623
▼ INDEX
AAAOP, 281Abacavir
for HIV infection, 544Abciximab
for unstable coronary syndromes, 374Aberrant salivary glands, 244ABO blood group antigens, 202Abrikosov's myocytes, 148Abscess
swelling of, 250fABVD
for Hodgkin's disease, 449–450Acantholysis, 69Acanthosis nigricans, 169t, 173, 185tAcarbose, 569Accessory nerve
examination of, 22ACEIs
for chronic renal failure, 419for coronary artery disease, 373for heart failure, 382for hypertension, 367, 369t
Acetaminophenfor chronic pain, 315
Acid-etching materialsadverse effects of, 88
Acinar cells, 236Acinic cell carcinoma, 263–264Acoustic nerve
examination of, 21Acquired immunity, 479–480Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 165, 250,
397death rate, 542tKaposi's sarcoma with, 129malignant disease in, 215oral hairy leukoplakia with, 93prognosis, 543traking of, 541t
Acquired platelet disorders, 461–462Acrolein
adverse effects of, 356Acromegaly, 582ACTH
adverse effects of, 397for ulcerative colitis, 396
Actinic keratosis, 89–90Actinomyces israelii, 176Actinomycosis, 177f
cervicofacial, 176–177intestinal, 176
Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), 458Acupuncture
for radiation-induced xerostomia, 249for TMD, 293
Acute atrophic candidiasis, 96, 96fAcute bronchitis, 349–350Acute coronary syndromes, 373–377Acute inflammations, 175–179Acute intrinsic renal failure, 411–412Acute leukemia, 443–444Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), 443–444Acute monomyelogenous leukemia
gingival infiltrates in, 448fAcute myelogenous leukemia (AML), 443–444
ecchymoses, 469fmorphologic subtypes of, 444tpalatal chloromas in, 448f
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG), 61–63, 62fclinical manifestations of, 62treatment of, 62–63
Acute painvs. chronic pain, 312
Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis, 94–96Acute renal failure, 411–412
oral health considerations of, 423Acute unstable coronary syndromes
diagnosis of, 374Acyclovir, 447
for erythema multiforme, 59for herpes simplex virus infection, 54, 68, 76for herpes zoster, 57for nervous intermedius neuralgia, 330for oral hairy leukoplakia, 94in transplantation, 510
ADD, 294clinical manifestations of, 294–295
Addison's disease, 133Adenocarcinoma, 205f, 264, 359Adenocystic carcinoma
arising in maxillary sinuscomputed tomography of, 47f
Adenoid cystic carcinoma, 263
Adenoidectomy, 345Adenoma
canalicular, 262Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, 161–162, 162fAdenomatous polyposis carcinoma (APC) gene, 171Adenomatous polyposis coli, 196–198Adenopathy
palpation for, 15Adenovirus, 342, 348
and transplantation, 511Adrenal diseases, 583–587
diagnosis of, 585management of, 585–586oral health considerations of, 586–587pathophysiology of, 583–585prognosis of, 586treatment of, 586
Adrenal insufficiencysigns and symptoms of, 585t
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)adverse effects of, 397for ulcerative colitis, 396
Advanced glycation end products, 567Adynamic bone disease, 416African Americans, 166
aging of, 5cancer in
survival rate of, 198oropharyngeal cancer in, 195pigmentation of, 132Witkop's disease in, 86–87
African formof Kaposi's sarcoma, 129
Age-related changes in oral health, 609–610Agranulocytosis, 439–440AIDS. See Acquired immunodeficiency syndromeAirway infections
lower, 348–359upper, 341–349
AJCCtumor classification of, 198–199, 198t
Albright's syndrome, 149–150, 150, 169t, 173Albuterol
for asthma, 354for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 356
Alcohol, 195Alcoholic cardiomyopathy, 382Alcoholic hepatitis, 401–402Alcoholism
and salivary gland dysfunction, 255Alendronate
for reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 331ALL, 443–444Allergen immunotherapy
for asthma, 355Allergic conjunctivitis, 342–344Allergic rhinitis, 342–344Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, 342Allergic salute, 343
624 Burket’s Oral Medicine
Allergic shiners, 343Allergic sialadenitis, 249Allergies, 498–500
history of, 10Allodynia, 312Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), 514Allogeneic transplants, 504Allografts, 504Allopurinol
adverse effects of, 57Alprazolam
for chronic pain, 316ALS, 596–597Alveolar lymphangiomas, 147Alzheimer's disease, 606Amalgam tattoo, 134Amantadine, 597–598Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
for hypertension, 366Ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
chronic, 421Ameloblastic fibroma, 164, 165fAmeloblastoma, 159–161, 160f, 165fAmerican Academy of Orofacial Pain (AAOP), 281American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)
tumor classification of, 198–199, 198tAmerican Society of Anesthesiologists physical scoring sys-
tem, 26tAmifostine (Ethyol), 219, 222
for mucositis, 221–222radioprotective properties of, 248
Aminocaproic acidafter oral surgical procedures, 471
Amiodaronefor atrial fibrillation, 383
Amitriptyline, 292for atypical facial pain, 332for burning mouth syndrome, 334for chronic pain, 316for postherpetic neuralgia, 330for post-traumatic neuropathic pain, 331
AML, 443–444ecchymoses, 469fmorphologic subtypes of, 444tpalatal chloromas in, 448f
Amlexanox pasterecurrent aphthous stomatitis for, 65
Amodiaquine antimalarialsadverse effects of, 132
Amoxicillinfor bronchitis, 349for chronic renal failure, 424for otitis media, 345for sinusitis, 346
Amoxicillin plus clavulanatefor otitis media, 345for sinusitis, 346
Amphogelfor mucositis, 220
Index 625
Amphotericin Bfor mucormycosis, 79for oral candidiasis, 101
Ampicillinadverse effects of, 399–400for pneumonia, 351
Amyloidosis, 170t, 175and renal disease, 414
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 596–597Analgesic ladder
WHO, 219Anaphylaxis
generalized, 499–500localized, 498–499
Anemia, 430from decreased red cell production, 436–437from hemolysis, 432–433from iron loss, 431–432
Anemia of chronic diseasein SLE, 487
AnesthesiaAmerican Society of Anesthesiologists physical scoring
system for, 26tAnesthesia dolorosa, 329Anetholetrithione (Sialor), 222, 259–260Aneurysm
rupture of, 593Aneurysmal bone cyst, 152Anger
and chronic pain, 313Angiomatous syndromes, 145–147Angiosarcoma, 129Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)
for chronic renal failure, 419for coronary artery disease, 373for heart failure, 382for hypertension, 367, 369t
Angiotensin II receptor blockersfor hypertension, 369t
Angular cheilitis, 97–98, 549, 550fAnistreplase
for pulmonary embolism, 358Ankylosis, 300Ann Arbor staging classification, 449tAnorexia nervosa, 404
and salivary gland dysfunction, 255Antacids
for hiatal hernia, 392Anterior disk displacement
with reduction, 294–295without reduction, 295–296
Antianxiety agents, 292Antibiotic-induced diarrhea, 399–400Antibiotic prophylaxis
for diabetics, 574for infective endocarditis, 378standard regimens for, 380tfor total joint replacement, 497tfor transplantation, 519
for valvular heart disease, 379Anticancer drugs
adverse effects of, 61Anticholinergics, 265Anticoagulant-related coagulopathies, 463Anticoagulants
and dental care, 375–377oral health considerations of, 472–473for prosthetic heart valves, 379t
Antifungal drugsfor xerostomia, 259
Antigen presenting cells, 505Antihypertensive medication, 368t–369tAntilymphocyte globulin
in transplantation, 509Antimicrobial medication
in transplantation, 510Antioxidants
and coronary artery disease, 372Antiperspirants, 265Antiplatelet medications, 374tAntithrombin medications, 374tAntithymocyte
in transplantation, 509ANUG, 61–63, 62f
clinical manifestations of, 62treatment of, 62–63
Anxietyand chronic pain, 313
Aortic regurgitation, 378Aortic valve disease, 378–379APC gene, 171Aphthous stomatitis, 397
recurrent. See Recurrent aphthous stomatitisAphthous ulcers, 398–399, 556f
with HIV infection, 554Aplastic anemia, 437Apparent polycythemia, 430Appliance therapy
for TMD, 291aPTT, 458Arm
erythema multiforme of, 58fArrhythmia, 382–384Arterial blood gases
in pulmonary embolism, 358–359Arteriovenous malformation (AVM), 593Arthritis
with Behçet's syndrome, 66of TMJ, 296–299
Articular disk, 273–274Articular disk displacement (ADD), 294
clinical manifestations of, 294–295Artificial saliva, 259Ashkenazi Jews
pemphigus in, 68Asians
pigmentation of, 132Aspergillosis, 516f
Aspergillus, 112, 350, 447and transplantation, 512
Aspirinadverse effects of, 88, 461for chronic pain, 315for coronary artery disease, 373, 375–376for prosthetic heart valves, 379for TIAs, 594toxicity of, 134
Aspirin burn, 88, 88fAsthma, 352–354Asymptomatic periapical actinomycotic foci, 177Ataxia telangiectasia, 482a-thalassemia, 435–436Atherogenic dyslipidemia, 372Atherosclerosis, 328–329, 370
