Index

623

▼ INDEX

AAAOP, 281Abacavir

for HIV infection, 544Abciximab

for unstable coronary syndromes, 374Aberrant salivary glands, 244ABO blood group antigens, 202Abrikosov's myocytes, 148Abscess

swelling of, 250fABVD

for Hodgkin's disease, 449–450Acantholysis, 69Acanthosis nigricans, 169t, 173, 185tAcarbose, 569Accessory nerve

examination of, 22ACEIs

for chronic renal failure, 419for coronary artery disease, 373for heart failure, 382for hypertension, 367, 369t

Acetaminophenfor chronic pain, 315

Acid-etching materialsadverse effects of, 88

Acinar cells, 236Acinic cell carcinoma, 263–264Acoustic nerve

examination of, 21Acquired immunity, 479–480Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 165, 250,

397death rate, 542tKaposi's sarcoma with, 129malignant disease in, 215oral hairy leukoplakia with, 93prognosis, 543traking of, 541t

Acquired platelet disorders, 461–462Acrolein

adverse effects of, 356Acromegaly, 582ACTH

adverse effects of, 397for ulcerative colitis, 396

Actinic keratosis, 89–90Actinomyces israelii, 176Actinomycosis, 177f

cervicofacial, 176–177intestinal, 176

Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), 458Acupuncture

for radiation-induced xerostomia, 249for TMD, 293

Acute atrophic candidiasis, 96, 96fAcute bronchitis, 349–350Acute coronary syndromes, 373–377Acute inflammations, 175–179Acute intrinsic renal failure, 411–412Acute leukemia, 443–444Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), 443–444Acute monomyelogenous leukemia

gingival infiltrates in, 448fAcute myelogenous leukemia (AML), 443–444

ecchymoses, 469fmorphologic subtypes of, 444tpalatal chloromas in, 448f

Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG), 61–63, 62fclinical manifestations of, 62treatment of, 62–63

Acute painvs. chronic pain, 312

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis, 94–96Acute renal failure, 411–412

oral health considerations of, 423Acute unstable coronary syndromes

diagnosis of, 374Acyclovir, 447

for erythema multiforme, 59for herpes simplex virus infection, 54, 68, 76for herpes zoster, 57for nervous intermedius neuralgia, 330for oral hairy leukoplakia, 94in transplantation, 510

ADD, 294clinical manifestations of, 294–295

Addison's disease, 133Adenocarcinoma, 205f, 264, 359Adenocystic carcinoma

arising in maxillary sinuscomputed tomography of, 47f

Adenoid cystic carcinoma, 263

Adenoidectomy, 345Adenoma

canalicular, 262Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, 161–162, 162fAdenomatous polyposis carcinoma (APC) gene, 171Adenomatous polyposis coli, 196–198Adenopathy

palpation for, 15Adenovirus, 342, 348

and transplantation, 511Adrenal diseases, 583–587

diagnosis of, 585management of, 585–586oral health considerations of, 586–587pathophysiology of, 583–585prognosis of, 586treatment of, 586

Adrenal insufficiencysigns and symptoms of, 585t

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)adverse effects of, 397for ulcerative colitis, 396

Advanced glycation end products, 567Adynamic bone disease, 416African Americans, 166

aging of, 5cancer in

survival rate of, 198oropharyngeal cancer in, 195pigmentation of, 132Witkop's disease in, 86–87

African formof Kaposi's sarcoma, 129

Age-related changes in oral health, 609–610Agranulocytosis, 439–440AIDS. See Acquired immunodeficiency syndromeAirway infections

lower, 348–359upper, 341–349

AJCCtumor classification of, 198–199, 198t

Albright's syndrome, 149–150, 150, 169t, 173Albuterol

for asthma, 354for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 356

Alcohol, 195Alcoholic cardiomyopathy, 382Alcoholic hepatitis, 401–402Alcoholism

and salivary gland dysfunction, 255Alendronate

for reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 331ALL, 443–444Allergen immunotherapy

for asthma, 355Allergic conjunctivitis, 342–344Allergic rhinitis, 342–344Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, 342Allergic salute, 343

624 Burket’s Oral Medicine

Allergic shiners, 343Allergic sialadenitis, 249Allergies, 498–500

history of, 10Allodynia, 312Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), 514Allogeneic transplants, 504Allografts, 504Allopurinol

adverse effects of, 57Alprazolam

for chronic pain, 316ALS, 596–597Alveolar lymphangiomas, 147Alzheimer's disease, 606Amalgam tattoo, 134Amantadine, 597–598Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring

for hypertension, 366Ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

chronic, 421Ameloblastic fibroma, 164, 165fAmeloblastoma, 159–161, 160f, 165fAmerican Academy of Orofacial Pain (AAOP), 281American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)

tumor classification of, 198–199, 198tAmerican Society of Anesthesiologists physical scoring sys-

tem, 26tAmifostine (Ethyol), 219, 222

for mucositis, 221–222radioprotective properties of, 248

Aminocaproic acidafter oral surgical procedures, 471

Amiodaronefor atrial fibrillation, 383

Amitriptyline, 292for atypical facial pain, 332for burning mouth syndrome, 334for chronic pain, 316for postherpetic neuralgia, 330for post-traumatic neuropathic pain, 331

AML, 443–444ecchymoses, 469fmorphologic subtypes of, 444tpalatal chloromas in, 448f

Amlexanox pasterecurrent aphthous stomatitis for, 65

Amodiaquine antimalarialsadverse effects of, 132

Amoxicillinfor bronchitis, 349for chronic renal failure, 424for otitis media, 345for sinusitis, 346

Amoxicillin plus clavulanatefor otitis media, 345for sinusitis, 346

Amphogelfor mucositis, 220

Index 625

Amphotericin Bfor mucormycosis, 79for oral candidiasis, 101

Ampicillinadverse effects of, 399–400for pneumonia, 351

Amyloidosis, 170t, 175and renal disease, 414

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 596–597Analgesic ladder

WHO, 219Anaphylaxis

generalized, 499–500localized, 498–499

Anemia, 430from decreased red cell production, 436–437from hemolysis, 432–433from iron loss, 431–432

Anemia of chronic diseasein SLE, 487

AnesthesiaAmerican Society of Anesthesiologists physical scoring

system for, 26tAnesthesia dolorosa, 329Anetholetrithione (Sialor), 222, 259–260Aneurysm

rupture of, 593Aneurysmal bone cyst, 152Anger

and chronic pain, 313Angiomatous syndromes, 145–147Angiosarcoma, 129Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)

for chronic renal failure, 419for coronary artery disease, 373for heart failure, 382for hypertension, 367, 369t

Angiotensin II receptor blockersfor hypertension, 369t

Angular cheilitis, 97–98, 549, 550fAnistreplase

for pulmonary embolism, 358Ankylosis, 300Ann Arbor staging classification, 449tAnorexia nervosa, 404

and salivary gland dysfunction, 255Antacids

for hiatal hernia, 392Anterior disk displacement

with reduction, 294–295without reduction, 295–296

Antianxiety agents, 292Antibiotic-induced diarrhea, 399–400Antibiotic prophylaxis

for diabetics, 574for infective endocarditis, 378standard regimens for, 380tfor total joint replacement, 497tfor transplantation, 519

for valvular heart disease, 379Anticancer drugs

adverse effects of, 61Anticholinergics, 265Anticoagulant-related coagulopathies, 463Anticoagulants

and dental care, 375–377oral health considerations of, 472–473for prosthetic heart valves, 379t

Antifungal drugsfor xerostomia, 259

Antigen presenting cells, 505Antihypertensive medication, 368t–369tAntilymphocyte globulin

in transplantation, 509Antimicrobial medication

in transplantation, 510Antioxidants

and coronary artery disease, 372Antiperspirants, 265Antiplatelet medications, 374tAntithrombin medications, 374tAntithymocyte

in transplantation, 509ANUG, 61–63, 62f

clinical manifestations of, 62treatment of, 62–63

Anxietyand chronic pain, 313

Aortic regurgitation, 378Aortic valve disease, 378–379APC gene, 171Aphthous stomatitis, 397

recurrent. See Recurrent aphthous stomatitisAphthous ulcers, 398–399, 556f

with HIV infection, 554Aplastic anemia, 437Apparent polycythemia, 430Appliance therapy

for TMD, 291aPTT, 458Arm

erythema multiforme of, 58fArrhythmia, 382–384Arterial blood gases

in pulmonary embolism, 358–359Arteriovenous malformation (AVM), 593Arthritis

with Behçet's syndrome, 66of TMJ, 296–299

Articular disk, 273–274Articular disk displacement (ADD), 294

clinical manifestations of, 294–295Artificial saliva, 259Ashkenazi Jews

pemphigus in, 68Asians

pigmentation of, 132Aspergillosis, 516f

Aspergillus, 112, 350, 447and transplantation, 512

Aspirinadverse effects of, 88, 461for chronic pain, 315for coronary artery disease, 373, 375–376for prosthetic heart valves, 379for TIAs, 594toxicity of, 134

Aspirin burn, 88, 88fAsthma, 352–354Asymptomatic periapical actinomycotic foci, 177Ataxia telangiectasia, 482a-thalassemia, 435–436Atherogenic dyslipidemia, 372Atherosclerosis, 328–329, 370

and diabetes mellitus, 566in SLE, 487

Atopy, 342–343Atrial fibrillation, 383Atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT), 382Atrophic candidiasis, 549

chronic, 96–98Atypical facial pain, 317–318, 331–333Atypical odontalgia, 317–318, 331–333Aura, 602Autoantibodies

in rheumatoid arthritis, 496and SLE, 487, 488t

Autograft, 504Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis, 59Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, 134Autoimmunity, 480Autologous transplant, 504Autosomal recessive inheritance, 185tAVM, 593AVNRT, 382Azathioprine (AZA)

adverse effects, 397–398for Behçet's syndrome, 66for dermatomyositis, 495for erythema multiforme, 59for oral lichen planus, 112for pemphigus vulgaris, 70in transplantation, 507for ulcerative colitis, 396

Azithromycinfor Legionnaires' disease, 532

BBacilli Calmette-Guerin, 530Bacterial endocarditis

antibiotic prophylaxis for, 380t, 381tBacterial infection, 253f, 526–532

with HIV infection, 553and transplantation, 514

Bacterial sialadenitis, 253Bacteroides, 346Bacteroides intermedius, 61


Barrett's esophagus, 390Basal cell adenomas, 262Basal cell carcinoma, 214Basilar melanosis

melanocyte overpopulation, 126Basilar migraine, 335Basiliximab

in transplantation, 509b-blockers

for arrhythmia, 382for coronary artery disease, 373for heart failure, 382for hypertension, 367for unstable coronary syndromes, 374

b-carotene, 219B-cell system, 480BEANS

for chronic renal failure, 419Beck Depression Inventory, 322Becker's muscular dystrophy, 601Beer, 195Behavioral therapy

for pain, 313for TMD, 292

Behçet's syndrome, 65–67, 66fclinical manifestations of, 66diagnosis of, 66etiology of, 66vs. recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 66treatment of, 66–67

Bell's palsy, 56, 599Benign giant cell tumor, 143fBenign lymphoepithelial lesion, 256Benign lymphoid hyperplasia, 144–1145Benign migratory glossitis, 115Benign virus-induced tumors, 165–167Benzathine penicillin G

for tonsillopharyngitis, 348Benzodiazepine, 292

for chronic pain, 314Benzydamine hydrochloride (Tantum)

for mucositis, 220Bernard-Soulier syndrome, 461Betamethasone

for recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 64Betel, 117Bethanechol, 222BFU-E, 429Bicarbonate

for mucositis, 220Bilateral chronic submaxillary sialadenitis, 254fBile acid sequestrants, 371tBinge eating, 404Biofeedback, 219, 292Biographic information

in medical history, 9Biologic response modifiers, 220

for mucositis, 221Bioprosthetic valves, 379

Index 627

Biopsyfor erosive lichen planus, 75of pemphigus vulgaris, 69–70of salivary glands, 242

Birthmark, 147Bismuth

adverse effects of, 135for duodenal ulcer, 395

Bisphosphonatesfor reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 331

Bisulfanin transplantation, 509

Bjork-Shiley valve, 379Black hairy tongue, 116–117, 117fBlack neonates

alveolar lymphangiomas in, 147Blacks. See African AmericansBlastomycosis, 78

oral manifestations of, 78treatment of, 78

Bleeding and clotting disorders, 454–473and ability to withstand care, 474classification of, 459–462clinical and laboratory findings, 457–458clinical features of, 458tdental patient identification with, 464hemostatic screening tests for, 459tand infection susceptibility, 473management of, 464–468oral finding in, 468oral health considerationsoral health considerations of,

