 148–50, 175unions, 40unit load device (ULD), 39, 55unruly passengers, 15, 62, 144, 147, 201, 202unserviceable (U/S), 40, 180updraught, 119uplift (v), 50upper-level winds, 139upwind end, 57UTC (Universal Time Coordinated, Zulu time), 95, 145

vvectoring, 18vectoring ILS approach, 138veer (to), 166

vertical separation, 24, 111, 112, 113, 117, 118, 126, 127, 129, 174, 199Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI), 145, 189vertical speed mode, 195Very High Frequency (VHF), 37, 80, 145visual, 107, 158visual approach, 18Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI), 204visual contact, 20Visual Flight Rules (VFR), 38, 97, 111, 197Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC), 142, 145visual references, 193, 203–5visual separation, 16volcanic ash, 105–6, 108–10, 134VOR-DME approach, 159VOR (VHF Omnidirectional Range), 24, 28, 37, 120, 121, 127, 145, 203, 213VORTAC (VOR + Tacan), 127Vref (reference speed), 78, 101, 166, 173, 192

wwake turbulence, 90, 100walkaround inspection, 16, 49–50warning, 180water servicing truck, 55waypoint, 15wear, 69weather avoidance, 97weather information, communicating, 92–96, 97–100weather radar, 88, 97, 100weight and balance sheet, 22, 62whiteout, 204wilco, 34, 56, 77will, uses of, 40, 50, 94, 164, 165window heat, 78windshear, 20, 91, 100–102windshield, 131, 144, 196windsock, 32workload, 122, 128, 149worn, 39, 69, 179, 191

Yyaw control, 189yaw damper, 78, 181yoke, 16

ZZulu time (UTC), 95

aCKnOwLEdGEMEntSThe publishers would like to thank the following: Design and page make-up: eMC Design Ltd. Freelance editor: Ben Gardiner Index: Linda Hardcastle

Jeremy Day would like to thank Bozena Sławinska for teaching him so much about the needs of pilots and Air Traffic Controllers and for arranging a tour of the Warsaw control tower. He would also like to thank the Warsaw controllers who gave of their time and provided insights into their work. Thanks to co-author Philip for his patience and expertise, and to editors Ben Gardiner and Keith Sands. As always, thanks to Ania, Emilka and Tomek for their patience and support.