and diabetes mellitus, 566in SLE, 487
Atopy, 342–343Atrial fibrillation, 383Atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT), 382Atrophic candidiasis, 549
chronic, 96–98Atypical facial pain, 317–318, 331–333Atypical odontalgia, 317–318, 331–333Aura, 602Autoantibodies
in rheumatoid arthritis, 496and SLE, 487, 488t
Autograft, 504Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis, 59Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, 134Autoimmunity, 480Autologous transplant, 504Autosomal recessive inheritance, 185tAVM, 593AVNRT, 382Azathioprine (AZA)
adverse effects, 397–398for Behçet's syndrome, 66for dermatomyositis, 495for erythema multiforme, 59for oral lichen planus, 112for pemphigus vulgaris, 70in transplantation, 507for ulcerative colitis, 396
Azithromycinfor Legionnaires' disease, 532
BBacilli Calmette-Guerin, 530Bacterial endocarditis
antibiotic prophylaxis for, 380t, 381tBacterial infection, 253f, 526–532
with HIV infection, 553and transplantation, 514
Bacterial sialadenitis, 253Bacteroides, 346Bacteroides intermedius, 61
626 Burket’s Oral Medicine
Barrett's esophagus, 390Basal cell adenomas, 262Basal cell carcinoma, 214Basilar melanosis
melanocyte overpopulation, 126Basilar migraine, 335Basiliximab
in transplantation, 509b-blockers
for arrhythmia, 382for coronary artery disease, 373for heart failure, 382for hypertension, 367for unstable coronary syndromes, 374
b-carotene, 219B-cell system, 480BEANS
for chronic renal failure, 419Beck Depression Inventory, 322Becker's muscular dystrophy, 601Beer, 195Behavioral therapy
for pain, 313for TMD, 292
Behçet's syndrome, 65–67, 66fclinical manifestations of, 66diagnosis of, 66etiology of, 66vs. recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 66treatment of, 66–67
Bell's palsy, 56, 599Benign giant cell tumor, 143fBenign lymphoepithelial lesion, 256Benign lymphoid hyperplasia, 144–1145Benign migratory glossitis, 115Benign virus-induced tumors, 165–167Benzathine penicillin G
for tonsillopharyngitis, 348Benzodiazepine, 292
for chronic pain, 314Benzydamine hydrochloride (Tantum)
for mucositis, 220Bernard-Soulier syndrome, 461Betamethasone
for recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 64Betel, 117Bethanechol, 222BFU-E, 429Bicarbonate
for mucositis, 220Bilateral chronic submaxillary sialadenitis, 254fBile acid sequestrants, 371tBinge eating, 404Biofeedback, 219, 292Biographic information
in medical history, 9Biologic response modifiers, 220
for mucositis, 221Bioprosthetic valves, 379
Index 627
Biopsyfor erosive lichen planus, 75of pemphigus vulgaris, 69–70of salivary glands, 242
Birthmark, 147Bismuth
adverse effects of, 135for duodenal ulcer, 395
Bisphosphonatesfor reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 331
Bisulfanin transplantation, 509
Bjork-Shiley valve, 379Black hairy tongue, 116–117, 117fBlack neonates
alveolar lymphangiomas in, 147Blacks. See African AmericansBlastomycosis, 78
oral manifestations of, 78treatment of, 78
Bleeding and clotting disorders, 454–473and ability to withstand care, 474classification of, 459–462clinical and laboratory findings, 457–458clinical features of, 458tdental patient identification with, 464hemostatic screening tests for, 459tand infection susceptibility, 473management of, 464–468oral finding in, 468oral health considerationsoral health considerations of,
468–473pathophysiology of, 455–458prognosis of, 468
Bleeding time, 458–459Blenoxane
adverse effects of, 183Bleomycin (Blenoxane)
adverse effects of, 183Block injections
for coagulopathies, 471Blood glucose
hormonal regulation of, 564tBlood pressure
classification of, 365tmeasurement of, 14, 15t
in dental setting, 370tvalues of, 14t
Bloodroot plant, 92Blood typing
for transplantation, 506–507Blue nevus, 130–131Blue/purple vascular lesions, 127–130BMT, 503
for acute leukemia, 445Bone cyst
aneurysmal, 152traumatic, 152
Bone marrow transplantation (BMT), 503
for acute leukemia, 445Bordetella pertussis, 349Botulinum toxin, 265Bowen's disease, 105Brachytherapy, 209–213Bracing, 310tBrainstem syndrome
with Behçet's syndrome, 66Breakthrough pain, 315Breslow method, 131Bromhexine, 222, 259Bronchiolitis, 352–353Bronchiolitis obliterans
and transplantation, 512Bronchitis
acute, 349–350chronic, 355
Bronchodilatorsfor bronchiolitis, 352
Brown heme-associated lesions, 134Brown melanotic lesions, 130–133Brown tumors, 418Bruxism, 293–294b-thalassemia major, 435–436Buccal ecchymoses, 469fBuccal mucosa
amalgam tattoo of, 135fleukoplakia of, 200fvarices of, 128
Buccinator muscle, 277Bulimia, 404
and salivary gland dysfunction, 255Bullae, 51Bullous lichen planus, 74–75Bullous pemphigoid, 71–72, 71f
clinical manifestations of, 71treatment of, 71
Buprenorphinefor chronic pain, 316
Burkitt's lymphoma, 450Burning feet, 415Burning mouth syndrome, 332–333, 571Burp, 391Burst-forming units-erythroid (BFU-E), 429Buspirone, 294Busulfan
for chronic myelocytic leukemia, 445for polycythemia vera, 430
Butorphanolfor chronic pain, 316for migraine headache, 316
Butterfly rashin SLE, 487, 488f
CCafe au lait pigmentation, 132Caffeine, 315Caged-ball valve, 379Calcified phleboliths, 245
Calcifying epithelial odontogenic cyst (CEOC), 158–159Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT), 158, 162,
162fCalcium
urinary levels of, 174Calcium antagonists
for hypertension, 369tCalcium channel blocker
for cluster headache, 334dihydropyridine, 367for hypertension, 367induced- gingival hyperplasia, 182–183
Canalicular adenoma, 262Cancer
classification of, 198–199, 198tCancrum oris, 62fCandida, 87, 95–101, 217, 219, 350
associated with leukoplakia, 201oral hair leukoplakia with, 202and transplantation, 512
Candida albicans, 399in elderly, 613
Candida krusei, 550Candidal leukoplakia, 99fCandidiasis, 94, 222, 483f, 515, 516f
acute atrophic, 96, 96fatrophic, 549chronic, 549chronic hyperplastic, 98, 98f, 99fchronic mucocutaneous, 99, 100fchronic multifocal, 98–99, 100fin elderly
prevention and treatment of, 616erythematous, 549with HIV infection, 548–549hyperplastic, 549immunosuppressed (HIV)-associated, 99–101mucosal, 259oral
classification of, 94ttreatment of, 101
Capsaicinfor atypical facial pain, 332for chronic pain, 316for herpes zoster, 57for mucositis, 221for postherpetic neuralgia, 330
Capsular ligament, 274Carbamazepine
adverse effects of, 57for chronic pain, 316for epileptic seizures, 602for glossopharyngeal neuralgia, 329for trigeminal neuralgia, 329
Carbidopa, 598Carbon dioxide laser
for leukoplakia, 202Carbon monoxide
adverse effects of, 355–356
628 Burket’s Oral Medicine
Carcinoembryonic antigens, 202Carcinogenesis
molecular model of, 197fCarcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma, 264Cardene
adverse effects of, 183Cardiac catheterization
for heart failure, 381–382Cardiac risk index
computation of, 27tCardiac transplant, 518
complications of, 512–513intraoral herpes in, 515f
Cardiazemadverse effects of, 183
Cardiomyopathyalcoholic, 382
Cardiovascular risk factors, 370–371assessment of, 366–367in hypertension, 364tstratification of, 365t
Cardiovascular system diseases, 363–384prevalence, 364t
CARE trial, 370Carisoprodol, 292Carlson-Crittenden collectors, 237Carotenoid supplementation, 203Carotid artery, 277Carotidynia, 335Castleman's disease, 71Cat-scratch disease, 177–178Cat-scratch fever, 175Cavernous hemangiomas, 127, 128Cavernous sinus thrombosis, 595CBDC, 74CCD sensor, 37fCCL, 113CD20
for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 450CD8 lymphocytes, 203Ceftazidime
for granulocytopenia, 439–440Celecoxib
for TMD, 291Cell-mediated immunity, 479Cementifying fibroma, 163, 164Cementoblastoma, 163, 164Cementomas, 163
periapical, 163Cemento-ossifying fibroma, 151fCentral odontogenic fibroma, 163CEOC, 158–159CEOT, 158, 162, 162fCephalosporins
for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 357for granulocytopenia, 439–440for pneumonia, 351for tonsillopharyngitis, 348
Cerebral hemorrhage, 593–594
Index 629
Cerebral infarction, 593Cerebral palsy, 598–599Cerebrovascular accident, 593–594Cerebrovascular disease, 593–595Cervical muscles
palpation of, 287Cervical nerves, 308tCervical tuberculosis lymphadenitis, 529fCervicofacial actinomycosis, 176–177Cevimeline
for Sjogren's syndrome, 260CFU-E, 429Charge-coupled device (CCD) sensor, 37fChediak-Higashi syndrome, 441–442Cheeks
biting, 77fchewing, 88examination of, 16pedunculated fibrous inflammatory hyperplasia of, 140f
Cheilitis, 89–90, 90fCheilitis granulomatosa, 178fChemotherapy, 213Cherubism, 152, 153f
histologic features of, 153fChest radiography
for heart failure, 381Chewing tobacco, 90–91, 202Chickenpox, 55Chief complaint, 9Chi gong, 249Child-Pugh classification, 402Children