468–473pathophysiology of, 455–458prognosis of, 468

Bleeding time, 458–459Blenoxane

adverse effects of, 183Bleomycin (Blenoxane)

adverse effects of, 183Block injections

for coagulopathies, 471Blood glucose

hormonal regulation of, 564tBlood pressure

classification of, 365tmeasurement of, 14, 15t

in dental setting, 370tvalues of, 14t

Bloodroot plant, 92Blood typing

for transplantation, 506–507Blue nevus, 130–131Blue/purple vascular lesions, 127–130BMT, 503

for acute leukemia, 445Bone cyst

aneurysmal, 152traumatic, 152

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT), 503

for acute leukemia, 445Bordetella pertussis, 349Botulinum toxin, 265Bowen's disease, 105Brachytherapy, 209–213Bracing, 310tBrainstem syndrome

with Behçet's syndrome, 66Breakthrough pain, 315Breslow method, 131Bromhexine, 222, 259Bronchiolitis, 352–353Bronchiolitis obliterans

and transplantation, 512Bronchitis

acute, 349–350chronic, 355

Bronchodilatorsfor bronchiolitis, 352

Brown heme-associated lesions, 134Brown melanotic lesions, 130–133Brown tumors, 418Bruxism, 293–294b-thalassemia major, 435–436Buccal ecchymoses, 469fBuccal mucosa

amalgam tattoo of, 135fleukoplakia of, 200fvarices of, 128

Buccinator muscle, 277Bulimia, 404

and salivary gland dysfunction, 255Bullae, 51Bullous lichen planus, 74–75Bullous pemphigoid, 71–72, 71f

clinical manifestations of, 71treatment of, 71

Buprenorphinefor chronic pain, 316

Burkitt's lymphoma, 450Burning feet, 415Burning mouth syndrome, 332–333, 571Burp, 391Burst-forming units-erythroid (BFU-E), 429Buspirone, 294Busulfan

for chronic myelocytic leukemia, 445for polycythemia vera, 430

Butorphanolfor chronic pain, 316for migraine headache, 316

Butterfly rashin SLE, 487, 488f

CCafe au lait pigmentation, 132Caffeine, 315Caged-ball valve, 379Calcified phleboliths, 245

Calcifying epithelial odontogenic cyst (CEOC), 158–159Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT), 158, 162,

162fCalcium

urinary levels of, 174Calcium antagonists

for hypertension, 369tCalcium channel blocker

for cluster headache, 334dihydropyridine, 367for hypertension, 367induced- gingival hyperplasia, 182–183

Canalicular adenoma, 262Cancer

classification of, 198–199, 198tCancrum oris, 62fCandida, 87, 95–101, 217, 219, 350

associated with leukoplakia, 201oral hair leukoplakia with, 202and transplantation, 512

Candida albicans, 399in elderly, 613

Candida krusei, 550Candidal leukoplakia, 99fCandidiasis, 94, 222, 483f, 515, 516f

acute atrophic, 96, 96fatrophic, 549chronic, 549chronic hyperplastic, 98, 98f, 99fchronic mucocutaneous, 99, 100fchronic multifocal, 98–99, 100fin elderly

prevention and treatment of, 616erythematous, 549with HIV infection, 548–549hyperplastic, 549immunosuppressed (HIV)-associated, 99–101mucosal, 259oral

classification of, 94ttreatment of, 101

Capsaicinfor atypical facial pain, 332for chronic pain, 316for herpes zoster, 57for mucositis, 221for postherpetic neuralgia, 330

Capsular ligament, 274Carbamazepine

adverse effects of, 57for chronic pain, 316for epileptic seizures, 602for glossopharyngeal neuralgia, 329for trigeminal neuralgia, 329

Carbidopa, 598Carbon dioxide laser

for leukoplakia, 202Carbon monoxide

adverse effects of, 355–356


Carcinoembryonic antigens, 202Carcinogenesis

molecular model of, 197fCarcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma, 264Cardene

adverse effects of, 183Cardiac catheterization

for heart failure, 381–382Cardiac risk index

computation of, 27tCardiac transplant, 518

complications of, 512–513intraoral herpes in, 515f

Cardiazemadverse effects of, 183

Cardiomyopathyalcoholic, 382

Cardiovascular risk factors, 370–371assessment of, 366–367in hypertension, 364tstratification of, 365t

Cardiovascular system diseases, 363–384prevalence, 364t

CARE trial, 370Carisoprodol, 292Carlson-Crittenden collectors, 237Carotenoid supplementation, 203Carotid artery, 277Carotidynia, 335Castleman's disease, 71Cat-scratch disease, 177–178Cat-scratch fever, 175Cavernous hemangiomas, 127, 128Cavernous sinus thrombosis, 595CBDC, 74CCD sensor, 37fCCL, 113CD20

for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 450CD8 lymphocytes, 203Ceftazidime

for granulocytopenia, 439–440Celecoxib

for TMD, 291Cell-mediated immunity, 479Cementifying fibroma, 163, 164Cementoblastoma, 163, 164Cementomas, 163

periapical, 163Cemento-ossifying fibroma, 151fCentral odontogenic fibroma, 163CEOC, 158–159CEOT, 158, 162, 162fCephalosporins

for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 357for granulocytopenia, 439–440for pneumonia, 351for tonsillopharyngitis, 348

Cerebral hemorrhage, 593–594

Index 629

Cerebral infarction, 593Cerebral palsy, 598–599Cerebrovascular accident, 593–594Cerebrovascular disease, 593–595Cervical muscles

palpation of, 287Cervical nerves, 308tCervical tuberculosis lymphadenitis, 529fCervicofacial actinomycosis, 176–177Cevimeline

for Sjogren's syndrome, 260CFU-E, 429Charge-coupled device (CCD) sensor, 37fChediak-Higashi syndrome, 441–442Cheeks

biting, 77fchewing, 88examination of, 16pedunculated fibrous inflammatory hyperplasia of, 140f

Cheilitis, 89–90, 90fCheilitis granulomatosa, 178fChemotherapy, 213Cherubism, 152, 153f

histologic features of, 153fChest radiography

for heart failure, 381Chewing tobacco, 90–91, 202Chickenpox, 55Chief complaint, 9Chi gong, 249Child-Pugh classification, 402Children

asthma in, 352–354cafe au lait pigmentation in, 132dental therapy for hemophilia, 472graphite tattoo in, 135hemangiomas in, 127lymphoma

dental root alteration, 518foral lesions in

with HIV infection, 556radiotherapy for, 225–226TMD in, 281

Chipmunk facies, 436Chlamydia, 348, 350, 351Chlamydia pneumoniae, 349Chlorambucil

for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 446for polycythemia vera, 430

Chlorhexidinefor mucositis, 221for phenytoin-induced gingival hyperplasia, 182

Chlorzoxazone, 292Cholestasis, 401Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) trial, 370Cholesterol-lowering medications, 371tCHOP

for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 450

Christmas factor deficiency, 462Chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, 421Chronic atrophic candidiasis, 96–98Chronic bronchitis, 355Chronic bullous disease of childhood (CBDC), 74Chronic candidiasis, 549Chronic cutaneous lupus (CCL), 113Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis, 98, 98f, 99fChronic hyperplastic gingivitis, 179Chronic idiopathic neutropenia, 442–443

ulcers with, 443fChronic leukemia, 445–448Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), 71, 446–447Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, 99, 100fChronic multifocal candidiasis, 98–99, 100fChronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), 445–446Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 355–357Chronic orofacial pain

assessment of, 319–328associated with systemic disease, 324–325confused with toothache, 324consultation and referral for, 323diagnostic imaging of, 323diagnostic nerve blocks for, 323–324disability and behavioral assessment, 321–322examination of, 319–328history of, 319–320indicating serious disease, 324laboratory tests for, 323physical examination, 320–321psychological and emotional factors of, 326–327responses to unexplained symptoms, 325screening of, 322t

Chronic pain, 312–316vs. acute pain, 312behavioral issues in, 313diagnostic coding of, 317tdrug therapy for, 315–316pathophysiology of, 312–313treatment of, 313–314

Chronic pain syndrome, 312Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania, 334Chronic renal failure, 412–413

medical management of, 419–423oral health considerations of, 423–427

Chronic temporomandibular joint (TMJ)prediction of, 288

Cicatricial pemphigoid, 72–74, 72fin elderly, 612

Cigarettes, 195and coronary artery disease, 371

Cimetidinefor duodenal ulcer, 395

Cinnamon allergy, 60f, 74Circumvallate dorsum, 138Cirrhosis

liver, 403Cisapride

for GERD, 391

Clarithromycinfor otitis media, 345for pneumonia, 351for sinusitis, 346

Classic migraine, 335Clindamycin, 519

adverse effects of, 399–400for chronic renal failure, 424

Cliniciansdemeanor of, 8

CLL, 71, 446–447Clobetasol (Temovate)

for lupus erythematosus, 112–113for oral lichen planus, 110for recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 64

Clonazepamfor atypical facial pain, 332for burning mouth syndrome, 333for chronic pain, 314, 316for TMD, 291

Clonidinefor chronic pain, 316

Clopidogrelfor coronary artery disease, 375

Closed lock, 295Clostridium difficile, 399Clotrimazole, 248

for oral candidiasis, 101Clotting disorders. See Bleeding and clotting disordersCluster designation 8 (CD8) lymphocytes, 203Cluster headache, 334–335CML, 445–446CMV, 51, 165, 249, 250–251


Coagulation, 455–456Coagulation cascade, 457fCoagulation disorders, 462–463Coagulation factors, 462tCoagulation factors concentrate products, 466tCoagulopathies

congenital, 462–463Cobblestoning, 343Codeine

for bronchitis, 349Coexisting systemic disease, 23Coffee

avoidance of, 135Cognitive-behavior therapy, 292Cognitive therapy

for pain, 314Colchicine

for Behçet's syndrome, 66for recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 65

Colony-forming units-erythroid (CFU-E), 429Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), 481Communication

improvement of, 608tComplement system, 479


Complex odontoma, 165Complex regional pain syndrome 1, 331–332Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), 312–313Computed tomography (CT), 40–41

costs of, 48streak artifact in, 41f

Condition diagram, 30Condyloma acuminatum, 485fCondyloma latum, 141Confidentiality

of medical interview, 8of patient records, 30

Congenital coagulopathies, 462–463Congenital epulides, 148fCongenital hemolytic anemia, 435–436Congenital platelet disorders, 461Congestive heart failure, 416Connective-tissue diseases, 486–498Connective-tissue disorders, 413–414Consent

for transmittal of HIV-related information, 548fConsultations, 9, 28

answering, 2–3procedure of, 26–27

Contact allergic stomatitis, 60–61clinical manifestations of, 60diagnosis of, 61treatment of, 61

Contact allergy, 332Continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis, 421Contrast-enhanced radiography, 44Conventional tomography, 39Cooley's anemia, 435–436Cornell Medical Index, 5Coronal caries

in elderly, 613–614Coronary angiography

for coronary artery disease, 373Coronary artery disease, 368–377

diagnosis of, 372–373etiology of, 369incidence of, 368–369management of, 373and precautions regarding dental procedures, 375prognosis of, 373risk factors of, 369–370and transplantation, 512

Coronavirus, 342, 349Corticosteroids

adverse effects of, 397, 511tfor Bell's palsy, 599for cranial arteritis, 334for dermatomyositis, 495for erosive lichen planus, 75for erythema multiforme, 59for mucous membrane pemphigoid, 73for occipital neuralgia, 330for oral lichen planus, 110for platelet disorders, 464

Index 631

post-translplantation, 519for SLE, 489in transplantation, 509, 513for ulcerative colitis, 396

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 580fCortisol, 573, 580fCorynebacterium, 346Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 348Cost

of magnetic resonance imaging, 43of maxillofacial imaging, 48

Cotswold classification, 449tCoumadin, 376

for atrial fibrillation, 383for heart failure, 382for prosthetic heart valves, 379

Coumarin, 463Cowden's syndrome, 169t, 174, 185t, 405COX, 315Coxsackievirus infections, 54–55, 342, 348CPK, 374Cranial arteritis, 334Cranial nerve, 308t

examination of, 19–20, 20t, 321tfunction of, 19

Cranial nerve III, IV, V (ocular nerves)examination of, 20herpes zoster of, 56f

Cranial nerve II (optic nerve)examination of, 20

Cranial nerve I (olfactory nerve)examination of, 19

Cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal nerve), 308examination of, 21

Cranial nerve VII (facial nerve), 308examination of, 21

Cranial nerve VIII (acoustic nerve)examination of, 21

Cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve), 308examination of, 20

Cranial nerve XI (accessory nerve)examination of, 22

Cranial nerve X (vagus nerve), 308examination of, 21

Cranial neuralgiaclassification of, 318t

Creatine phosphokinase (CPK), 374Creatinine clearance test, 410CRH, 580fCrohn's disease, 175, 178, 179f, 395–396, 398–399Cross-matching, 506Cross syndrome, 185tCrowe's sign, 168CRPS, 312–313Cryoprecipitate

for hemophilia, 465for platelet defects secondary to uremia, 416

Cryosurgeryfor hemangiomas, 127, 146

for varices, 128Cryptococcus, 350Cryptococcus neoformans

and transplantation, 512Cryptosporidium, 532–533

epidemiology of, 533tCSA. See Cyclosporine ACT, 40–41

costs of, 48streak artifact in, 41f

Cushing's disease, 583Cushing's syndrome, 133, 172, 460, 583

treatment of, 586Cutaneous freckle. See EphelisCVID, 481CVP

for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 450Cyclic neutropenia, 440–441, 441f

lesions of, 442fCyclobenzaprine

for chronic pain, 316Cyclooxygenase (COX), 315Cyclophosphamide

for multiple myeloma, 451for pemphigus vulgaris, 70for polycythemia vera, 430in transplantation, 509

Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and pred-nisone (CHOP)

for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 450Cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (CVP)

for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 450Cyclosporine A (CSA)

adverse effects, 511for Behçet's syndrome, 66drug interactions with, 519for erosive lichen planus, 75induced-gingival hyperplasia, 182–183for oral lichen planus, 110in transplantation, 507for ulcerative colitis, 396

Cystic fibrosis, 357–358Cystic hygromas, 147Cytarabine

for acute leukemia, 444Cytokines

for mucositis, 221Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 51, 165, 249, 250–251