asthma in, 352–354cafe au lait pigmentation in, 132dental therapy for hemophilia, 472graphite tattoo in, 135hemangiomas in, 127lymphoma
dental root alteration, 518foral lesions in
with HIV infection, 556radiotherapy for, 225–226TMD in, 281
Chipmunk facies, 436Chlamydia, 348, 350, 351Chlamydia pneumoniae, 349Chlorambucil
for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 446for polycythemia vera, 430
Chlorhexidinefor mucositis, 221for phenytoin-induced gingival hyperplasia, 182
Chlorzoxazone, 292Cholestasis, 401Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) trial, 370Cholesterol-lowering medications, 371tCHOP
for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 450
Christmas factor deficiency, 462Chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, 421Chronic atrophic candidiasis, 96–98Chronic bronchitis, 355Chronic bullous disease of childhood (CBDC), 74Chronic candidiasis, 549Chronic cutaneous lupus (CCL), 113Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis, 98, 98f, 99fChronic hyperplastic gingivitis, 179Chronic idiopathic neutropenia, 442–443
ulcers with, 443fChronic leukemia, 445–448Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), 71, 446–447Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, 99, 100fChronic multifocal candidiasis, 98–99, 100fChronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), 445–446Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 355–357Chronic orofacial pain
assessment of, 319–328associated with systemic disease, 324–325confused with toothache, 324consultation and referral for, 323diagnostic imaging of, 323diagnostic nerve blocks for, 323–324disability and behavioral assessment, 321–322examination of, 319–328history of, 319–320indicating serious disease, 324laboratory tests for, 323physical examination, 320–321psychological and emotional factors of, 326–327responses to unexplained symptoms, 325screening of, 322t
Chronic pain, 312–316vs. acute pain, 312behavioral issues in, 313diagnostic coding of, 317tdrug therapy for, 315–316pathophysiology of, 312–313treatment of, 313–314
Chronic pain syndrome, 312Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania, 334Chronic renal failure, 412–413
medical management of, 419–423oral health considerations of, 423–427
Chronic temporomandibular joint (TMJ)prediction of, 288
Cicatricial pemphigoid, 72–74, 72fin elderly, 612
Cigarettes, 195and coronary artery disease, 371
Cimetidinefor duodenal ulcer, 395
Cinnamon allergy, 60f, 74Circumvallate dorsum, 138Cirrhosis
liver, 403Cisapride
for GERD, 391
Clarithromycinfor otitis media, 345for pneumonia, 351for sinusitis, 346
Classic migraine, 335Clindamycin, 519
adverse effects of, 399–400for chronic renal failure, 424
Cliniciansdemeanor of, 8
CLL, 71, 446–447Clobetasol (Temovate)
for lupus erythematosus, 112–113for oral lichen planus, 110for recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 64
Clonazepamfor atypical facial pain, 332for burning mouth syndrome, 333for chronic pain, 314, 316for TMD, 291
Clonidinefor chronic pain, 316
Clopidogrelfor coronary artery disease, 375
Closed lock, 295Clostridium difficile, 399Clotrimazole, 248
for oral candidiasis, 101Clotting disorders. See Bleeding and clotting disordersCluster designation 8 (CD8) lymphocytes, 203Cluster headache, 334–335CML, 445–446CMV, 51, 165, 249, 250–251
with HIV infection, 551and transplantation, 511
Coagulation, 455–456Coagulation cascade, 457fCoagulation disorders, 462–463Coagulation factors, 462tCoagulation factors concentrate products, 466tCoagulopathies
congenital, 462–463Cobblestoning, 343Codeine
for bronchitis, 349Coexisting systemic disease, 23Coffee
avoidance of, 135Cognitive-behavior therapy, 292Cognitive therapy
for pain, 314Colchicine
for Behçet's syndrome, 66for recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 65
Colony-forming units-erythroid (CFU-E), 429Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), 481Communication
improvement of, 608tComplement system, 479
630 Burket’s Oral Medicine
Complex odontoma, 165Complex regional pain syndrome 1, 331–332Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), 312–313Computed tomography (CT), 40–41
costs of, 48streak artifact in, 41f
Condition diagram, 30Condyloma acuminatum, 485fCondyloma latum, 141Confidentiality
of medical interview, 8of patient records, 30
Congenital coagulopathies, 462–463Congenital epulides, 148fCongenital hemolytic anemia, 435–436Congenital platelet disorders, 461Congestive heart failure, 416Connective-tissue diseases, 486–498Connective-tissue disorders, 413–414Consent
for transmittal of HIV-related information, 548fConsultations, 9, 28
answering, 2–3procedure of, 26–27
Contact allergic stomatitis, 60–61clinical manifestations of, 60diagnosis of, 61treatment of, 61
Contact allergy, 332Continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis, 421Contrast-enhanced radiography, 44Conventional tomography, 39Cooley's anemia, 435–436Cornell Medical Index, 5Coronal caries
in elderly, 613–614Coronary angiography
for coronary artery disease, 373Coronary artery disease, 368–377
diagnosis of, 372–373etiology of, 369incidence of, 368–369management of, 373and precautions regarding dental procedures, 375prognosis of, 373risk factors of, 369–370and transplantation, 512
Coronavirus, 342, 349Corticosteroids
adverse effects of, 397, 511tfor Bell's palsy, 599for cranial arteritis, 334for dermatomyositis, 495for erosive lichen planus, 75for erythema multiforme, 59for mucous membrane pemphigoid, 73for occipital neuralgia, 330for oral lichen planus, 110for platelet disorders, 464
Index 631
post-translplantation, 519for SLE, 489in transplantation, 509, 513for ulcerative colitis, 396
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 580fCortisol, 573, 580fCorynebacterium, 346Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 348Cost
of magnetic resonance imaging, 43of maxillofacial imaging, 48
Cotswold classification, 449tCoumadin, 376
for atrial fibrillation, 383for heart failure, 382for prosthetic heart valves, 379
Coumarin, 463Cowden's syndrome, 169t, 174, 185t, 405COX, 315Coxsackievirus infections, 54–55, 342, 348CPK, 374Cranial arteritis, 334Cranial nerve, 308t
examination of, 19–20, 20t, 321tfunction of, 19
Cranial nerve III, IV, V (ocular nerves)examination of, 20herpes zoster of, 56f
Cranial nerve II (optic nerve)examination of, 20
Cranial nerve I (olfactory nerve)examination of, 19
Cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal nerve), 308examination of, 21
Cranial nerve VII (facial nerve), 308examination of, 21
Cranial nerve VIII (acoustic nerve)examination of, 21
Cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve), 308examination of, 20
Cranial nerve XI (accessory nerve)examination of, 22
Cranial nerve X (vagus nerve), 308examination of, 21
Cranial neuralgiaclassification of, 318t
Creatine phosphokinase (CPK), 374Creatinine clearance test, 410CRH, 580fCrohn's disease, 175, 178, 179f, 395–396, 398–399Cross-matching, 506Cross syndrome, 185tCrowe's sign, 168CRPS, 312–313Cryoprecipitate
for hemophilia, 465for platelet defects secondary to uremia, 416
Cryosurgeryfor hemangiomas, 127, 146
for varices, 128Cryptococcus, 350Cryptococcus neoformans
and transplantation, 512Cryptosporidium, 532–533
epidemiology of, 533tCSA. See Cyclosporine ACT, 40–41
costs of, 48streak artifact in, 41f
Cushing's disease, 583Cushing's syndrome, 133, 172, 460, 583
treatment of, 586Cutaneous freckle. See EphelisCVID, 481CVP
for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 450Cyclic neutropenia, 440–441, 441f
lesions of, 442fCyclobenzaprine
for chronic pain, 316Cyclooxygenase (COX), 315Cyclophosphamide
for multiple myeloma, 451for pemphigus vulgaris, 70for polycythemia vera, 430in transplantation, 509
Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and pred-nisone (CHOP)
for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 450Cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (CVP)
for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 450Cyclosporine A (CSA)
adverse effects, 511for Behçet's syndrome, 66drug interactions with, 519for erosive lichen planus, 75induced-gingival hyperplasia, 182–183for oral lichen planus, 110in transplantation, 507for ulcerative colitis, 396
Cystic fibrosis, 357–358Cystic hygromas, 147Cytarabine
for acute leukemia, 444Cytokines
for mucositis, 221Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 51, 165, 249, 250–251
with HIV infection, 551and transplantation, 512
DDaclizumab
in transplantation, 509Dapsone