DDaclizumab

in transplantation, 509Dapsone

adverse effects of, 73for erosive lichen planus, 75for erythema multiforme, 59for mucous membrane pemphigoid, 73

for pemphigus vulgaris, 70for recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 65

Dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome, 73Darier's disease, 244Daunorubicin

for acute leukemia, 444DCCT, 568DDAVP

for chronic renal failure, 423for hemophilia, 466for platelet defects secondary to uremia, 416thromboembolism, 376

ddCfor HIV infection, 544

ddlfor HIV infection, 544

De-afferentation painclassification of, 318t

Deathleading causes of, 606t

Decongestantsfor allergic rhinitis, 343

Degenerative joint disease, 296–299Dehydration, 236Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

for Sjogren's syndrome, 258Delaviridine (DLV)

for HIV infection, 544Demeanor

of clinicians, 8Dementia, 606Demographic information

in medical history, 9Dennie-Morgan folds, 343Dental caries, 222–223, 223f

in elderlyprevention and treatment of, 617

and transplantation, 514xerostomia-associated, 223f

Dental cavity varnishesadverse effects of, 88

Dental clinicsmaxillofacial imaging in, 36–39

Dental departmenthospital, 2–3

Dental disordersin elderly

prevention and treatment of, 616–617Dental granuloma, 161fDental/medical record, 29–30

condition diagram, 30confidentiality of, 30–31organization of, 29–30problem-oriented, 29–30

Dental patientswith severe medical problems, 3–4

Dentifricesadverse effects of, 89, 89f

Dentigerous cyst, 156


in mandibular third molar region, 39fDentition

age-related changes in, 609–610Dentoalveolar abscess

and transplantation, 514Dentofacial abnormalities, 225–226Denture papillomatosis, 141Dentures, 138, 141

epulis fissuratum, 139–140modified for radiation therapy, 212f

Denture sore mouth, 96–97, 97fDenture stomatitis, 96–97Depression

and burning mouth syndrome, 332and chronic pain, 313

Dermatomyositis, 494–495Dermoid cysts, 152–153, 154f1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP)

for chronic renal failure, 423for hemophilia, 466for platelet defects secondary to uremia, 416thromboembolism, 376

Desferoxaminefor microcytic hypochromic anemia, 415

Desipriminefor postherpetic neuralgia, 330

Desmopressin acetate. See 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vaso-pressin

Desquamative gingivitis, 73, 74f, 75fDevelopmental white lesions, 114DHEA

for Sjogren's syndrome, 258Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), 568Diabetes mellitus, 324, 563–575

cause of, 480classification of, 563–564clinical presentation of, 566complications of, 566–568, 567tand coronary artery disease, 371diagnosis of, 566epidemiology of, 563–564laboratory findings in, 566, 567tmanagement of, 568–570and oral diseases, 570–572oral health considerations of, 572–575pathophysiology of, 564–566and renal disease, 414and salivary gland dysfunction, 254–255signs and symptoms of, 566tand transplantation, 512

Diabetic emergenciesin dental office, 574–575

Diagnosis, 5–32establishment of, 24–27and informed consent, 31medical history in, 5–15and patient examination, 12–24and records, 29–30

Dialysate, 422f

Index 633

Dialysis, 421fmedications to avoid during, 427tfor platelet defects secondary to uremia, 416vascular access site, 422f

Diarrheaantibiotic-induced, 399–400

Diascopy, 146DIC, 459, 464

management of, 468Diclofenac, 292Didanosine (ddl)

for HIV infection, 544Dietary factors

and chronic renal failure, 419and coronary artery disease, 371–372

Digastric muscle, 275–276DiGeorge syndrome, 482Digestive tract diseases

lower, 393–400upper, 390–393

Digital clubbing, 353Digital imaging, 36–37Digoxin

for heart failure, 382Dihydropyridines, 183, 367Diltiazem

adverse effects of, 183for arrhythmia, 382

Direct immunofluorescent techniquefor mucous membrane pemphigoid, 73

Disabilitydefinition of, 310measurement of, 309–312

Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE), 113of lower lip, 489f

Discoloration. See PigmentationDisease-related coagulopathies, 463

management of, 467–468Disk disorders

clinical findings ofcorrelating with arthrotomography, 284t

Dislocation, 299–300Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), 459, 464

management of, 468Disseminated thyroid cancer (DTC), 249Diuretics

for hypertension, 367, 368tDiverticuli, 244DLE, 113

of lower lip, 489fDLV

for HIV infection, 544DNA-based testing

for tissue typing, 507Donor blood

pretreatment of recipient within transplantation, 510

Doxepinfor atypical facial pain, 332

for burning mouth syndrome, 333for chronic pain, 316for postherpetic neuralgia, 330for post-traumatic neuropathic pain, 331

Doxorubicin, bleomycin, vincristine, dacarbazine (ABVD)for Hodgkin's disease, 449–450

Doxycycline, 296–297D-penicillamine

for scleroderma, 493DRG, 24Drug categories

for pregnant patients, 11tDrug-induced. See Medication-inducedDry mouth

evaluation of, 236–242d4T

for HIV infection, 544DTC, 249Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, 600–601Ductal papilloma, 262Duct cells, 236Duodenal ulcer, 394–395Dyclonine hydrochloride

for herpes simplex virus infections, 54Dyskeratosis congenita, 87Dysphagia

in elderly, 615Dysplasia

molecular model of, 197f

EEating disorders, 255, 404Ecchymosis, 134, 134fEchocardiography

for hypertension, 366Echovirus, 249Ectopic lymphoid nodules, 138Ectopic lymphoid tissue, 114Edentulousness

in elderly, 615prevention and treatment of, 618–619

Edwards-MIRA valve, 379Efavirenz (EFV)

for HIV infection, 544EGF

for mucositis, 222Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 460Elderly. See also Geriatrics

bacterial sialadenitis in, 253chronic conditions of, 606tchronic impairments of, 607thealth care access by, 607increase of, 5Kaposi's sarcoma in, 129malignant melanoma in, 131oral conditions in, 612–615oral disorders in, 609toropharyngeal processes in, 608tpneumonia in, 352

systemic conditions in, 607ttemperature in, 13

Electrocauteryfor hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, 130

Electrolyteshomeostasis of, 409

Electron beam therapy, 208Electrosurgery

for varices, 128Elephant man syndrome, 168Embolic stroke, 383EMLA cream

for postherpetic neuralgia, 330Emotions

affecting chronic orofacial pain, 326evaluation of, 15

Emphysema, 355Enamel

hypoplasia of, 419, 419fEncephalofacial angiomatosis, 146f. See also Sturge-Weber

syndromeEncephalotrigeminal angiomatosis, 127Endarterectomy

for TIAs, 594Endocarditis

antibiotic prophylaxis for, 378bacterial

antibiotic prophylaxis for, 380t, 381tcardiac conditions associated with, 380tin hemodialysis, 424

Endocrine disease, 578–590pathophysiology of, 579–581

Endocrinopathic pigmentation, 133Endodontic therapy

for hemophilia, 472Endogenous pigmentation

in oral mucosal disease, 127tEndothelial dysfunction

and coronary artery disease, 372End-stage renal disease

etiology of, 412toral health considerations of, 423–427

Entamoeba, 532Enterobacter, 344Enterococcus, 424Enterovirus, 342Environmental factors

and SLE, 487Eosinophilic granulomatosis, 170tEosinophilic histiocytosis, 175Ephelis, 130Epidemic parotitis, 249–250Epidermal growth factor (EGF)

for mucositis, 221Epidermal nevus, 185tEpidermoid carcinoma, 144Epilepsy, 601–604Epileptic seizures

international classification of, 602t


treatment of, 602–603Epinephrine, 573

adverse effects of, 14for generalized anaphylaxis, 500for laryngitis, 348

Epithelial malignanciesradiation for, 209

Epoetin alfafor renal disease, 415

Epstein Barr virus, 51, 145, 165, 249, 348with HIV infection, 551–552oral hairy leukoplakia with, 93and transplantation, 511

Epulidescongenital, 148f

Ergotaminefor cluster headache, 334for migraine headache, 335

Erosions, 51Erosive lichen planus, 74–75

clinical manifestations of, 75diagnosis of, 75treatment of, 75

Eruption cyst, 156Erythema area migrans, 115Erythema migrans, 115Erythema multiforme, 57–60, 57f, 58f, 59f

clinical manifestations of, 58drug-induced, 57etiology of, 57treatment of, 58–59

Erythematous candidiasis, 549Erythrocytosis, 430Erythromycin

for Legionnaires' disease, 532for pneumonia, 351for tonsillopharyngitis, 348

Erythromycin plus sulfisoxazolefor otitis media, 345

Erythroplakia, 105–107, 106f, 199–201, 201fErythroplasie de Queyrat, 106Escherichia coli, 254f, 344Esthesiometers, 21Estrogen

deficiency ofand coronary artery disease, 371

Ethambutolfor tuberculosis, 529

Ethyol, 219, 222for mucositis, 222–223radioprotective properties of, 248

Etretinatefor erosive lichen planus, 75for oral lichen planus, 110

Examination, 12–24of cranial nerves, 20of head, neck and oral cavity, 14–17laboratory dental studies in, 22–23of other organ systems, 23–24

Index 635

supplementary procedures for, 22vital signs in, 13

Exerciseand coronary artery disease, 372for TMD, 291

Exercise stress testingfor coronary artery disease, 373

Exogenous pigmentationof oral mucosa, 127t

External beam therapy, 209effect of, 248treatment plan for, 210f

Extracorporeal photochemotherapyfor scleroderma, 493

Extravasation mucoceles, 246

FFace

examination of, 16herpes zoster of, 56f

Facial nerve, 308examination of, 21

Facial neuralgia, 327–328Facial pain

atypical, 317–318, 331–333idiopathic

classification of, 317–319Factor I deficiency, 462Factor IX complex

thrombotic complications of, 467Factor V deficiency, 462Factor X deficiency, 462Factor XI deficiency, 462Factor XII deficiency, 462Factor XIII deficiency, 462Famciclovir

for herpes zoster, 57for recurrent herpes simplex virus infection, 68

Familial gingival hyperplasia, 183fFamilial multiple gigantiform cementoma, 163Family history, 11Famotidine

for duodenal ulcer, 395Fanconi's anemia, 437Fascioscapulohumeral dystrophy, 601Fasting glucose

impaired, 565–566Felbamate

for chronic pain, 316Felodipine

adverse effects of, 183Fernandez reactions, 178Ferritin, 64FEV1, 353Fexofenadine

for allergic rhinitis, 343FHIT (fragile histidine triad), 196–198Fibric acid derivatives, 371tFibrinolysis, 456–457

Fibrinolytic disorders, 464Fibrinolytic system, 458fFibrin-stabilizing deficiency, 462Fibroma, 138

cementifying, 163, 164cemento-ossifying, 151ftraumatic, 139–141

Fibro-odontoma, 164Fibrotic gingival enlargement, 181Fibrous dysplasia, 149–150

imaging of, 150Fibrous inflammatory hyperplasias, 139–141Fine-needle aspiration (FNA), 206

of salivary glands, 243First, do no harm, 26FK-506

adverse effects, 511in transplantation, 507

Flavivirus, 534Florid osseous dysplasia, 164Fluconazole

for oral candidiasis, 101Fludarabine

for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 446Fluids

homeostasis of, 409Fluocinonide (Lidex)

for oral lichen planus, 110for recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 64

Fluoride, 248, 252, 259for xerostomia, 259

Fluoromethane, 293Fluorouracil

for actinic keratosis, 90FNA, 206

of salivary glands, 243Focal dermal hypoplasia, 185tFocal epithelial hyperplasia, 166, 553Focal myositis, 144Focal osseous dysplasia, 164Folate, 64

and coronary artery disease, 372for phenytoin-induced gingival hyperplasia, 182

Folic acid, 183supplement for sickle cell anemia, 435

Folic acid deficiency anemia, 437Follicular cyst, 156Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), 353Forced vital capacity (FVC), 353Fordyce's granules, 114, 115fFormocresol

adverse effects of, 88Fractures, 299Fragile histidine triad, 196–198Frey's hairs, 21Frey's syndrome, 265Frictional keratosis, 87, 87fFructosamine test, 566FTY720

in transplantation, 509Fusarium

and transplantation, 512Fusobacterium, 61, 346Fusospirochetal stomatitis, 62fFVC, 353

GGabapentin

for atypical facial pain, 332for chronic pain, 316for epileptic seizures, 602for herpes zoster, 57for post-traumatic neuropathic pain, 331for trigeminal neuralgia, 329

GABHS, 348Gallium 67 citrate, 43–44Ganglion

herpes zoster of, 56Gap arthroplasty, 300Gardner's syndrome, 168–171, 169t, 171f, 404Gastric ulcer, 393–394Gastrinoma syndrome, 172Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), 390–391Gastrointestinal bleeding, 315Gastrointestinal syndromes, 404–405Gastrointestinal tract diseases, 389–405Gate-control theory, 312G-CSF, 220, 441

for chronic idiopathic neutropenia, 442–443General Health Questionnaire, 322Generalized anaphylaxis, 499–500Genetic factors

and rheumatoid arthritis, 495and SLE, 486–487

Geniculate neuralgia, 330Geniohyoid muscle, 277Geographic tongue, 115, 116f

conditions associated with, 116GERD, 390–391Geriatrics, 605–619Gestational diabetes, 565Ghost cell keratinization, 158–159GH-RH, 582fGiant cell arteritis, 334Giant cell granuloma, 142–143, 142fGiant cell tumor, 143f

benign, 143fhistology of, 144fpanorex radiography of, 144f

Gingivacysts of

of newborn, 114–115enlargement of, 179–186, 180f, 181f

fibrotic, 181inflammatory, 179–181syndromes associated with, 183–186, 185t

examination of, 17fibromatosis of, 183–184


granular cell tumor of, 148hemangiomas of, 146hyperplasia of, 184f, 603

calcium channel blocker induced, 182–183cyclosporin A induced, 182–183phenytoin-induced, 181–182syndromes associated with, 183–186

inflammatory (reactive) hyperplasias of, 140fKaposi's sarcoma of, 215fmelanotic macule of, 130fnevocellular nevus of, 131