adverse effects of, 73for erosive lichen planus, 75for erythema multiforme, 59for mucous membrane pemphigoid, 73
for pemphigus vulgaris, 70for recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 65
Dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome, 73Darier's disease, 244Daunorubicin
for acute leukemia, 444DCCT, 568DDAVP
for chronic renal failure, 423for hemophilia, 466for platelet defects secondary to uremia, 416thromboembolism, 376
ddCfor HIV infection, 544
ddlfor HIV infection, 544
De-afferentation painclassification of, 318t
Deathleading causes of, 606t
Decongestantsfor allergic rhinitis, 343
Degenerative joint disease, 296–299Dehydration, 236Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
for Sjogren's syndrome, 258Delaviridine (DLV)
for HIV infection, 544Demeanor
of clinicians, 8Dementia, 606Demographic information
in medical history, 9Dennie-Morgan folds, 343Dental caries, 222–223, 223f
in elderlyprevention and treatment of, 617
and transplantation, 514xerostomia-associated, 223f
Dental cavity varnishesadverse effects of, 88
Dental clinicsmaxillofacial imaging in, 36–39
Dental departmenthospital, 2–3
Dental disordersin elderly
prevention and treatment of, 616–617Dental granuloma, 161fDental/medical record, 29–30
condition diagram, 30confidentiality of, 30–31organization of, 29–30problem-oriented, 29–30
Dental patientswith severe medical problems, 3–4
Dentifricesadverse effects of, 89, 89f
Dentigerous cyst, 156
632 Burket’s Oral Medicine
in mandibular third molar region, 39fDentition
age-related changes in, 609–610Dentoalveolar abscess
and transplantation, 514Dentofacial abnormalities, 225–226Denture papillomatosis, 141Dentures, 138, 141
epulis fissuratum, 139–140modified for radiation therapy, 212f
Denture sore mouth, 96–97, 97fDenture stomatitis, 96–97Depression
and burning mouth syndrome, 332and chronic pain, 313
Dermatomyositis, 494–495Dermoid cysts, 152–153, 154f1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP)
for chronic renal failure, 423for hemophilia, 466for platelet defects secondary to uremia, 416thromboembolism, 376
Desferoxaminefor microcytic hypochromic anemia, 415
Desipriminefor postherpetic neuralgia, 330
Desmopressin acetate. See 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vaso-pressin
Desquamative gingivitis, 73, 74f, 75fDevelopmental white lesions, 114DHEA
for Sjogren's syndrome, 258Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), 568Diabetes mellitus, 324, 563–575
cause of, 480classification of, 563–564clinical presentation of, 566complications of, 566–568, 567tand coronary artery disease, 371diagnosis of, 566epidemiology of, 563–564laboratory findings in, 566, 567tmanagement of, 568–570and oral diseases, 570–572oral health considerations of, 572–575pathophysiology of, 564–566and renal disease, 414and salivary gland dysfunction, 254–255signs and symptoms of, 566tand transplantation, 512
Diabetic emergenciesin dental office, 574–575
Diagnosis, 5–32establishment of, 24–27and informed consent, 31medical history in, 5–15and patient examination, 12–24and records, 29–30
Dialysate, 422f
Index 633
Dialysis, 421fmedications to avoid during, 427tfor platelet defects secondary to uremia, 416vascular access site, 422f
Diarrheaantibiotic-induced, 399–400
Diascopy, 146DIC, 459, 464
management of, 468Diclofenac, 292Didanosine (ddl)
for HIV infection, 544Dietary factors
and chronic renal failure, 419and coronary artery disease, 371–372
Digastric muscle, 275–276DiGeorge syndrome, 482Digestive tract diseases
lower, 393–400upper, 390–393
Digital clubbing, 353Digital imaging, 36–37Digoxin
for heart failure, 382Dihydropyridines, 183, 367Diltiazem
adverse effects of, 183for arrhythmia, 382
Direct immunofluorescent techniquefor mucous membrane pemphigoid, 73
Disabilitydefinition of, 310measurement of, 309–312
Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE), 113of lower lip, 489f
Discoloration. See PigmentationDisease-related coagulopathies, 463
management of, 467–468Disk disorders
clinical findings ofcorrelating with arthrotomography, 284t
Dislocation, 299–300Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), 459, 464
management of, 468Disseminated thyroid cancer (DTC), 249Diuretics
for hypertension, 367, 368tDiverticuli, 244DLE, 113
of lower lip, 489fDLV
for HIV infection, 544DNA-based testing
for tissue typing, 507Donor blood
pretreatment of recipient within transplantation, 510
Doxepinfor atypical facial pain, 332
for burning mouth syndrome, 333for chronic pain, 316for postherpetic neuralgia, 330for post-traumatic neuropathic pain, 331
Doxorubicin, bleomycin, vincristine, dacarbazine (ABVD)for Hodgkin's disease, 449–450
Doxycycline, 296–297D-penicillamine
for scleroderma, 493DRG, 24Drug categories
for pregnant patients, 11tDrug-induced. See Medication-inducedDry mouth
evaluation of, 236–242d4T
for HIV infection, 544DTC, 249Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, 600–601Ductal papilloma, 262Duct cells, 236Duodenal ulcer, 394–395Dyclonine hydrochloride
for herpes simplex virus infections, 54Dyskeratosis congenita, 87Dysphagia
in elderly, 615Dysplasia
molecular model of, 197f
EEating disorders, 255, 404Ecchymosis, 134, 134fEchocardiography
for hypertension, 366Echovirus, 249Ectopic lymphoid nodules, 138Ectopic lymphoid tissue, 114Edentulousness
in elderly, 615prevention and treatment of, 618–619
Edwards-MIRA valve, 379Efavirenz (EFV)
for HIV infection, 544EGF
for mucositis, 222Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 460Elderly. See also Geriatrics
bacterial sialadenitis in, 253chronic conditions of, 606tchronic impairments of, 607thealth care access by, 607increase of, 5Kaposi's sarcoma in, 129malignant melanoma in, 131oral conditions in, 612–615oral disorders in, 609toropharyngeal processes in, 608tpneumonia in, 352
systemic conditions in, 607ttemperature in, 13
Electrocauteryfor hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, 130
Electrolyteshomeostasis of, 409
Electron beam therapy, 208Electrosurgery
for varices, 128Elephant man syndrome, 168Embolic stroke, 383EMLA cream
for postherpetic neuralgia, 330Emotions
affecting chronic orofacial pain, 326evaluation of, 15
Emphysema, 355Enamel
hypoplasia of, 419, 419fEncephalofacial angiomatosis, 146f. See also Sturge-Weber
syndromeEncephalotrigeminal angiomatosis, 127Endarterectomy
for TIAs, 594Endocarditis
antibiotic prophylaxis for, 378bacterial
antibiotic prophylaxis for, 380t, 381tcardiac conditions associated with, 380tin hemodialysis, 424
Endocrine disease, 578–590pathophysiology of, 579–581
Endocrinopathic pigmentation, 133Endodontic therapy
for hemophilia, 472Endogenous pigmentation
in oral mucosal disease, 127tEndothelial dysfunction
and coronary artery disease, 372End-stage renal disease
etiology of, 412toral health considerations of, 423–427
Entamoeba, 532Enterobacter, 344Enterococcus, 424Enterovirus, 342Environmental factors
and SLE, 487Eosinophilic granulomatosis, 170tEosinophilic histiocytosis, 175Ephelis, 130Epidemic parotitis, 249–250Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
for mucositis, 221Epidermal nevus, 185tEpidermoid carcinoma, 144Epilepsy, 601–604Epileptic seizures
international classification of, 602t
634 Burket’s Oral Medicine
treatment of, 602–603Epinephrine, 573
adverse effects of, 14for generalized anaphylaxis, 500for laryngitis, 348
Epithelial malignanciesradiation for, 209
Epoetin alfafor renal disease, 415
Epstein Barr virus, 51, 145, 165, 249, 348with HIV infection, 551–552oral hairy leukoplakia with, 93and transplantation, 511
Epulidescongenital, 148f
Ergotaminefor cluster headache, 334for migraine headache, 335
Erosions, 51Erosive lichen planus, 74–75
clinical manifestations of, 75diagnosis of, 75treatment of, 75
Eruption cyst, 156Erythema area migrans, 115Erythema migrans, 115Erythema multiforme, 57–60, 57f, 58f, 59f
clinical manifestations of, 58drug-induced, 57etiology of, 57treatment of, 58–59
Erythematous candidiasis, 549Erythrocytosis, 430Erythromycin
for Legionnaires' disease, 532for pneumonia, 351for tonsillopharyngitis, 348
Erythromycin plus sulfisoxazolefor otitis media, 345
Erythroplakia, 105–107, 106f, 199–201, 201fErythroplasie de Queyrat, 106Escherichia coli, 254f, 344Esthesiometers, 21Estrogen
deficiency ofand coronary artery disease, 371
Ethambutolfor tuberculosis, 529
Ethyol, 219, 222for mucositis, 222–223radioprotective properties of, 248
Etretinatefor erosive lichen planus, 75for oral lichen planus, 110
Examination, 12–24of cranial nerves, 20of head, neck and oral cavity, 14–17laboratory dental studies in, 22–23of other organ systems, 23–24
Index 635
supplementary procedures for, 22vital signs in, 13