Gingivitischronic hyperplastic, 179with herpes simplex virus infections, 53fnecrotizing ulcerative, 554fpregnancy, 142

Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, 461Glenoid fossa, 272Glomangioma, 147Glomerular filtration rate, 409Glomerulonephritis, 412–413

in SLE, 487Glomus jugulare

glomus tumor in, 147Glomus tumor, 147–148Glossitis

benign migratory, 115Glossodynia, 332–333Glossopharyngeal nerve, 308

examination of, 21Glossopharyngeal neuralgia, 329Glucocorticoid excess

signs and symptoms of, 585tGlucocorticoids, 584f

dose equivalents, 586tsupplementation protocol for

while undergoing dental care, 490tGlucometers, 566Glucose intolerance

and coronary artery disease, 371Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, 433Glucose tolerance

impaired, 565–566Glycogen storage disease, 147GM-CSF, 220Gold therapy

adverse effects of, 60for pemphigus vulgaris, 70for rheumatoid arthritis, 497

Gorlin-Goltz syndrome, 185tGorlin's cyst, 158–159Gout, 245, 298

and renal disease, 414Graded Chronic Pain Severity scale, 312Graded Chronic Pain Status, 322Graft, 504Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), 74, 110–111, 445, 515,

517ftongue lesions of, 449f

Index 637

Gram-negative bacilli, 217Grand mal seizures, 602Granular cell epulis, 148–149Granular cell tumor, 148–149Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), 220, 441

for chronic idiopathic neutropenia, 442–443Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-

CSF), 220Granulocytopenia, 439–440Granulocytosis, 439Granulomatous inflammations, 175–179

cat-scratch disease, 177–178cervicofacial actinomycosis, 176–177Hansen's disease, 178orofacial granulomatosis, 178–179

Graphite tattoo, 134Graves' disease, 578, 587, 589Gray-black pigmentation, 134–135Grimacing, 310tGroup 1 beta-hemolytic Streptococcus (GABHS), 348Growth cartilage, 583Growth hormone, 579Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH), 582fGuanethidine

for reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 331Guarding, 310tGuided imagery

for pain, 314Guillain-Barre syndrome, 599–600GVHD, 74, 110–111, 445, 515, 517f

tongue lesions of, 449f

HHAART, 250–251Haemophilus influenzae, 254f, 344, 346, 349, 350, 351Hageman factor deficiency, 461–462Hair on end, 434f, 436Hairy leukoplakia, 397Hairy tongue, 116–117, 134Hallopeau type

of pemphigus vegetans, 71Hamartomas, 145–153

fibrous dysplasia, 149–150glomus tumor, 147–148granular cell tumor, 148–149hemangioma, 145–147lymphangioma, 147melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy, 149nerve sheath tumor, 149teratoma, 152–153

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease, 55, 348Hand-Schuller-Christian syndrome, 175Hansen's disease, 178Hard palate

examination of, 17Kaposi's sarcoma of, 215fsquamous cell carcinoma of, 204f

Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 587HBID, 86–87

HBO, 223–235HCT, 503

outcomes of, 513–514HCV. See Hepatitis C virusHead

examination of, 14–15extraoral structures in, 16tintraoral structures in, 16tlymph nodes of, 18f

Headacheassociated with systemic disease, 324–325

Head and neckdiagnostic radiography examinations of

effective dose and equivalent natural exposure from,48t

Head and neck cancerpain management in, 227t

Head and neck pain syndromesclassification of, 317t

Health care professionalsoccupational risks to, 537–538

Hearing impairmentimprovement of communication with, 608t

Heartburn, 390Heart failure, 380–382, 416

etiology of, 381tHeart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) Study, 367Heart transplant, 517–518

complications of, 512–513intraoral herpes in, 515f

Heavy metalspigmentation from, 135side effects of, 249

Heck's disease, 166, 553Heerfordt's syndrome, 178, 258Helicobacter pylori, 390–395Helium-neon laser

for mucositis, 221Hemangiomas, 127–128, 145–147

in children, 127of tongue, 145f

Hematologic disease, 429–452Hematologic malignancies, 443–449Hematopoiesis, 429Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), 503

outcomes of, 513–514Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), 442

for acute leukemia, 445Hematuria, 409Hemochromatosis, 126, 134, 403Hemodialysis

for chronic renal failure, 420infective endocarditis in, 424

Hemoglobin, 127tHemoglobinopathies, 433Hemolysis

anemia from, 432–433Hemolytic anemia

causes of, 432t

congenital, 435–436Hemolytic jaundice, 400–401Hemophilia A, 461–462, 470f

low-titer inhibitor, 473fmanagement of, 465–467and oral surgical procedures, 470–472preventive and periodontal therapy, 472

Hemophilia B, 462management of, 465–467and oral surgical procedures, 470–472preventive and periodontal therapy, 472

Hemorrhagic diathesis, 134Hemosiderin, 127tHemostasis

following vascular injury, 456flaboratory tests for assessing, 459tmechanisms of, 455

Heparin, 376, 463during dialysis, 416for pulmonary embolism, 358

Hepatitisalcoholic, 401–402

Hepatitis C virus (HCV), 74, 249, 252–253, 534–539in dialysis, 424incidence of, 536tprevalence of, 536trisk to health care workers, 537–538tests for, 537ttransmission modes in health care settings, 538tand transplantation, 512

Hepatobiliary system diseases, 400–401Hepatocellular jaundice, 401Herbal medications, 249Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis (HBID),

86–87Hereditary gingivofibromatosis, 184fHereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), 129–130,

130f, 460Hereditary white lesions, 86–87

dyskeratosis congenita, 87features of, 86hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis, 86–87leukoedema of, 86treatment of, 86white sponge nevus, 86

Herpangina, 54–55, 348clinical manifestations of, 54laboratory studies of, 55treatment of, 55

Herpes labialis, 515frecurrent, 67, 67f

Herpes simplex virus (HSV), 51, 52–54, 77f, 447f, 485f, 514,515f

associated with erythema multiforme, 57clinical manifestations of, 52–53diagnosis of, 53–54

antibody titers, 53–54cytology, 53, 54fisolation, 53


in elderly, 613gingivitis with, 53fwith HIV infection, 550–551in immunosuppressed patients, 75–76

diagnosis of, 76oral manifestations of, 76treatment of, 76

in oral cancer, 202recurrent, 67–68and transplantation, 511treatment of, 54

Herpes virus, 51–52with HIV infection, 550–551

Herpes zoster, 330–331facial lesions of, 56flaboratory findings of, 57palatal lesions of, 56fand transplantation, 511treatment of, 57

Herpetic gingivostomatitis, 53fHerpetiform ulcers, 555Hertwig's sheath, 158HHT, 129–130, 130f, 450HHV6, 51HHV8

with HIV infection, 552Hiatal hernia, 392–393Histiocytosis, 175Histoplasma, 350, 447Histoplasmosis, 77–78

diagnosis of, 78oral manifestations of, 77–78treatment of, 78

HIV infection, 249, 538–557bilateral salivary gland enlargement with, 252fclassification system for, 540tKaposi's sarcoma with, 129medical treatment of, 544opportunistic infections in, 543toral hairy leukoplakia with, 93, 201–202oral health considerations, 544–547oral lesions with, 547–557oral melanosis in, 133pathogenesis of, 541–544prognosis, 543trecurrent aphthous stomatitis with, 65frelevant history questionnaire, 548ftreatment of, 545t–547t

HIV-salivary gland disease (HIV-SGD), 251HMG CoA reductase enzyme, 370HMG CoA reductase inhibitors

for coronary artery disease, 373Hodgkin's disease, 264, 448–456, 485

staging of, 449tHodgkin's lymphoma, 175Homocystine

and coronary artery disease, 372Homogenous leukoplakia, 102, 103HOPE Study, 367

Index 639

Hospital dental department, 2–3Hospitalization, 10Hospitals

maxillofacial imaging in, 39–44HPV, 165, 200, 202, 553f

with HIV infection, 552–553HSCT, 442

for acute leukemia, 445HSV. See Herpes simplex virusHuman herpesvirus 6 (HHV6), 51Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8)

with HIV infection, 552Human immunodeficiency syndrome. See HIVHuman papillomavirus (HPV), 165, 200, 202, 553f

with HIV infection, 552–553Humoral immunity, 480Huntington's chorea, 598Huntington's disease, 598Hurler's syndrome, 147Hutchinson's freckle, 131Hydrogen cyanide

adverse effects of, 356Hydrogen peroxide

adverse effects of, 88, 89for mucositis, 220

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA)reductase enzyme, 370reductase inhibitors

for coronary artery disease, 373Hydroxyproline

urinary levels of, 174Hydroxypropyl cellulose

for mucositis, 221Hydroxyquinoline

adverse effects of, 132Hydroxyurea

for polycythemia vera, 430for sickle cell anemia, 435

Hyperacute ejection, 506Hyperalgesia, 312Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO), 223–235Hyperglycemia, 567Hyperinsulinism, 172Hyperlipoproteinemia, 255fHyperparathyroidism, 172, 324, 416

and renal disease, 414Hyperplasia, 179Hyperplastic candidiasis, 549Hypersensitivity, 480Hypertension, 172, 364–369, 416

cardiovascular risk factors in, 364tassessment of, 366–367modification of, 366

and coronary artery disease, 370–371dental care considerations of, 368diagnosis of, 365–367etiology of, 365incidence of, 364–365laboratory testing of, 366

management of, 365t, 367–368physical examination of, 366prevalence, 364tprognosis of, 368radiologic testing of, 366and transplantation, 512white-coat, 366

Hypertensive medications, 368t–369tHypertensive nephrosclerosis, 413Hyperthyroidism

signs and symptoms of, 587ttesting for, 582t

Hypnosis, 219, 292Hypoglycemia, 569

determining risk of, 574tfactors increasing risk of, 575ttreatment of, 575t

Hypoglycemia unawareness, 570Hypoplastic teeth, 183Hypothalamic-pituitary-endocrine axis, 579fHypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, 581Hypothyroidism

signs and symptoms of, 587ttesting for, 582t

Hypoxemia, 356

IIASP

orofacial pain classification, 317IBD, 395–396Ibuprofen, 292

for chronic pain, 315ICD-9-CM, 25Icterus, 400–401Idiopathic facial pain

classification of, 317–319Idiopathic orofacial pain

classification of, 319tIdiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, 134Idiopathic true leukoplakia, 101–105

clinical features of, 102diagnosis of, 102–103etiology of, 102histopathologic features of, 102–105management of, 102–103prognosis of, 105varieties of, 102

IgA deficiency, 481IHS

orofacial pain classification, 317Ileocecal actinomycosis, 176Illness Behavior Questionnaire, 322Imagery, 219Imidazole

for oral candidiasis, 101Immune response

ineffective, 480overactive, 480

Immune thrombocytopenia purpura, 461

Immunityacquired, 479–480cell-mediated, 479and disease protection, 478–479innate, 479

Immunizationfor mumps, 249

Immunocomplexesand SLE, 487

Immunocompromised patientsCMV infections in, 250herpes labialis in, 515ftreatment of, 251

Immunodeficiency, 480, 481oral health considerations of, 484oral manifestations of, 483–484

Immunoglobulinsfor bronchiolitis, 353

Immunologic diseases, 478–500, 480principles of, 478–480

Immunosuppressed (HIV)-associated candidiasis, 99–101Immunosuppressed patients

herpes simplex virus infection in, 75–76Immunosuppression

in transplantation, 507Immunosuppression-induced complications

of transplantation, 511–512Immunosuppressive agents, 508tImmunotherapy

for allergic rhinitis, 344IMPATH, 317, 322Inappropriate reaction to self, 480Incipient eosinophilic granuloma, 175Indirect immunofluorescent antibody tests

for pemphigus, 70Indomethacin

for chronic paroxysmal hemicrania, 334Induction therapy, 213Ineffective immune response, 480Infants

with bronchiolitis, 352–353gingival and palatal cysts of, 114–115, 115fwith herpes simplex virus infections, 52hiatal hernia, 392–393

Infectionsusceptibility to

with bleeding disorders, 473Infectious disease, 525–556

in elderly, 612–613prevention and treatment of, 616

Infectious white lesions, 93–101candidiasis, 94–101oral hairy leukoplakia, 93–94

Infective endocarditisantibiotic prophylaxis for, 378in hemodialysis, 424

Inflammationsacute, 175–179

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), 395–396


Inflammatory (reactive) hyperplasias, 138–139, 138–145,140f, 142f

definition of, 138giant cell, 142–143pseudosacromatous fasciitis, 143–144pyogenic, 141–142

Influenza virus, 342Informed consent, 31INH

for tuberculosis, 529Innate immunity, 479INR, 376, 397, 458Insulin, 569–570

common regimens, 570ttypes of, 569t

Insulin resistance syndrome, 565tInterferon-alpha

for hepatitis C, 538Internal signaling G protein, 173International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP)

orofacial pain classification, 317International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision,

Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM), 25International Classification of Diseases (ICD), 25International Headache Society (IHS)

orofacial pain classification, 317International normalized ratio (INR), 376, 397, 458Intestinal actinomycosis, 176Intestinal disorders, 394–395Intradermal testing, 343Intramuscular trigger point injections, 293Intraoral appliances

for TMD, 291Intraoral papillomatosis, 166Intraoral radiography, 36Intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs), 176Intravenous pyelography (IVP), 410Inverted ductal papilloma, 262Inverted papilloma, 167fIodine, 265Ipratropium bromide

for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 356Iron, 134

deficiency of, 431–432replacement of, 431

Ischemic heart diseaseand precautions regarding dental procedures, 375

Isogeneic transplantation, 504Isograft, 504Isoniazid (INH)

for tuberculosis, 529Isoproterenol

adverse effects of, 249Isotretinoin

for oral lichen planus, 110Isradipine

adverse effects of, 183Itraconazole

Index 641

for histoplasmosis, 78for oral candidiasis, 101

IUDs, 176IVP, 410

JJaundice, 400–401

hemolytic, 400–401hepatocellular, 401obstructive, 401

Jawcongenital epulides of, 148fcysts of, 153–158, 155f

classification of, 157tlesions of, 175

imaging evaluation of, 47malignant, 214

lumpy, 176nodular enlargements of, 138structural variants of, 138

Jaw disability checklist, 312Jaw jerk reflex, 277–278

and silent period, 279Jaw-opening reflex, 278Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection,

Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressuretreatment recommendations, 364

KKaopectate

for mucositis, 220Kaposi's sarcoma, 129, 129f, 215, 515, 552, 552f

and transplantation, 512Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), 220Keratin pearl

formation of, 144Keratoacanthoma, 144, 167, 168fKeratosis

smokeless tobacco-induced, 90–91solar, 89–90traumatic, 87

Ketaminefor chronic pain, 316

Ketoconazolefor histoplasmosis, 78for oral candidiasis, 101

Ketoprofenfor chronic pain, 315

KGF, 220Kidney

function of, 408–409structure of, 408–409

Kidney failure. See Renal failureKidney stones, 245Kidney transplant, 517

gingival overgrowth in, 514fKlebsiella, 344, 351Klebsiella pneumoniae, 350Koebner effect, 298

Koplik's spots, 348Kussmaul's' respirations, 417

LLabial mucosa

contact allergy of, 60ferosive lichen planus of, 75fleukoplakia of, 201f

Laboratory dental studies, 22–23efficacy of, 22–23

Lactobacilli, 217, 610Lactobacillus, 223Lacunar infarction, 593Laminar flow beds

for granulocytopenia, 439–440Lamivudine (3TC)

for HIV infection, 544Lamotrigine

for chronic pain, 316for epileptic seizures, 602for trigeminal neuralgia, 329

Langerhans cell, 170t, 175Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), 175Lansoprazole

for GERD, 391Large cell carcinoma, 359Laryngitis, 347Laryngotracheobronchitis, 347Laser surgery, 207

for hemangiomas, 127, 146Latex allergy, 500LCH, 175LDL, 567Lead

adverse effects of, 135Lead cutout, 212fLead foil, 209Legionella, 349, 350, 351, 530–532

clinical conditions caused by, 532tLegionella pneumophilia, 530

bacteriologic characteristics of, 531tLegionnaires' disease, 530–532

characteristics of, 532tLentigo malignant melanoma, 131Leontiasis ossea, 174Leprosy, 178Lesions

acute multiple, 51–62acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, 61–63contact allergic stomatitis, 59–60in coxsackievirus infections, 54–55erythema multiforme, 57–60in herpesvirus infections, 51–52in primary herpes simplex virus infections, 52–53secondary to cancer chemotherapy, 61in varicella zoster virus infection, 55–57

chronic multiple, 68–76bullous disease, 74–75linear IGA disease, 74

mucous membrane pemphigoid, 72–73pemphigus, 68–71subepithelial bullous dermatoses, 71–72

Letterer-Siwe disease, 175Leukemia, 175, 443, 484–485

acute, 443–444chronic, 445–448

Leukoedema, 86fLeukopenia

in SLE, 487Leukoplakia, 90, 93f, 199–201

classification of, 199–200, 199tdiagnosis of, 199–200management of, 202

Leukotriene receptor antagonistsfor asthma, 354

Levamisolefor erythema multiforme, 59

Levodopa, 598Libman-Sacks vegetations, 490Lichenoid reactions, 110–112

diseases exhibiting, 110tgraft-versus-host disease, 110–111

Lichen planus, 109f, 201in elderly, 612erosive, 74–75


forms of, 108foral. See Oral lichen planuspigmented, 133, 133f

Lidexfor oral lichen planus, 110for recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 64

Lidocaine, 293for mucositis, 220

Lifestyle factorsand coronary artery disease, 371–372

Limb-girdle dystrophy, 601Lime, 117Linea alba, 87Linear gingival erythema, 553, 553fLinear IGA disease, 74Lip

candidal infection of, 98fcheilitis granulomatosa of, 178fephelis of, 130, 130fexamination of, 16Kaposi's sarcoma of, 215fkeratoacanthoma of, 144lupus lesions of, 113fvarices of, 128, 128f

Lipidoses, 174–175Lipids

and coronary artery disease, 370Lipoprotein, 174–175Lipstick sign, 237Lithium, 589


Lithotripsy, 246Liver cirrhosis, 403Liver disease

management of, 467Liver failure

medications for, 519tLocalized anaphylaxis, 498–499LOH, 196Loratadine

for allergic rhinitis, 343Loss of heterozygosity (LOH), 196Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), 567Lower airway infections, 348–359Lower digestive tract diseases, 393–400Lumpy jaw, 176Lung cancer, 358Lung transplant, 518Lupus erythematosus, 112–114

clinical features of, 112–113diagnosis of, 112–113drug-induced, 486histopathologic features of, 113–114systemic. See Systemic lupus erythematosustreatment of, 112–113

Lupus nephritis, 414Lymphadenitis

cervical tuberculosis, 529fLymphangiomas, 147Lymph nodes

examination of, 18of head and neck, 18f

Lymphocytes, 438, 479Lymphoepithelial lesion

benign, 256Lymphoid hyperplasia

benign, 144–1145Lymphoid nodules

ectopic, 138Lymphoid tissue

ectopic, 114Lymphoma, 175, 264, 448–451, 515

childdental root alteration, 518f

malignantwith Sjogren's syndrome, 258

Lymphonodular pharyngitisacute, 55

Lysosomal storage disease, 185t

MMacrophage-tropic viruses, 543Macules, 50–51Maffucci's syndrome, 147Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 41–43

costs of, 43, 48Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

antigens, 479Malabsorption

oral effects of, 399

Index 643

Malar rashin SLE, 487

Malignancysyndromes predisposing to, 169t–170t

Malignant lymphomawith Sjogren's syndrome, 258

Malignant melanoma, 131–132, 214–215Mandible

asymptomatic lesion of, 159fdysfunction of, 225

evaluation of, 285tphysical examination directed toward, 286t

movement ofrange of, 286

osteomyelitis ofnuclear medicine scan of, 44f

rest position of, 278Mandibular condyle, 272Mandibular fossa, 272Mandibular molar

cemento-ossifying fibroma of, 151fMandibular mucobuccal folds

examination of, 17Manners

of clinicians, 8MAP classification, 310Masseter muscle

paired, 275Mastication, 225

in elderly, 611muscles of, 275

Masticatory disordersin elderly

prevention and treatment of, 618Masticatory-muscle hyperactivity, 279Masticatory muscles

accessory to, 275–277myofascial pain of, 289–293palpation of, 286

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), 571Maxilla

hemangioma of, 146fMaxillary folds

examination of, 17Maxillary sinus

adenocystic carcinoma arising incomputed tomography of, 47f

cysts of, 157Maxillofacial imaging, 35–48

benefits and risks of, 47–48cost of, 48in hospitals and radiology clinics, 39–44in offices and dental clinics, 36–39protocols for, 44–47selection criteria for, 35–36

May-Hegglin anomaly, 461McCune-Albright syndrome. See Albright's syndromeMcGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), 310, 311fMeasles, 348

Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, 249Measles virus, 174Mechanical ventilation

for bronchiolitis, 352Median rhomboid glossitis, 98, 98fMedicAlert, 500Medical history, 5–15

biographic and demographic information, 9chief complaint in, 9components of, 9–12and family history, 11methods and problems of, 5–6past, 10and review of systems, 11–12and social history, 11

Medical informationrequesting from other departments, 2

Medically complex patientsmodification of dental care for, 27

Medical referral. See ConsultationsMedical risk

assessment of, 25Medication history, 10

and dry mouth, 236Medication-induced complications

of transplantation, 510–511Medication-induced erythema multiforme, 57Medication-induced hepatotoxicity, 402–403Medication-induced lichenoid reactions, 110–111Medication-induced lupus erythematosus, 486Medication-induced melanosis, 132Medication-induced salivary dysfunction, 255–256Medication-induced ulcerations

with HIV infection, 555–556Medication-induced xerostomia, 253Medications

locating information on, 10Megaloblastic anemia, 436Melanin, 126, 127tMelanosis

drug-induced, 132perioral, 132fsmoker's, 132–133, 132f

Melanotic ameloblastoma, 159Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy, 149Melanotic progonoma, 149Melasma, 132fMelkersson-Rosenthal syndrome, 175, 178Melphalan

for multiple myeloma, 451for polycythemia vera, 430

Menarchewith phenytoin-induced gingival hyperplasia, 182

MEN III syndrome, 145, 169t, 172Mercaptopurine

for ulcerative colitis, 396Mercury

adverse effects of, 60, 135Mestinon, 600

Metabolic acidosis, 414Metabolic disorders

leading to renal disease, 414Metabolic syndrome, 372Metered-dose inhalers

for asthma, 354Metformin, 569Methemoglobinemia, 73Methocarbamol, 292Methotrexate

adverse effects of, 61for dermatomyositis, 495

Methysergidefor cluster headache, 334for migraine headache, 335

Metronidazolefor acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, 63adverse effects of, 400for duodenal ulcer, 395

Mexiletinefor chronic pain, 316

MHCantigens, 479

Microcytic hypochromic anemia, 415Micromedex, 10Miescher's syndrome, 175, 178Migraine headache, 334

butorphanol for, 316Mikulicz's disease, 256Milk of magnesia

for mucositis, 220Millon Behavioral Health Inventory, 322Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), 322Misoprostol

for chronic pain, 315for mucositis, 221

Mitral regurgitation, 377–379Mitral valve disease, 377–379Mitral valve prolapse, 377–379Mitsuda reactions, 178Mixed connective-tissue disease, 498Mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reaction, 506MLC reaction, 506MMF

adverse effects of, 511for pemphigus vulgaris, 70in transplantation, 507

MMPI, 322MMPs, 571MMR vaccine, 249Moist snuff, 90Molluscum contagiosum, 167Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

for migraine headache, 335Monocytic leukemia

gingival enlargement in, 182f, 448fMonomorphic adenoma, 261Mononucleosis, 250Montelukast


for asthma, 354Mood disorder due to a general medical conditions, 313tMoraxella catarrhalis, 344Morphea

of face, 491fMorphine

for chronic pain, 315–316Morsicatio buccarum, 88fMouth

dermoid cysts of, 154fecchymosis in, 134ffloor of

examination of, 17irregular leukoplakia of, 200fmucositis of, 218f

Mouthwashes, 195–196adverse effects of, 89, 89f

Mouth-wetting agents, 222MPQ, 310, 311fMRI, 41–43

costs of, 43, 48MS, 595–596M-tropic viruses, 543Mucoceles

extravasation, 246Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 262–264Mucolipidosis II, 184fMucormycosis, 78–79Mucosal candidiasis, 259Mucositis, 217–222

assessment of, 217pathogenesis of, 217–218treatment of, 220–222, 224t

Mucous cyst, 155fMucous membrane

hemangiomas of, 147Mucous membrane pemphigoid, 72–74, 72f, 73f

clinical manifestations of, 73diagnosis of, 73oral manifestations of, 73treatment of, 73–74

Mucous patches, 101Multiaxial Assessment of Pain (MAP) classification, 310Multidisciplinary pain clinics, 313–314Multilocular ameloblastoma, 161fMultiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN III) syndrome, 145,

169t, 172Multiple gated acquisitions scanning

for heart failure, 381Multiple mucosal neuroma syndrome, 169t, 172Multiple myeloma, 175, 451–452, 485

maxilla in, 452fskull lesions in, 452f

Multiple sclerosis (MS), 595–596Mumps, 249–250

swelling of, 250fMuromonab-CD3 (OKT3)


Index 645

Murray-Puretic-Drescher syndrome, 185tMuscle relaxants, 292Muscle relaxation splint, 291Muscles

associated with mandibular movement and function,275

of mastication, 275palpation of, 320

Muscular dystrophy, 600–601Myasthenia gravis, 69, 600

cause of, 480Mycobacterium leprae, 178Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 258, 350, 526–527Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)

adverse effects of, 511for pemphigus vulgaris, 70in transplantation, 507

Mycoplasma, 351Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 348, 349, 350, 352, 356Mylohyoid muscle, 277Mylohyoid ridge, 138Myocardial perfusion imaging

for coronary artery disease, 373Myoepithelioma, 262Myofascial pain

initial treatment of, 290tof masticatory muscles, 289–293physiotherapy for, 290–291

Myositisfocal, 144

Myotonic dystrophy, 601

NNabumetone, 292

for chronic pain, 315NAEPP, 353Naproxen, 292

for chronic pain, 315Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, 214

radiation treatment of, 211fNational Asthma Education and Prevention Program

(NAEPP), 353National Cancer Data Base, 198National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and