Exerciseand coronary artery disease, 372for TMD, 291
Exercise stress testingfor coronary artery disease, 373
Exogenous pigmentationof oral mucosa, 127t
External beam therapy, 209effect of, 248treatment plan for, 210f
Extracorporeal photochemotherapyfor scleroderma, 493
Extravasation mucoceles, 246
FFace
examination of, 16herpes zoster of, 56f
Facial nerve, 308examination of, 21
Facial neuralgia, 327–328Facial pain
atypical, 317–318, 331–333idiopathic
classification of, 317–319Factor I deficiency, 462Factor IX complex
thrombotic complications of, 467Factor V deficiency, 462Factor X deficiency, 462Factor XI deficiency, 462Factor XII deficiency, 462Factor XIII deficiency, 462Famciclovir
for herpes zoster, 57for recurrent herpes simplex virus infection, 68
Familial gingival hyperplasia, 183fFamilial multiple gigantiform cementoma, 163Family history, 11Famotidine
for duodenal ulcer, 395Fanconi's anemia, 437Fascioscapulohumeral dystrophy, 601Fasting glucose
impaired, 565–566Felbamate
for chronic pain, 316Felodipine
adverse effects of, 183Fernandez reactions, 178Ferritin, 64FEV1, 353Fexofenadine
for allergic rhinitis, 343FHIT (fragile histidine triad), 196–198Fibric acid derivatives, 371tFibrinolysis, 456–457
Fibrinolytic disorders, 464Fibrinolytic system, 458fFibrin-stabilizing deficiency, 462Fibroma, 138
cementifying, 163, 164cemento-ossifying, 151ftraumatic, 139–141
Fibro-odontoma, 164Fibrotic gingival enlargement, 181Fibrous dysplasia, 149–150
imaging of, 150Fibrous inflammatory hyperplasias, 139–141Fine-needle aspiration (FNA), 206
of salivary glands, 243First, do no harm, 26FK-506
adverse effects, 511in transplantation, 507
Flavivirus, 534Florid osseous dysplasia, 164Fluconazole
for oral candidiasis, 101Fludarabine
for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 446Fluids
homeostasis of, 409Fluocinonide (Lidex)
for oral lichen planus, 110for recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 64
Fluoride, 248, 252, 259for xerostomia, 259
Fluoromethane, 293Fluorouracil
for actinic keratosis, 90FNA, 206
of salivary glands, 243Focal dermal hypoplasia, 185tFocal epithelial hyperplasia, 166, 553Focal myositis, 144Focal osseous dysplasia, 164Folate, 64
and coronary artery disease, 372for phenytoin-induced gingival hyperplasia, 182
Folic acid, 183supplement for sickle cell anemia, 435
Folic acid deficiency anemia, 437Follicular cyst, 156Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), 353Forced vital capacity (FVC), 353Fordyce's granules, 114, 115fFormocresol
adverse effects of, 88Fractures, 299Fragile histidine triad, 196–198Frey's hairs, 21Frey's syndrome, 265Frictional keratosis, 87, 87fFructosamine test, 566FTY720
in transplantation, 509Fusarium
and transplantation, 512Fusobacterium, 61, 346Fusospirochetal stomatitis, 62fFVC, 353
GGabapentin
for atypical facial pain, 332for chronic pain, 316for epileptic seizures, 602for herpes zoster, 57for post-traumatic neuropathic pain, 331for trigeminal neuralgia, 329
GABHS, 348Gallium 67 citrate, 43–44Ganglion
herpes zoster of, 56Gap arthroplasty, 300Gardner's syndrome, 168–171, 169t, 171f, 404Gastric ulcer, 393–394Gastrinoma syndrome, 172Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), 390–391Gastrointestinal bleeding, 315Gastrointestinal syndromes, 404–405Gastrointestinal tract diseases, 389–405Gate-control theory, 312G-CSF, 220, 441
for chronic idiopathic neutropenia, 442–443General Health Questionnaire, 322Generalized anaphylaxis, 499–500Genetic factors
and rheumatoid arthritis, 495and SLE, 486–487
Geniculate neuralgia, 330Geniohyoid muscle, 277Geographic tongue, 115, 116f
conditions associated with, 116GERD, 390–391Geriatrics, 605–619Gestational diabetes, 565Ghost cell keratinization, 158–159GH-RH, 582fGiant cell arteritis, 334Giant cell granuloma, 142–143, 142fGiant cell tumor, 143f
benign, 143fhistology of, 144fpanorex radiography of, 144f
Gingivacysts of
of newborn, 114–115enlargement of, 179–186, 180f, 181f
fibrotic, 181inflammatory, 179–181syndromes associated with, 183–186, 185t
examination of, 17fibromatosis of, 183–184
636 Burket’s Oral Medicine
granular cell tumor of, 148hemangiomas of, 146hyperplasia of, 184f, 603
calcium channel blocker induced, 182–183cyclosporin A induced, 182–183phenytoin-induced, 181–182syndromes associated with, 183–186
inflammatory (reactive) hyperplasias of, 140fKaposi's sarcoma of, 215fmelanotic macule of, 130fnevocellular nevus of, 131
Gingivitischronic hyperplastic, 179with herpes simplex virus infections, 53fnecrotizing ulcerative, 554fpregnancy, 142
Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, 461Glenoid fossa, 272Glomangioma, 147Glomerular filtration rate, 409Glomerulonephritis, 412–413
in SLE, 487Glomus jugulare
glomus tumor in, 147Glomus tumor, 147–148Glossitis
benign migratory, 115Glossodynia, 332–333Glossopharyngeal nerve, 308
examination of, 21Glossopharyngeal neuralgia, 329Glucocorticoid excess
signs and symptoms of, 585tGlucocorticoids, 584f
dose equivalents, 586tsupplementation protocol for
while undergoing dental care, 490tGlucometers, 566Glucose intolerance
and coronary artery disease, 371Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, 433Glucose tolerance
impaired, 565–566Glycogen storage disease, 147GM-CSF, 220Gold therapy
adverse effects of, 60for pemphigus vulgaris, 70for rheumatoid arthritis, 497
Gorlin-Goltz syndrome, 185tGorlin's cyst, 158–159Gout, 245, 298
and renal disease, 414Graded Chronic Pain Severity scale, 312Graded Chronic Pain Status, 322Graft, 504Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), 74, 110–111, 445, 515,
517ftongue lesions of, 449f
Index 637
Gram-negative bacilli, 217Grand mal seizures, 602Granular cell epulis, 148–149Granular cell tumor, 148–149Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), 220, 441
for chronic idiopathic neutropenia, 442–443Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-
CSF), 220Granulocytopenia, 439–440Granulocytosis, 439Granulomatous inflammations, 175–179
cat-scratch disease, 177–178cervicofacial actinomycosis, 176–177Hansen's disease, 178orofacial granulomatosis, 178–179
Graphite tattoo, 134Graves' disease, 578, 587, 589Gray-black pigmentation, 134–135Grimacing, 310tGroup 1 beta-hemolytic Streptococcus (GABHS), 348Growth cartilage, 583Growth hormone, 579Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH), 582fGuanethidine
for reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 331Guarding, 310tGuided imagery
for pain, 314Guillain-Barre syndrome, 599–600GVHD, 74, 110–111, 445, 515, 517f
tongue lesions of, 449f
HHAART, 250–251Haemophilus influenzae, 254f, 344, 346, 349, 350, 351Hageman factor deficiency, 461–462Hair on end, 434f, 436Hairy leukoplakia, 397Hairy tongue, 116–117, 134Hallopeau type
of pemphigus vegetans, 71Hamartomas, 145–153
fibrous dysplasia, 149–150glomus tumor, 147–148granular cell tumor, 148–149hemangioma, 145–147lymphangioma, 147melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy, 149nerve sheath tumor, 149teratoma, 152–153
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease, 55, 348Hand-Schuller-Christian syndrome, 175Hansen's disease, 178Hard palate
examination of, 17Kaposi's sarcoma of, 215fsquamous cell carcinoma of, 204f
Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 587HBID, 86–87
HBO, 223–235HCT, 503
outcomes of, 513–514HCV. See Hepatitis C virusHead
examination of, 14–15extraoral structures in, 16tintraoral structures in, 16tlymph nodes of, 18f
Headacheassociated with systemic disease, 324–325
Head and neckdiagnostic radiography examinations of
effective dose and equivalent natural exposure from,48t
Head and neck cancerpain management in, 227t
Head and neck pain syndromesclassification of, 317t
Health care professionalsoccupational risks to, 537–538
Hearing impairmentimprovement of communication with, 608t
Heartburn, 390Heart failure, 380–382, 416
etiology of, 381tHeart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) Study, 367Heart transplant, 517–518
complications of, 512–513intraoral herpes in, 515f
Heavy metalspigmentation from, 135side effects of, 249
Heck's disease, 166, 553Heerfordt's syndrome, 178, 258Helicobacter pylori, 390–395Helium-neon laser
for mucositis, 221Hemangiomas, 127–128, 145–147
in children, 127of tongue, 145f
Hematologic disease, 429–452Hematologic malignancies, 443–449Hematopoiesis, 429Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), 503
outcomes of, 513–514Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), 442
for acute leukemia, 445Hematuria, 409Hemochromatosis, 126, 134, 403Hemodialysis
for chronic renal failure, 420infective endocarditis in, 424