End Results, 198National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, 364Natural killer cells, 479Nd:YAG laser

for leukoplakia, 202Neck

examination of, 14–15, 18lymph nodes of, 18f

Necrotizing sialometaplasia, 213, 247–248Necrotizing stomatitis, 555f

with HIV infection, 554Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, 554fNeisseria gonorrhoeae, 348Neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser

for leukoplakia, 202

Neonatesblack

alveolar lymphangiomas in, 147Neostigmine (Prostigmin), 600Nephron, 408–409Nephrotic syndrome, 413, 485Nephrotoxic drugs, 426–427Nerve sheath tumors, 149Nerve trunk pain

classification of, 318tNervous intermedius (geniculate) neuralgia, 329Neumann type

of pemphigus vegetans, 71Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis (NICO), 319Neurilemmomas, 149Neurofibromas, 149Neurofibromatosis

facial deformity associated with, 171fNeuromuscular diseases, 592–604Neutropenia

oral ulcers in, 440fNeutrophils, 479Nevirapine (NVP)

for HIV infection, 544Nevocellular nevus, 130–131, 131fNevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, 169t, 171–172Nevus, 172Newborns

gingival and palatal cysts of, 114–115, 115fwith herpes simplex virus infections, 52

NHL, 264, 450, 485Nicardipine

adverse effects of, 183Nickel

adverse effects of, 60NICO, 319Nicotine stomatitis, 91–92, 92f, 195Nicotinic acid, 371tNifedipine, 183

adverse effects of, 183for scleroderma, 493and transplantation, 512

Nikolsky sign, 69Nimodipine (Nimorop)

adverse effects of, 183Nimorop

adverse effects of, 183Nisoldipine

adverse effects of, 183Nitrendipine

adverse effects of, 183Nitrobenzene

adverse effects of, 400Nitrogen dioxide

adverse effects of, 356Nitrosonornicotine, 90NM system, 198tN-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 90Nocardia, 350

Nociceptors, 312Nodular fasciitis, 143–144Nodular leukoplakia, 102, 103fNodules, 51Nominal standard dose (NSD), 207Noncaseating tuberculoid-type granulomas, 179f, 180fNon-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), 264, 450, 485Non-odontogenic fissural cyst, 155fNonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

for chronic pain, 315for TMD, 291

Norepinephrinefor chronic pain, 316

Nortriptylinefor atypical facial pain, 332for postherpetic neuralgia, 330for post-traumatic neuropathic pain, 331

Nosocomial pneumonia, 350NRTI

for HIV infection, 544NSAIDs

for chronic pain, 315for TMD, 291

NSD, 207Nuclear medicine, 43–44Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI)

for HIV infection, 544Nursing homes

pneumonia in, 352Nutrition, 225

and oral cancer, 203NVP

for HIV infection, 544Nystatin, 248

for oral candidiasis, 101

OObesity

and coronary artery disease, 372and diabetes mellitus, 568and hiatal hernia, 392

Obstructive jaundice, 401Occipital neuralgia, 330Occlusal night guard

for cheek chewing, 88Occlusal splints, 294Occlusion

TMJ, 278Ocular nerves

examination of, 20herpes zoster of, 56f

Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, 601Odontalgia

atypical, 317–318, 331–333Odontogenic keratocyst, 156f, 157f, 172Odontogenic myxoma, 163Odontogenic tumors

histopathologic classification of, 158tof mesenchymal origin, 163–164


of mixed epithelial and mesenchymal origin, 164–165Offices

maxillofacial imaging in, 36–39OKT3


Olfactory nerveexamination of, 19

OMAS, 217–218Omeprazole

for duodenal ulcer, 395for GERD, 391

Oncocytoma, 261Opioids

for TMD, 291Optic nerve

examination of, 20Orabase

for recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 64–65Oral agents

for diabetes mellitus, 568–569, 568tOral cancer, 90, 194–227

in elderly, 612epidemiology of, 195etiology of, 195–198imaging of, 203–206molecular changes in, 196and nutrition, 203pathogenesis of, 196precancerous lesions, 199–202

erythroplakia, 199–201leukoplakia, 199–202lichen planus, 201oral hairy leukoplakia, 201–202submucous fibrosis, 201syphilis, 201

pretreatment assessment, 216prognosis of, 198–199risk factors of, 195–198signs and symptoms of, 203tissue specimen acquisition in, 206and tissue specimen acquisitions, 206treatment of, 206–213

chemotherapy, 213combined radiation and surgery, 213complications of, 217–222radiation therapy, 207–213surgery, 207

and tumor biology, 202–203viruses in, 202

Oral candidiasisclassification of, 94ttreatment of, 101

Oral cavityexamination of, 14–15neurofibroma, 149

Oral conditionsin elderly

prevention and treatment of, 615–619

Index 647

Oral hairy leukoplakia, 93f, 201, 551fOral hypertensive medications, 368t–369tOral leukoplakia

malignant transformation in, 104tOral lichen planus, 107–110

clinical course of, 109–110clinical features of, 107–108diagnosis of, 107differential diagnosis of, 109drugs associated with, 111tetiology of, 107histopathologic features, 108immunofluorescent studies of, 108prognosis of, 109–110, 112treatment of, 110, 112

Oral melanotic macule, 130Oral mucosa

age-related changes in, 609chemical injuries of, 88–89exogenous pigmentation of, 127tneuromas of, 173f

Oral mucosal diseasein elderly, 612

prevention and treatment of, 615–616endogenous pigmentation in, 127t

Oral mucositis, 516Oral Mucositis Assessment Scale (OMAS), 217–218Oral pigmentation

clinical classification of, 128tOral squamous papillomas, 165–167, 553–554Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), 117–118Oral tuberculosis, 529fOral vesiculobullous disease

in elderly, 612Organ of Chievitz, 138Orofacial area

innervation of, 308tOrofacial granulomatosis, 178–179Orofacial pain, 307–335

chronic. See Chronic orofacial painclassification of, 316–319differential diagnosis of, 318tin elderly, 611–612idiopathic

classification of, 319tand imaging protocols, 44

Oropharynxexamination of, 17

Orphenadrine, 292Orthodontic therapy

for hemophilia, 472OSF, 117–118Osseointegrated implants, 207Ossifying fibroma, 152

peripheral, 141–142, 142Osteitis deformans, 173–174Osteoarthrosis. See Degenerative joint diseaseOsteoblastoma, 151fOsteomyelitis

vs. actinomycosis, 176of left mandible

nuclear medicine scan of, 44fsclerosing

radiographic appearance of, 164fOsteonecrosis

postradiation, 224f, 225fclassification of, 226t

Otitis media, 344–345Overactive immune response, 480Oxodipine, 183

adverse effects of, 183Oxygen

for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 357for cluster headache, 334

PPACD, 163, 163fPacemakers, 384Paget's disease of bone, 169t, 173–174Pain, 226–227

acute vs. chronic, 312anatomic considerations of, 308–309in cancer patients, 227tcharacteristics of, 319tchronic. See Chronic paincontrol of

in coagulopathies, 471definition of, 307–312measurement of, 309–312of psychological origin

classification of, 326tspontaneous, 312

Pain behaviorsobservable, 310t

Pain clinicfor TMD, 292

Pain diaryfor TMJ, 285

Pain management, 219, 227tPain specialist

referral of TMD to, 288Paint

adverse effects of, 135Paired masseter muscle, 275Palatal cysts

of newborn, 114–115Palatal papillary hyperplasia, 141Palate

Cryptococcus infection of, 78ferosive lichen planus of, 75fherpes simplex virus infection of, 77fherpes zoster of, 56fhyperkeratosis of, 102fmucormycosis of, 79fnevocellular nevus of, 131nodular enlargements of, 138pemphigus vegetans of, 71fpetechiae of, 134

smoker's, 91–92Pamidronate

for reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 331Pancreatic transplant, 518Pancytopenia, 437Panoramic radiography, 36Pansialadenitis, 255fPapillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum, 261Papillary thyroid cancer, 588Papilloma, 138

ductal, 262inverted, 167finverted ductal, 262oral squamous, 165–167, 553–554simple duct, 262

Papillomatosisintraoral, 166

Papovavirus particles, 166Papules, 51Paraformaldehyde

adverse effects of, 88Parafunctional habits

assessment of, 287Parainfluenza virus, 342Paralysis agitans, 597–598Paramyxovirus, 174, 249Paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNPP), 70–71Paranoia, 326Parinaud's syndrome, 178Parkinsonism, 597–598Parkinson's disease, 597–598, 606Parotidectomy, 264–265

complications after, 265Parotid gland, 235

agenesis of, 244pleomorphic adenoma of

ultrasonography of, 43fswelling of, 253ftumor of, 241f

Parotitisepidemic, 249–250signs of, 253f

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, 433Partial glossectomy, 225fParulis, 101, 101fParvovirus B19

and transplantation, 512Past dental history, 10Patched gene, 172Patient education

for myofascial pain of masticatory muscles, 289Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), 353Pediatric. See Children; Infants; NewbornsPEFR, 353Pemphigus, 68–71Pemphigus vegetans, 71

oral manifestations of, 71Pemphigus vulgaris, 68–69, 69f

clinical manifestations of, 69


laboratory tests of, 69–70oral manifestations of, 69treatment of, 70

Penciclovirfor recurrent herpes simplex virus infection, 68

Penicillaminefor scleroderma, 493

Penicillinfor acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, 63adverse effects of, 57and angioneurotic edema, 499ffor pneumonia, 351

Penicillin Vfor duodenal ulcer, 395for tonsillopharyngitis, 348

Pentazocinefor chronic pain, 316

Pentoxifyllinefor Behçet's syndrome, 66for recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 65

Peppermint allergy, 74Peptic ulcer, 393Percutaneous needle biopsy

in renal disease, 410–411Perfusion imaging

for heart failure, 381Periapical cemental dysplasia (PACD), 163, 163fPeriapical cementomas, 163Periapical cysts, 155f, 156Periapical radiography

with charge-coupled device, 37fPeriodontal disease

in elderly, 614prevention and treatment of, 617

with HIV infection, 553wit diabetes mellitus, 571–572

Periodontal furcation defectdigital subtraction image of, 38ftuned-aperture computed tomography of, 38f

Periodontal infectionon glycemic control, 572

Periodontal membranetumors of, 151

Periodontal therapyfor hemophilia, 472

Periodontitisand diabetes mellitus, 571

Periodontiumin elderly, 610–612examination of, 17

Perioral melanosis, 132fPeripheral ossifying fibroma, 141–142, 142Peritoneal dialysis

for chronic renal failure, 420–422continuous cyclic, 421

Pernicious anemia, 117f, 436–437Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire, 322Pestivirus, 534Petechiae, 51, 134

Index 649

of palate, 134Petit mal seizures, 602PET scanning

for heart failure, 381Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, 133, 134f, 169t, 171, 405pH

homeostasis of, 409Phacomatoses, 147Phagocytes, 479Phakos, 147Pharyngitis, 348–349

lymphonodularacute, 55

Pharyngoconjunctival fever, 348Phenacetin

adverse effects of, 400Phenelzine

for migraine headache, 335Phenobarbital

adverse effects of, 57, 249for epileptic seizures, 602

Phenoxybenzaminefor reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 331

Phenytoinadverse effects of, 57for epileptic seizures, 602during pregnancy, 182for trigeminal neuralgia, 329

Phenytoin hyperplasia, 603Phenytoin-induced gingival hyperplasia, 181–182Phlebotomy

for polycythemia vera, 430Photochemotherapy

for erosive lichen planus, 75Photostimulable storage phosphor, 37fPhycomycetes, 447Phycomycosis, 78–79Pigmentation, 126–135

blue/purple vascular lesions, 127–130brown heme-associated lesions, 134brown melanotic lesions, 130–133endogenous

in oral mucosal disease, 127texogenous

of oral mucosa, 127tgray-black, 134–135from heavy-metal ingestion, 135oral

clinical classification of, 128tphysiologic, 132

Pigmented epulis, 149Pigmented lichen planus, 133, 133fPilocarpine, 222, 260

for Sjogren's syndrome, 257–258Pimozide

for trigeminal neuralgia, 329Pindborg tumor, 158, 162, 162fPink puffer, 356Pipe smoking, 195

PIT1, 579Pituitary disease, 578Plain tomography, 39Plaques, 51Plasma cell gingivitis, 60, 60fPlasma fibrinogen

and coronary artery disease, 372Plasmapheresis

for dermatomyositis, 495for pemphigus vulgaris, 70

Plasma renin activity testingfor hypertension, 366

Plasma thromboplastin antecedent deficiency, 462Plasmodium, 532Platelet count, 458–459Platelet disorders, 459

acquired, 461–462classification of, 46otcongenital, 461management of, 464–465oral health considerations of, 469–470

Platelets, 455Pleomorphic adenoma, 213, 260–261

of parotid glandultrasonography of, 43f

Plummer-Vinson syndrome, 404–405, 431–432PMNs, 571Pneumocystis carinii, 350

and transplantation, 512Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, 542, 544Pneumonia, 349–351

nosocomial, 350PNPP, 70–71Podophyllin resin

for hairy tongue, 117Polycyclic hydrocarbons monoxide

adverse effects of, 356Polycystic renal disease, 413Polycythemia, 429–430

apparent, 430Polycythemia vera, 430Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), 571POMC, 581Pontiac Fever

characteristics of, 532tPositron emission tomography (PET) scanning

for heart failure, 381Posterior disk displacement, 295Postherpetic neuralgia, 330–331

in elderly, 613Postmenopausal women

thyroid hormone replacement for, 589Postradiation osteonecrosis (PRON), 223, 224f, 225f

classification of, 226tPostrenal failure, 411Post-transplant, 519–520Post-transplant lymphoproliferative diseases, 512Post-traumatic neuropathic pain, 331Pott's puffy tumor, 346

PPD, 484Prednisone

for cluster headache, 334dose equivalents, 586tfor head and neck cancer, 219for pemphigus vulgaris, 70for ulcerative colitis, 396

Pregnancy, 11and CMV infections, 250drug categories for, 11tgeographic tongue in, 116fgingivitis in, 142phenytoin during, 182

Pregnancy epulis, 141–142Pressure algometers, 320Prick skin testing, 343Primidone

for epileptic seizures, 602Primordial cyst. See Odontogenic keratocystPrimum non nocere, 26Proaccelerin deficiency, 462Problem-oriented record, 29–30Procaine, 293Procardia

adverse effects of, 183Progesterone

adverse effects of, 59Progressive relaxation

for pain, 314Progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS), 491

and renal disease, 413–414Prolactin, 579Proliferative leukoplakia (PVL), 102, 200Proliferative myositis, 143–144, 144Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia, 104fPromotility drugs

for GERD, 391PRON, 223, 224f, 225f

classification of, 226tPro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), 581PROP1, 579Propafenone

for atrial fibrillation, 383Prophylactic antibiotics. See Antibiotic prophylaxisPropranolol

for migraine headache, 335Prostaglandins, 461–462

for chronic pain, 315Prosthetic heart valves, 379

anticoagulation therapy for, 379tProsthodontic therapy

for hemophilia, 472Prostigmin, 600Protamine sulfate, 376Proteinuria, 410Prothrombin time (PT), 458Proton pump inhibitors

for GERD, 391Protozoal infection, 532–533


Provocation tests, 287Pseudoankylosis, 493Pseudocyst, 155fPseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, 144Pseudo gout, 298–299Pseudomembranous candidiasis, 549

acute, 94–96Pseudomembranous enterocolitis, 399–400Pseudosarcomatous fasciitis, 143–144Psoriasis

geographic tongue associated with, 115–116Psoriatic arthritis, 298PSS, 491

and renal disease, 413–414Psychological factors

affecting chronic orofacial pain, 326PT, 458Pterygoid muscle, 275Pterygotemporotympanic region

glomus tumor in, 147Puerto Ricans, 166Pulmonary embolism, 358–359Pulmonary neoplasm, 358–359Pulse rate

assessment of, 14Purified protein derivative (PPD), 484Purpura, 51Pustules, 51PVL, 102, 200Pyelonephritis, 413Pyoderma gangrenosum, 397Pyogenic granuloma, 141–142, 141fPyostomatitis vegetans, 397Pyrazinamide

for tuberculosis, 529Pyridostigmine bromide (Mestinon), 600Pyridoxine

and coronary artery disease, 372Pyrophosphate

adverse effects of, 60

QQuinoline

adverse effects of, 132Quinolone

for Legionnaires' disease, 532Q-wave myocardial infarction (QWMI), 374

RRadiating pain, 312Radiation

biologic effect of, 207effect on dentition development, 226fhead immobilization for, 208f–210f

Radiation mucositis, 219with candidiasis, 218f

ulceration of, 218fRadiation shields

for mucositis, 221

Index 651

Radiation therapycomplications of, 219feffect of, 248–249

Radical neck dissection, 207Radical radiotherapy, 207Radicular (periapical) cysts, 155f, 156Radioallergosorbent test (RAST), 343Radiofrequency ablation

for arrhythmia, 382Radiography

intraoral, 36panoramic, 36periapical

with charge-coupled device, 37fRadiology clinics

maxillofacial imaging in, 39–44Radionuclide ventriculography

for heart failure, 381Ramon syndrome, 185tRamsay Hunt syndrome, 56Range of motion

assessment of, 320–321Ranulas, 246Rapamycin, 507–509

adverse effects, 511RAST, 343Ray fungus, 176Raynaud's phenomenon, 492Reactive hyperplasias, 138–145, 140f, 142f

definition of, 138giant cell, 142–143pseudosacromatous fasciitis, 143–144pyogenic, 141–142

Reactive/inflammatory white lesions, 87–93actinic keratosis, 89–90cheek chewing, 88chemical injuries, 88–89nicotine stomatitis, 91–92sanguinaria-induced leukoplakia, 92–93

Recombinant deoxyribonucleasefor cystic fibrosis, 357

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 63–65, 65fvs. Behçet's syndrome, 66clinical manifestations of, 64diagnosis of, 64etiology of, 63–64with HIV, 65ftreatment of, 64–65

Recurrent herpes labialis, 67, 67fRecurrent herpes simplex virus infection, 67–68, 68f


Red blood cell disorders, 429–435Red blood cells

decreased production of, 436–437Referred pain, 312Reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 331–332Rejection

of transplantation, 505t, 510Relaxation, 219Relaxation exercises

for TMD292, 292Relaxation therapy

for pain, 314Renal disease, 407–427

diagnostic procedures in, 409–411drug therapy for, 425tlaboratory changes in, 410tmanagement of, 467–468manifestations of, 414–419oral health considerations of, 423–427

Renal failure, 411–414acute, 411–412

oral health considerations of, 423acute intrinsic, 411–412chronic

management of, 419–427medications for, 519t

Renal osteodystrophy, 416, 417Renal replacement therapy, 420–421Renal stones, 245Renal ultrasonography, 410Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome, 460Repaglinide, 569Repositioning appliances, 291Research Diagnostic Criteria, 312, 317Reserpine

for reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 331Respiratory syncytial virus, 174, 342, 352Respiratory tract disease, 341–359Retention mucoceles, 246Retinal anlage tumor, 149Retinoids

for oral lichen planus, 110Retrodiscal tissue, 274Reversal syndromes, 543Review of systems, 11–12, 12tRheumatic heart disease, 377Rheumatoid arthritis, 245, 297–298, 495–498, 496f, 497f

hands in, 496fand renal disease, 413–414

Rhinovirus, 348, 349Rhinoviruses, 342Ribavirin

for bronchiolitis, 352–353Rifampin

for tuberculosis, 529Risk factors

for coronary artery disease, 370–371modification of

and coronary artery disease, 372Ritonavir (RTV)

for HIV infection, 544Rochalimaea henselae, 178Rofecoxib

for TMD, 291Rosiglitazone, 569

RTVfor HIV infection, 544

Rubber dam, 89fRubbing, 310tRumpel-Leede phenomenon, 459Rutherford syndrome, 185t

SSaline

for mucositis, 220Saliva

artificial, 259collection of, 237–238product of, 235

Salivary amylase, 255Salivary fistula, 265Salivary flow rate, 237Salivary glands, 235–265

aberrant, 244with accessory salivary ducts, 244allergic sialadenitis, 249anatomy and physiology of, 235–236biopsy of, 242Darier's disease, 244developmental abnormalities of, 243–244diseases/dysfunction of

clinical examination of, 237diagnosis of, 236–243in elderly, 614, 617–618medical history of, 236–237symptoms of, 236

diverticuli, 244in elderly, 610–611, 614, 617–618enlarged

evaluation of, 242–243examination of, 17, 242–243function stimulation, 222granulomatous conditions of, 258–259hypofunction of

causes of, 245timaging of, 238–242

advantages and disadvantages of, 238tcomputed tomography, 241–242indications for, 238tmagnetic resonance imaging, 241–242plain film radiography, 238protocols for, 44–45radionuclide salivary imaging, 240–241sialography, 238–239ultrasonography, 239–240

immune conditions of, 256–258inflammatory lesions of, 247–249medication-induced dysfunction of, 255–256metabolic conditions with, 254–255minor surgery of, 265mucoceles, 246radiation-induced pathology, 248–249serologic evaluation of, 242sialolithiasis, 244–245


systemic conditions with, 254, 254ttumors of, 46, 260–265

benign, 260–261malignant, 213–214, 262–264prognosis of, 214staging of, 220t, 243, 244tsurgical treatment, 264–265treatment of, 214

viral disease of, 249–254Salivary stones, 244–245Saliva substitutes, 222Salmeterol

for asthma, 354Sanguinaria canadensis, 92Sanguinaria-induced leukoplakia, 92–93Saquinavir (SQV)

for HIV infection, 544Sarcoidosis, 175, 258–259, 485–486Sarcomas, 215SBGM, 566Scalp

bullous pemphigoid of, 71fScandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study trial, 370Scanora panoramic x-ray machine, 38Schaumann's bodies, 176Schwann cell, 148, 149fSCID, 482Scleroderma, 491–492

clinical manifestations of, 491–493, 492fetiology of, 491laboratory evaluation of, 493nomenclature of, 491oral findings in, 493–494oral health considerations of, 494treatment of, 493

Sclerosing osteomyelitisradiographic appearance of, 164f

Sclerosisfor hemangiomas, 146–147

SCL-90-R, 312Scotoma, 335Scurvy, 460Sebaceous adenoma, 262Secondary polycythemia, 430Seizures

epilepticinternational classification of, 602ttreatment of, 602–603

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 294Selenomonas, 61Self-administered screening questionnaires, 5, 6f–8fSelf-blood glucose monitoring (SBGM), 566Self-care

for myofascial pain of masticatory muscles, 289–290,290t

Sensitivityof laboratory dental studies, 22

Septic arthritis, 298Serotonin

Index 653

for chronic pain, 316Serum chemistry

in renal disease, 409Serum sickness, 499Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), 482SHEP, 367Shingles, 330–331Sialadenitis

bacterial, 253bilateral chronic submaxillary, 254fscintigraphy of, 240f

Sialadenoma papilliferum, 262Sialadenosis, 256fSialocele, 265Sialography, 46–47Sialolith, 46, 46fSialolithiasis, 244–245Sialor, 222, 259–260Sialorrhea, 260Sickle cell anemia

horizontal trabeculation, 434fSickle cell disease, 433–435Sighing, 310tSilver nitrate

adverse effects of, 88, 89fSimian deficiency virus (SIV), 539Simple duct papilloma, 262Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), 44Sinusitis, 345–347Sirolimus (Rapamycin), 507

adverse effects, 511SIV, 539Sjogren's syndrome, 46, 222, 242, 256–258, 403

bilateral parotid enlargement secondary to, 257fdifferential diagnosis of, 251instruction for, 497lymphoepithelial proliferation, 258fsialogram of, 257f

Skinhemangiomas of, 147

Skin testing, 343positive, 527fprick, 343

Skullglomus tumor in, 147

SLE. See Systemic lupus erythematosusSmall cell carcinoma, 358Smell

in elderly, 611Smell dysfunction


Smoketobacco

toxins in, 355Smokeless tobacco, 201Smokeless tobacco-induced keratosis, 90–91Smokers, 202Smoker's melanosis, 132–133, 132f

Smoker's palate, 91–92Smoking

cessation of, 64, 391and coronary artery disease, 371pipe, 195

Snuff pouch, 91fSocial history, 11Socket sclerosis, 419, 419fSodium aurothiomalate, 245Sodium hypochlorite

adverse effects of, 88, 89Sodium lauryl sulfate

adverse effects of, 64Sodium tetradecyl sulfate

for varices, 128Soft medication splint

for desquamative gingivitis, 76fSoft palate

examination of, 17ulcer of, 204f

Solar keratosis, 89–90Solid organ transplantation

outcomes of, 513tSomatoform disorders, 326Somatosensory system, 312Sotalol

for atrial fibrillation, 383Specific gravity

in renal disease, 410Speckled leukoplakia, 102, 103fSPECT, 44Speech, 225Speech impairment

improvement of communication with, 608tSphygmomanometer, 14Spinal trigeminal nucleus, 277Spirometry

for asthma, 353for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 356for cystic fibrosis, 357

Spironolactonefor heart failure, 382

Spit tobacco, 90fSpontaneous pain, 312Spray and stretch therapy, 293Squamous cell carcinoma, 76f, 104f, 200f, 204f, 205f, 358,

515magnetic resonance imaging of, 42fpathogenesis of, 196and transplantation, 512wedged-pair treatment plan for, 211f

Squamous odontogenic tumor, 162SQV

for HIV infection, 544SSRIs, 294St. Jude valve, 379Stafne's bone cyst, 155fStaphylococcus, 349Staphylococcus aureus, 254f, 344, 351, 424

Staphylococcus epidermidis, 424Starch, 265Starr-Edwards ball valve, 379Static bone cyst, 152Statins, 371tStatus epilepticus, 602Stavudine (d4T)

for HIV infection, 544Stenson's duct, 235

purulence from, 253fStereognostic forms, 21Steroids

for oral submucous fibrosis, 117Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 57, 59f

mortality of, 58Stomach disorders, 393–394Stomatitis

fusospirochetal, 62fnecrotizing, 555f

with HIV infection, 554nicotine, 91–92, 92f, 195

Stomatitis nicotina, 91–92Streptococcus mutans, 217, 223, 610Streptococcus pneumoniae, 254f, 344, 345, 346, 349, 351Streptococcus pyogenes, 348Streptococcus sanguis, 63Streptococcus viridans, 254f, 352, 357, 424Streptokinase

for pulmonary embolism, 358Streptomyces hygroscopicus, 507Streptomyces tsukubaensis, 507Stress, 64Stress echocardiography

for coronary artery disease, 373Stroke, 593–594

embolic, 383Strongyloides stercoralis

and transplantation, 512Stuart factor deficiency, 462Sturge-Weber syndrome, 127, 146f, 147, 185tSublingual glands, 235Sublingual surgery, 265Submandibular glands, 235

sialography of, 45fSubmandibular surgery, 265Submaxillary lymphadenopathy, 152Submucous fibrosis, 201Substance P

for postherpetic neuralgia, 330Sucralfate

for mucositis, 220–221Sulfasalazine, 397Sulfisoxazole

side effects, 249Sulfonylureas

for diabetes mellitus, 568–569Sulfur granules, 177Sumatriptan

for migraine headache, 335


Sun, 195Superior cerebellar artery

atherosclerosis of, 328–329Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results