Hemoglobin, 127tHemoglobinopathies, 433Hemolysis
anemia from, 432–433Hemolytic anemia
causes of, 432t
congenital, 435–436Hemolytic jaundice, 400–401Hemophilia A, 461–462, 470f
low-titer inhibitor, 473fmanagement of, 465–467and oral surgical procedures, 470–472preventive and periodontal therapy, 472
Hemophilia B, 462management of, 465–467and oral surgical procedures, 470–472preventive and periodontal therapy, 472
Hemorrhagic diathesis, 134Hemosiderin, 127tHemostasis
following vascular injury, 456flaboratory tests for assessing, 459tmechanisms of, 455
Heparin, 376, 463during dialysis, 416for pulmonary embolism, 358
Hepatitisalcoholic, 401–402
Hepatitis C virus (HCV), 74, 249, 252–253, 534–539in dialysis, 424incidence of, 536tprevalence of, 536trisk to health care workers, 537–538tests for, 537ttransmission modes in health care settings, 538tand transplantation, 512
Hepatobiliary system diseases, 400–401Hepatocellular jaundice, 401Herbal medications, 249Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis (HBID),
86–87Hereditary gingivofibromatosis, 184fHereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), 129–130,
130f, 460Hereditary white lesions, 86–87
dyskeratosis congenita, 87features of, 86hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis, 86–87leukoedema of, 86treatment of, 86white sponge nevus, 86
Herpangina, 54–55, 348clinical manifestations of, 54laboratory studies of, 55treatment of, 55
Herpes labialis, 515frecurrent, 67, 67f
Herpes simplex virus (HSV), 51, 52–54, 77f, 447f, 485f, 514,515f
associated with erythema multiforme, 57clinical manifestations of, 52–53diagnosis of, 53–54
antibody titers, 53–54cytology, 53, 54fisolation, 53
638 Burket’s Oral Medicine
in elderly, 613gingivitis with, 53fwith HIV infection, 550–551in immunosuppressed patients, 75–76
diagnosis of, 76oral manifestations of, 76treatment of, 76
in oral cancer, 202recurrent, 67–68and transplantation, 511treatment of, 54
Herpes virus, 51–52with HIV infection, 550–551
Herpes zoster, 330–331facial lesions of, 56flaboratory findings of, 57palatal lesions of, 56fand transplantation, 511treatment of, 57
Herpetic gingivostomatitis, 53fHerpetiform ulcers, 555Hertwig's sheath, 158HHT, 129–130, 130f, 450HHV6, 51HHV8
with HIV infection, 552Hiatal hernia, 392–393Histiocytosis, 175Histoplasma, 350, 447Histoplasmosis, 77–78
diagnosis of, 78oral manifestations of, 77–78treatment of, 78
HIV infection, 249, 538–557bilateral salivary gland enlargement with, 252fclassification system for, 540tKaposi's sarcoma with, 129medical treatment of, 544opportunistic infections in, 543toral hairy leukoplakia with, 93, 201–202oral health considerations, 544–547oral lesions with, 547–557oral melanosis in, 133pathogenesis of, 541–544prognosis, 543trecurrent aphthous stomatitis with, 65frelevant history questionnaire, 548ftreatment of, 545t–547t
HIV-salivary gland disease (HIV-SGD), 251HMG CoA reductase enzyme, 370HMG CoA reductase inhibitors
for coronary artery disease, 373Hodgkin's disease, 264, 448–456, 485
staging of, 449tHodgkin's lymphoma, 175Homocystine
and coronary artery disease, 372Homogenous leukoplakia, 102, 103HOPE Study, 367
Index 639
Hospital dental department, 2–3Hospitalization, 10Hospitals
maxillofacial imaging in, 39–44HPV, 165, 200, 202, 553f
with HIV infection, 552–553HSCT, 442
for acute leukemia, 445HSV. See Herpes simplex virusHuman herpesvirus 6 (HHV6), 51Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8)
with HIV infection, 552Human immunodeficiency syndrome. See HIVHuman papillomavirus (HPV), 165, 200, 202, 553f
with HIV infection, 552–553Humoral immunity, 480Huntington's chorea, 598Huntington's disease, 598Hurler's syndrome, 147Hutchinson's freckle, 131Hydrogen cyanide
adverse effects of, 356Hydrogen peroxide
adverse effects of, 88, 89for mucositis, 220
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA)reductase enzyme, 370reductase inhibitors
for coronary artery disease, 373Hydroxyproline
urinary levels of, 174Hydroxypropyl cellulose
for mucositis, 221Hydroxyquinoline
adverse effects of, 132Hydroxyurea
for polycythemia vera, 430for sickle cell anemia, 435
Hyperacute ejection, 506Hyperalgesia, 312Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO), 223–235Hyperglycemia, 567Hyperinsulinism, 172Hyperlipoproteinemia, 255fHyperparathyroidism, 172, 324, 416
and renal disease, 414Hyperplasia, 179Hyperplastic candidiasis, 549Hypersensitivity, 480Hypertension, 172, 364–369, 416
cardiovascular risk factors in, 364tassessment of, 366–367modification of, 366
and coronary artery disease, 370–371dental care considerations of, 368diagnosis of, 365–367etiology of, 365incidence of, 364–365laboratory testing of, 366
management of, 365t, 367–368physical examination of, 366prevalence, 364tprognosis of, 368radiologic testing of, 366and transplantation, 512white-coat, 366
Hypertensive medications, 368t–369tHypertensive nephrosclerosis, 413Hyperthyroidism
signs and symptoms of, 587ttesting for, 582t
Hypnosis, 219, 292Hypoglycemia, 569
determining risk of, 574tfactors increasing risk of, 575ttreatment of, 575t
Hypoglycemia unawareness, 570Hypoplastic teeth, 183Hypothalamic-pituitary-endocrine axis, 579fHypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, 581Hypothyroidism
signs and symptoms of, 587ttesting for, 582t
Hypoxemia, 356
IIASP
orofacial pain classification, 317IBD, 395–396Ibuprofen, 292
for chronic pain, 315ICD-9-CM, 25Icterus, 400–401Idiopathic facial pain
classification of, 317–319Idiopathic orofacial pain
classification of, 319tIdiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, 134Idiopathic true leukoplakia, 101–105
clinical features of, 102diagnosis of, 102–103etiology of, 102histopathologic features of, 102–105management of, 102–103prognosis of, 105varieties of, 102
IgA deficiency, 481IHS
orofacial pain classification, 317Ileocecal actinomycosis, 176Illness Behavior Questionnaire, 322Imagery, 219Imidazole
for oral candidiasis, 101Immune response
ineffective, 480overactive, 480
Immune thrombocytopenia purpura, 461
Immunityacquired, 479–480cell-mediated, 479and disease protection, 478–479innate, 479
Immunizationfor mumps, 249
Immunocomplexesand SLE, 487
Immunocompromised patientsCMV infections in, 250herpes labialis in, 515ftreatment of, 251
Immunodeficiency, 480, 481oral health considerations of, 484oral manifestations of, 483–484
Immunoglobulinsfor bronchiolitis, 353
Immunologic diseases, 478–500, 480principles of, 478–480
Immunosuppressed (HIV)-associated candidiasis, 99–101Immunosuppressed patients
herpes simplex virus infection in, 75–76Immunosuppression
in transplantation, 507Immunosuppression-induced complications
of transplantation, 511–512Immunosuppressive agents, 508tImmunotherapy
for allergic rhinitis, 344IMPATH, 317, 322Inappropriate reaction to self, 480Incipient eosinophilic granuloma, 175Indirect immunofluorescent antibody tests
for pemphigus, 70Indomethacin
for chronic paroxysmal hemicrania, 334Induction therapy, 213Ineffective immune response, 480Infants
with bronchiolitis, 352–353gingival and palatal cysts of, 114–115, 115fwith herpes simplex virus infections, 52hiatal hernia, 392–393
Infectionsusceptibility to
with bleeding disorders, 473Infectious disease, 525–556
in elderly, 612–613prevention and treatment of, 616
Infectious white lesions, 93–101candidiasis, 94–101oral hairy leukoplakia, 93–94
Infective endocarditisantibiotic prophylaxis for, 378in hemodialysis, 424
Inflammationsacute, 175–179
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), 395–396
640 Burket’s Oral Medicine
Inflammatory (reactive) hyperplasias, 138–139, 138–145,140f, 142f
definition of, 138giant cell, 142–143pseudosacromatous fasciitis, 143–144pyogenic, 141–142
Influenza virus, 342Informed consent, 31INH
for tuberculosis, 529Innate immunity, 479INR, 376, 397, 458Insulin, 569–570
common regimens, 570ttypes of, 569t
Insulin resistance syndrome, 565tInterferon-alpha
for hepatitis C, 538Internal signaling G protein, 173International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP)
orofacial pain classification, 317International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision,
Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM), 25International Classification of Diseases (ICD), 25International Headache Society (IHS)
orofacial pain classification, 317International normalized ratio (INR), 376, 397, 458Intestinal actinomycosis, 176Intestinal disorders, 394–395Intradermal testing, 343Intramuscular trigger point injections, 293Intraoral appliances
for TMD, 291Intraoral papillomatosis, 166Intraoral radiography, 36Intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs), 176Intravenous pyelography (IVP), 410Inverted ductal papilloma, 262Inverted papilloma, 167fIodine, 265Ipratropium bromide