National Cancer Institute, 198Swallowing

in elderly, 611Swallowing disorders

in elderly, 615prevention and treatment of, 618

Sweat testfor cystic fibrosis, 357

Swedish snuff, 90Symptom checklist-90-revised (SCL-90-R), 312Syncope, 14Syndromes

associated with diffuse gingival enlargement, 185tpredisposing to internal malignancy, 169t–170t

Syndrome X, 565tSyngeneic transplantation, 504Synovial chondromatosis, 297Synovial fluid, 272Syphilis, 201

with HIV infection, 554Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 113f, 486–490

clinical manifestations of, 487–488dental considerations of, 490etiology of, 486–487nomenclature for, 486palatal lesion in, 489fand renal disease, 413–414skin lesions in, 488f

Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP), 367

TTacrolimus (FK-506)


TACT, 37–38Tamoxifen

for erythema multiforme, 59Tangier disease, 175Tantum

for mucositis, 220Taste

in elderly, 611Taste dysfunction


Tattoographite, 134

3TCfor HIV infection, 544

TCAs. See Tricyclic antidepressantsT-cell co-stimulatory pathway modifiers

in transplantation, 509T-cell system, 479Tc 99m iodine, 43–44Tc 99m pertechnetate, 240

Index 655

Tc 99m sestamibifor coronary artery disease, 373for heart failure, 381

TDF, 207Tea

avoidance of, 135Technetium (Tc) 99m iodine, 43–44Technetium (Tc) 99m pertechnetate, 240Technetium (Tc) 99m sestamibi

for coronary artery disease, 373for heart failure, 381

Teethexamination of, 17

Telangiectasesin scleroderma, 492f

Temovatefor lupus erythematosus, 112–113for oral lichen planus, 110for recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 64

Temperature, 13Temporal arteritis, 334Temporalis muscle, 275Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), 271–300, 272

assessment of, 283–288classification of, 281–282, 281tclinical characteristics of, 288–289clinical criteria for, 282t, 284tcontributing factors associated with, 285tdefinition of, 284tdiagnostic imaging of, 287diagnostic terms for, 282tear symptoms associated with, 278–279epidemiology of, 279–281etiology of, 279history of, 285palpation examination for, 279physical examination of, 285requiring dental procedures, 293t

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ), 272anatomy of, 272–279arthritis of, 296–299arthrography of, 44, 44farticular covering of, 278articulation

classification of, 272autopsy specimen of, 274fbone window computed tomography scan, 41fchronic

prediction of, 288clinical examination of, 280fdiagnostic local anesthetic nerve blocks, 287–288disk displacements, 278examination of, 18injection

sites for, 279intracapsular disorders of, 294–295linear tomogram of, 40fmagnetic resonance image of, 42focclusion, 278

palpation of, 287panoramic radiograph of, 36ftomogram of, 286f

Temporomandibular ligament, 274–275Temporomandibular structures

nerve supply to, 277vascular supply to, 277

TEN, 57TENS, 219, 290

mortality of, 58Teratomas, 152–153Tetracycline

for HIV-salivary gland disease, 252for pemphigus vulgaris, 70for recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 65

Tetracycline stains, 419fThalassemias, 435–436Thalidomide

for erythema multiforme, 59for recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 65

Thallium 201for coronary artery disease, 373for heart failure, 381

Theophyllinefor chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 356

Thick leukoplakia, 102Thrombin time (TT), 458Thrombocytopenia, 460, 461

ecchymosis of, 446fhematoma with, 447fin SLE, 487

Thrombocytopenia purpura (TTP), 461Thromboxanes, 461–462Thrush, 94–96, 95f, 549Thymoma, 69, 71Thyroglobulin, 588Thyroid cancer

papillary, 588Thyroid disease, 587–590

clinical and laboratory findings, 588dental manifestations of, 590differential diagnosis of, 588–589management of, 589pathophysiology of, 587–588prognosis of, 589–590

Thyroid hormone replacementfor postmenopausal women, 589

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), 579, 587Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), 579, 581fTIA, 594–595Tic douloureux, 328–329Tilting-disk valve, 379Time-activity curve, 241Time-dose fraction (TDF), 207Tirofiban

for unstable coronary syndromes, 374Tissue necrosis, 223–225Tissue specimen

acquisition of, 206

Tissue-type plasminogen activatorfor pulmonary embolism, 358

Tissue typingfor transplantation, 506–507

T-lymphocytes, 479–480TMD. See Temporomandibular disordersTMJ. See Temporomandibular jointTMJ Scale, 322TNM system, 198–199Tobacco, 195

smokeless, 90–91, 201spit, 90f

Tobacco pouch, 91fTobacco smoke

toxins in, 355Tobacco use

associated with leukoplakia, 200Toluene

adverse effects of, 400Toluidine blue stains, 104, 107Tolypocladium inflatum, 507Tongue

actinomycosis of, 176, 177fasymptomatic neurofibroma, 149fbilateral hemangiomas of, 145fbrushing of, 135examination of, 17granular cell tumor of, 144, 148hemangiomas of, 127, 146herpangina of, 55fleukoerythroplakia of, 204fmucositis of, 218fpemphigus of, 70frecurrent aphthous stomatitis of, 64fvarices of, 128

Tongue and mandibular positioning device, 208fTongue blade sign, 237Tongue deflector, 212fTonic-clonic seizures, 602Tonsillitis, 347–349Tonsils, 138

examination of, 17Toothache

chronic orofacial pain confused with, 324periapical radiography of, 46f

Tooth clenching, 279Tooth grinding, 279Topiramate

for epileptic seizures, 602Tori, 138Torus mandibularis, 139fTorus palatinus, 139fTotal joint replacement

antibiotic prophylaxis in, 497tTourniquet test

for capillary fragility, 459Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), 57Toxic nephropathy, 414Toxoplasma gondii


and transplantation, 512Tranexamic acid

after oral surgical procedures, 471for anemia, 438for chronic renal failure, 423

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), 219,290

mortality of, 58Transfusions

history of, 10Transient ischemic attack (TIA), 594–595Transplantation, 503–520

classification of, 504clinical indications for, 505, 506tcomplications of, 510–513isogeneic, 504medical management of, 506–510oral considerations, 514–520oral health considerations, 517–520, 518toral lesions in, 514–517prognosis of, 513–514types of, 504twaiting lists for, 504t

Transplantation immunology, 505–506Transplantation recipient

pretreatment with donor blood, 510Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), 377–379

for heart failure, 381Trauma

associated with leukoplakia, 200developmental defects and, 299–300

Traumatic bone cyst, 152Traumatic fibromas, 139–141Traumatic keratosis, 87, 87fTraumatic neuroma, 149Treatment

American Society of Anesthesiologists physical scoringsystem for, 26t

Treatment planformulation of, 25

Treponema, 61TRH, 579, 581fTrichosporon

and transplantation, 512Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

for burning mouth syndrome, 333for chronic pain, 316for migraine headache, 335for postherpetic neuralgia, 330for post-traumatic neuropathic pain, 331

Trigeminal nerve, 308examination of, 20nociceptive transmission associated with, 309f

Trigeminal neuralgia, 328–329, 596Trigger point injections

intramuscular, 293Trigger point injection therapy, 293Trimethoprim plus sulfisoxazole

for otitis media, 345

Index 657

Trimethoprim-sulfonamide penicillinadverse effects of, 57

Troglitazone, 569Trypanosoma, 532TSGs, 196–198TSH, 579, 587TT, 458TTE, 377–379

for heart failure, 381TTP, 461Tuberculosis, 175, 526–530

chemotherapy for, 529tchest radiograph of, 527fdiagnosis of, 529in dialysis, 424etiology and pathogenesis of, 526–527with HIV infection, 554oral, 529foral manifestations, 529reported cases of, 526trisk factors, 529–530salivary involvement, 258treatment of, 529vaccines for, 530

Tuberous sclerosis, 169t, 173, 185tTumor-, node-, metastasis (TNM) system, 198–199, 198tTumor biology, 202–203Tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), 196–198Tuned-aperture computed tomography (TACT), 37–38Tympanostomy tubes, 345Type 1 diabetes, 564–566

radiograph, 572f–573fType 2 diabetes, 565

disorders associated with, 565t

UUlcerative colitis, 395–397Ulceronecrotic gingivostomatitis, 180fUlcers, 51

recurring oral, 63–68Behçet's syndrome, 65–67herpes simplex virus infection, 67recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 63–65

single, 76–79blastomycosis, 78histoplasmosis, 77–78mucormycosis, 78–79

Ultralente insulin, 569Ultrasonography, 43Ultraviolet A

for oral lichen planus, 112Underlying medical conditions

evaluating and monitoring of, 28Unilateral radiation

effect of, 226fUnstable angina, 373Unstable coronary syndromes

therapy of, 374–375Upper airway infections, 341–349

Upper digestive tract diseases, 390–393Uremic frost, 417Uremic lung, 417Uremic syndrome, 414–419, 415t

biochemical disturbances, 414calcium and skeletal disorders, 416cardiovascular manifestations, 416gastrointestinal symptoms of, 414hematologic problems, 415–416immunologic changes in, 417neurologic symptoms of, 414–415oral manifestations of, 417–418respiratory symptoms of, 417trabecular changes in, 418f

Urinalysisin renal disease, 409–410

Urokinasefor pulmonary embolism, 358

Urticaria, 498fUveoparotid fever, 178, 258

VVagus nerve, 308

examination of, 21Valacyclovir

for erythema multiforme, 59for herpes zoster, 57for recurrent herpes simplex virus infection, 68

Valproic acidfor epileptic seizures, 602

Valsalva's maneuver, 382Valvular heart disease, 377–379

antibiotic prophylaxis for, 379Vancomycin

for chronic renal failure, 424Varicella zoster virus (VSV), 51, 55–57

clinical manifestations of, 55–56in elderly, 613with HIV infection, 552

Varix, 128of upper lip, 128f

VAS, 310Vascular pain, 334Veillonella, 346Velocardiofacial syndrome, 482Ventilation-perfusion (V-Q) scanning

in pulmonary embolism, 358–359Ventricular evoked response amplitude (VERA), 511Ventricular fibrillation, 383–384Ventricular tachycardia, 383–384VERA, 511Verapamil, 183

for arrhythmia, 382for migraine headache, 335

Verruca vulgaris, 166fVerrucous carcinoma, 104fVerrucous leukoplakia, 102Verrucous ulcer, 78Vesicles, 51

Vessel wall disorders, 459–462Viadent, 92Vinblastine, 552

for Kaposi's sarcoma, 129, 216fViral infections, 534–556

with HIV infection, 550–551Viral upper respiratory infection, 342Viral warts, 166fViruses

in oral cancer, 202Virus-induced tumors

benign, 165–167Vision impairment

improvement of communication with, 608tVisual analog scale (VAS), 310Vital signs, 13Vitamin A, 203

for oral submucous fibrosis, 117Vitamin B12, 64

and coronary artery disease, 372deficiency of, 436–437

atrophic glossitis in, 436ffor pernicious anemia, 437

Vitamin K deficiency, 463Vitamins

and coronary artery disease, 372Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, 147, 196–198Von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis, 149, 168, 169tVon Willebrand's disease (vWD), 454, 462, 470f

management of, 467and oral surgical procedures, 470–472

V-Q scanningin pulmonary embolism, 358–359

VSV, 51, 55–57clinical manifestations of, 55–56in elderly, 613with HIV infection, 552

vWD, 454, 462, 470fmanagement of, 467and oral surgical procedures, 470–472

WWaldenstroms macroglobulinemia, 71Warfarin (Coumadin), 376

for atrial fibrillation, 383for heart failure, 382for prosthetic heart valves, 379

Weight lossand hiatal hernia, 392

West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory(WHYMPI), 310

Wharton's duct, 235


blockage of, 247fcalcified deposit in, 239fsialolithiasis in, 239f

White blood cell countwith differential, 438t

White blood cell disorders, 438–443White-coat hypertension, 366White line, 87White sponge nevus, 86WHO

analgesic ladder, 219Whole saliva, 237WHYMPI, 310Wickham's striae, 107Wine, 195Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 493Withdrawal flexion reflex, 312Witkop's disease, 86–87Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, 383World Health Organization (WHO)

analgesic ladder, 219

XXanthomas, 174–175Xanthomatosis, 170tXenografts, 504Xerostomia, 222, 236, 417, 518f, 556, 595

medication-induced, 253treatment of, 259–260

Xerostomia-associated caries, 223fX-linked agammaglobulinemia, 481

YYoga, 314Yogurt

for oral candidiasis, 101

ZZafirlukast

for asthma, 354Zalcitabine (ddC)

for HIV infection, 544Zidovudine (ZDV)

for HIV infection, 544for oral hairy leukoplakia, 94

Zilactinfor recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 64

Zimmerman-Laband syndrome, 185tZinc citrate

adverse effects of, 60Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 172, 394Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, 322

Index 659

Documents

Index