for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 356Iron, 134
deficiency of, 431–432replacement of, 431
Ischemic heart diseaseand precautions regarding dental procedures, 375
Isogeneic transplantation, 504Isograft, 504Isoniazid (INH)
for tuberculosis, 529Isoproterenol
adverse effects of, 249Isotretinoin
for oral lichen planus, 110Isradipine
adverse effects of, 183Itraconazole
Index 641
for histoplasmosis, 78for oral candidiasis, 101
IUDs, 176IVP, 410
JJaundice, 400–401
hemolytic, 400–401hepatocellular, 401obstructive, 401
Jawcongenital epulides of, 148fcysts of, 153–158, 155f
classification of, 157tlesions of, 175
imaging evaluation of, 47malignant, 214
lumpy, 176nodular enlargements of, 138structural variants of, 138
Jaw disability checklist, 312Jaw jerk reflex, 277–278
and silent period, 279Jaw-opening reflex, 278Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection,
Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressuretreatment recommendations, 364
KKaopectate
for mucositis, 220Kaposi's sarcoma, 129, 129f, 215, 515, 552, 552f
and transplantation, 512Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), 220Keratin pearl
formation of, 144Keratoacanthoma, 144, 167, 168fKeratosis
smokeless tobacco-induced, 90–91solar, 89–90traumatic, 87
Ketaminefor chronic pain, 316
Ketoconazolefor histoplasmosis, 78for oral candidiasis, 101
Ketoprofenfor chronic pain, 315
KGF, 220Kidney
function of, 408–409structure of, 408–409
Kidney failure. See Renal failureKidney stones, 245Kidney transplant, 517
gingival overgrowth in, 514fKlebsiella, 344, 351Klebsiella pneumoniae, 350Koebner effect, 298
Koplik's spots, 348Kussmaul's' respirations, 417
LLabial mucosa
contact allergy of, 60ferosive lichen planus of, 75fleukoplakia of, 201f
Laboratory dental studies, 22–23efficacy of, 22–23
Lactobacilli, 217, 610Lactobacillus, 223Lacunar infarction, 593Laminar flow beds
for granulocytopenia, 439–440Lamivudine (3TC)
for HIV infection, 544Lamotrigine
for chronic pain, 316for epileptic seizures, 602for trigeminal neuralgia, 329
Langerhans cell, 170t, 175Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), 175Lansoprazole
for GERD, 391Large cell carcinoma, 359Laryngitis, 347Laryngotracheobronchitis, 347Laser surgery, 207
for hemangiomas, 127, 146Latex allergy, 500LCH, 175LDL, 567Lead
adverse effects of, 135Lead cutout, 212fLead foil, 209Legionella, 349, 350, 351, 530–532
clinical conditions caused by, 532tLegionella pneumophilia, 530
bacteriologic characteristics of, 531tLegionnaires' disease, 530–532
characteristics of, 532tLentigo malignant melanoma, 131Leontiasis ossea, 174Leprosy, 178Lesions
acute multiple, 51–62acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, 61–63contact allergic stomatitis, 59–60in coxsackievirus infections, 54–55erythema multiforme, 57–60in herpesvirus infections, 51–52in primary herpes simplex virus infections, 52–53secondary to cancer chemotherapy, 61in varicella zoster virus infection, 55–57
chronic multiple, 68–76bullous disease, 74–75linear IGA disease, 74
mucous membrane pemphigoid, 72–73pemphigus, 68–71subepithelial bullous dermatoses, 71–72
Letterer-Siwe disease, 175Leukemia, 175, 443, 484–485
acute, 443–444chronic, 445–448
Leukoedema, 86fLeukopenia
in SLE, 487Leukoplakia, 90, 93f, 199–201
classification of, 199–200, 199tdiagnosis of, 199–200management of, 202
Leukotriene receptor antagonistsfor asthma, 354
Levamisolefor erythema multiforme, 59
Levodopa, 598Libman-Sacks vegetations, 490Lichenoid reactions, 110–112
diseases exhibiting, 110tgraft-versus-host disease, 110–111
Lichen planus, 109f, 201in elderly, 612erosive, 74–75
clinical manifestations of, 75diagnosis of, 75treatment of, 75
forms of, 108foral. See Oral lichen planuspigmented, 133, 133f
Lidexfor oral lichen planus, 110for recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 64
Lidocaine, 293for mucositis, 220
Lifestyle factorsand coronary artery disease, 371–372
Limb-girdle dystrophy, 601Lime, 117Linea alba, 87Linear gingival erythema, 553, 553fLinear IGA disease, 74Lip
candidal infection of, 98fcheilitis granulomatosa of, 178fephelis of, 130, 130fexamination of, 16Kaposi's sarcoma of, 215fkeratoacanthoma of, 144lupus lesions of, 113fvarices of, 128, 128f
Lipidoses, 174–175Lipids
and coronary artery disease, 370Lipoprotein, 174–175Lipstick sign, 237Lithium, 589
642 Burket’s Oral Medicine
Lithotripsy, 246Liver cirrhosis, 403Liver disease
management of, 467Liver failure
medications for, 519tLocalized anaphylaxis, 498–499LOH, 196Loratadine
for allergic rhinitis, 343Loss of heterozygosity (LOH), 196Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), 567Lower airway infections, 348–359Lower digestive tract diseases, 393–400Lumpy jaw, 176Lung cancer, 358Lung transplant, 518Lupus erythematosus, 112–114
clinical features of, 112–113diagnosis of, 112–113drug-induced, 486histopathologic features of, 113–114systemic. See Systemic lupus erythematosustreatment of, 112–113
Lupus nephritis, 414Lymphadenitis
cervical tuberculosis, 529fLymphangiomas, 147Lymph nodes
examination of, 18of head and neck, 18f
Lymphocytes, 438, 479Lymphoepithelial lesion
benign, 256Lymphoid hyperplasia
benign, 144–1145Lymphoid nodules
ectopic, 138Lymphoid tissue
ectopic, 114Lymphoma, 175, 264, 448–451, 515
childdental root alteration, 518f
malignantwith Sjogren's syndrome, 258
Lymphonodular pharyngitisacute, 55
Lysosomal storage disease, 185t
MMacrophage-tropic viruses, 543Macules, 50–51Maffucci's syndrome, 147Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 41–43
costs of, 43, 48Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
antigens, 479Malabsorption
oral effects of, 399
Index 643
Malar rashin SLE, 487
Malignancysyndromes predisposing to, 169t–170t
Malignant lymphomawith Sjogren's syndrome, 258
Malignant melanoma, 131–132, 214–215Mandible
asymptomatic lesion of, 159fdysfunction of, 225
evaluation of, 285tphysical examination directed toward, 286t
movement ofrange of, 286
osteomyelitis ofnuclear medicine scan of, 44f
rest position of, 278Mandibular condyle, 272Mandibular fossa, 272Mandibular molar
cemento-ossifying fibroma of, 151fMandibular mucobuccal folds
examination of, 17Manners
of clinicians, 8MAP classification, 310Masseter muscle
paired, 275Mastication, 225
in elderly, 611muscles of, 275
Masticatory disordersin elderly
prevention and treatment of, 618Masticatory-muscle hyperactivity, 279Masticatory muscles
accessory to, 275–277myofascial pain of, 289–293palpation of, 286
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), 571Maxilla
hemangioma of, 146fMaxillary folds
examination of, 17Maxillary sinus
adenocystic carcinoma arising incomputed tomography of, 47f
cysts of, 157Maxillofacial imaging, 35–48
benefits and risks of, 47–48cost of, 48in hospitals and radiology clinics, 39–44in offices and dental clinics, 36–39protocols for, 44–47selection criteria for, 35–36
May-Hegglin anomaly, 461McCune-Albright syndrome. See Albright's syndromeMcGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), 310, 311fMeasles, 348
Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, 249Measles virus, 174Mechanical ventilation
for bronchiolitis, 352Median rhomboid glossitis, 98, 98fMedicAlert, 500Medical history, 5–15
biographic and demographic information, 9chief complaint in, 9components of, 9–12and family history, 11methods and problems of, 5–6past, 10and review of systems, 11–12and social history, 11
Medical informationrequesting from other departments, 2
Medically complex patientsmodification of dental care for, 27
Medical referral. See ConsultationsMedical risk
assessment of, 25Medication history, 10
and dry mouth, 236Medication-induced complications
of transplantation, 510–511Medication-induced erythema multiforme, 57Medication-induced hepatotoxicity, 402–403Medication-induced lichenoid reactions, 110–111Medication-induced lupus erythematosus, 486Medication-induced melanosis, 132Medication-induced salivary dysfunction, 255–256Medication-induced ulcerations
with HIV infection, 555–556Medication-induced xerostomia, 253Medications
locating information on, 10Megaloblastic anemia, 436Melanin, 126, 127tMelanosis
drug-induced, 132perioral, 132fsmoker's, 132–133, 132f
Melanotic ameloblastoma, 159Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy, 149Melanotic progonoma, 149Melasma, 132fMelkersson-Rosenthal syndrome, 175, 178Melphalan
for multiple myeloma, 451for polycythemia vera, 430
Menarchewith phenytoin-induced gingival hyperplasia, 182
MEN III syndrome, 145, 169t, 172Mercaptopurine
for ulcerative colitis, 396Mercury
adverse effects of, 60, 135Mestinon, 600
Metabolic acidosis, 414Metabolic disorders
leading to renal disease, 414Metabolic syndrome, 372Metered-dose inhalers
for asthma, 354Metformin, 569Methemoglobinemia, 73Methocarbamol, 292Methotrexate
adverse effects of, 61for dermatomyositis, 495
Methysergidefor cluster headache, 334for migraine headache, 335
Metronidazolefor acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, 63adverse effects of, 400for duodenal ulcer, 395
Mexiletinefor chronic pain, 316
MHCantigens, 479
Microcytic hypochromic anemia, 415Micromedex, 10Miescher's syndrome, 175, 178Migraine headache, 334
butorphanol for, 316Mikulicz's disease, 256Milk of magnesia
for mucositis, 220Millon Behavioral Health Inventory, 322Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), 322Misoprostol
for chronic pain, 315for mucositis, 221
Mitral regurgitation, 377–379Mitral valve disease, 377–379Mitral valve prolapse, 377–379Mitsuda reactions, 178Mixed connective-tissue disease, 498Mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reaction, 506MLC reaction, 506MMF
adverse effects of, 511for pemphigus vulgaris, 70in transplantation, 507
MMPI, 322MMPs, 571MMR vaccine, 249Moist snuff, 90Molluscum contagiosum, 167Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
for migraine headache, 335Monocytic leukemia
gingival enlargement in, 182f, 448fMonomorphic adenoma, 261Mononucleosis, 250Montelukast
644 Burket’s Oral Medicine
for asthma, 354Mood disorder due to a general medical conditions, 313tMoraxella catarrhalis, 344Morphea
of face, 491fMorphine
for chronic pain, 315–316Morsicatio buccarum, 88fMouth
dermoid cysts of, 154fecchymosis in, 134ffloor of
examination of, 17irregular leukoplakia of, 200fmucositis of, 218f
Mouthwashes, 195–196adverse effects of, 89, 89f
Mouth-wetting agents, 222MPQ, 310, 311fMRI, 41–43
costs of, 43, 48MS, 595–596M-tropic viruses, 543Mucoceles
extravasation, 246Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 262–264Mucolipidosis II, 184fMucormycosis, 78–79Mucosal candidiasis, 259Mucositis, 217–222
assessment of, 217pathogenesis of, 217–218treatment of, 220–222, 224t
Mucous cyst, 155fMucous membrane
hemangiomas of, 147Mucous membrane pemphigoid, 72–74, 72f, 73f
clinical manifestations of, 73diagnosis of, 73oral manifestations of, 73treatment of, 73–74
Mucous patches, 101Multiaxial Assessment of Pain (MAP) classification, 310Multidisciplinary pain clinics, 313–314Multilocular ameloblastoma, 161fMultiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN III) syndrome, 145,
169t, 172Multiple gated acquisitions scanning
for heart failure, 381Multiple mucosal neuroma syndrome, 169t, 172Multiple myeloma, 175, 451–452, 485
maxilla in, 452fskull lesions in, 452f
Multiple sclerosis (MS), 595–596Mumps, 249–250
swelling of, 250fMuromonab-CD3 (OKT3)
adverse effects, 511in transplantation, 509
Index 645
Murray-Puretic-Drescher syndrome, 185tMuscle relaxants, 292Muscle relaxation splint, 291Muscles
associated with mandibular movement and function,275
of mastication, 275palpation of, 320
Muscular dystrophy, 600–601Myasthenia gravis, 69, 600
cause of, 480Mycobacterium leprae, 178Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 258, 350, 526–527Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)
adverse effects of, 511for pemphigus vulgaris, 70in transplantation, 507
Mycoplasma, 351Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 348, 349, 350, 352, 356Mylohyoid muscle, 277Mylohyoid ridge, 138Myocardial perfusion imaging
for coronary artery disease, 373Myoepithelioma, 262Myofascial pain
initial treatment of, 290tof masticatory muscles, 289–293physiotherapy for, 290–291
Myositisfocal, 144
Myotonic dystrophy, 601
NNabumetone, 292
for chronic pain, 315NAEPP, 353Naproxen, 292
for chronic pain, 315Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, 214
radiation treatment of, 211fNational Asthma Education and Prevention Program
(NAEPP), 353National Cancer Data Base, 198National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and
End Results, 198National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, 364Natural killer cells, 479Nd:YAG laser
for leukoplakia, 202Neck
examination of, 14–15, 18lymph nodes of, 18f
Necrotizing sialometaplasia, 213, 247–248Necrotizing stomatitis, 555f
with HIV infection, 554Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, 554fNeisseria gonorrhoeae, 348Neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser
for leukoplakia, 202
Neonatesblack
alveolar lymphangiomas in, 147Neostigmine (Prostigmin), 600Nephron, 408–409Nephrotic syndrome, 413, 485Nephrotoxic drugs, 426–427Nerve sheath tumors, 149Nerve trunk pain
classification of, 318tNervous intermedius (geniculate) neuralgia, 329Neumann type
of pemphigus vegetans, 71Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis (NICO), 319Neurilemmomas, 149Neurofibromas, 149Neurofibromatosis
facial deformity associated with, 171fNeuromuscular diseases, 592–604Neutropenia
oral ulcers in, 440fNeutrophils, 479Nevirapine (NVP)
for HIV infection, 544Nevocellular nevus, 130–131, 131fNevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, 169t, 171–172Nevus, 172Newborns
gingival and palatal cysts of, 114–115, 115fwith herpes simplex virus infections, 52
NHL, 264, 450, 485Nicardipine
adverse effects of, 183Nickel
adverse effects of, 60NICO, 319Nicotine stomatitis, 91–92, 92f, 195Nicotinic acid, 371tNifedipine, 183
adverse effects of, 183for scleroderma, 493and transplantation, 512
Nikolsky sign, 69Nimodipine (Nimorop)
adverse effects of, 183Nimorop
adverse effects of, 183Nisoldipine
adverse effects of, 183Nitrendipine
adverse effects of, 183Nitrobenzene
adverse effects of, 400Nitrogen dioxide
adverse effects of, 356Nitrosonornicotine, 90NM system, 198tN-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 90Nocardia, 350
Nociceptors, 312Nodular fasciitis, 143–144Nodular leukoplakia, 102, 103fNodules, 51Nominal standard dose (NSD), 207Noncaseating tuberculoid-type granulomas, 179f, 180fNon-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), 264, 450, 485Non-odontogenic fissural cyst, 155fNonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
for chronic pain, 315for TMD, 291
Norepinephrinefor chronic pain, 316
Nortriptylinefor atypical facial pain, 332for postherpetic neuralgia, 330for post-traumatic neuropathic pain, 331
Nosocomial pneumonia, 350NRTI
for HIV infection, 544NSAIDs
for chronic pain, 315for TMD, 291
NSD, 207Nuclear medicine, 43–44Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI)
for HIV infection, 544Nursing homes
pneumonia in, 352Nutrition, 225
and oral cancer, 203NVP
for HIV infection, 544Nystatin, 248
for oral candidiasis, 101
OObesity
and coronary artery disease, 372and diabetes mellitus, 568and hiatal hernia, 392
Obstructive jaundice, 401Occipital neuralgia, 330Occlusal night guard
for cheek chewing, 88Occlusal splints, 294Occlusion
TMJ, 278Ocular nerves
examination of, 20herpes zoster of, 56f
Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, 601Odontalgia
atypical, 317–318, 331–333Odontogenic keratocyst, 156f, 157f, 172Odontogenic myxoma, 163Odontogenic tumors
histopathologic classification of, 158tof mesenchymal origin, 163–164
646 Burket’s Oral Medicine
of mixed epithelial and mesenchymal origin, 164–165Offices
maxillofacial imaging in, 36–39OKT3
adverse effects, 511in transplantation, 509
Olfactory nerveexamination of, 19
OMAS, 217–218Omeprazole
for duodenal ulcer, 395for GERD, 391
Oncocytoma, 261Opioids
for TMD, 291Optic nerve
examination of, 20Orabase
for recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 64–65Oral agents
for diabetes mellitus, 568–569, 568tOral cancer, 90, 194–227
in elderly, 612epidemiology of, 195etiology of, 195–198imaging of, 203–206molecular changes in, 196and nutrition, 203pathogenesis of, 196precancerous lesions, 199–202
erythroplakia, 199–201leukoplakia, 199–202lichen planus, 201oral hairy leukoplakia, 201–202submucous fibrosis, 201syphilis, 201
pretreatment assessment, 216prognosis of, 198–199risk factors of, 195–198signs and symptoms of, 203tissue specimen acquisition in, 206and tissue specimen acquisitions, 206treatment of, 206–213
chemotherapy, 213combined radiation and surgery, 213complications of, 217–222radiation therapy, 207–213surgery, 207
and tumor biology, 202–203viruses in, 202
Oral candidiasisclassification of, 94ttreatment of, 101
Oral cavityexamination of, 14–15neurofibroma, 149
Oral conditionsin elderly
prevention and treatment of, 615–619
Index 647
Oral hairy leukoplakia, 93f, 201, 551fOral hypertensive medications, 368t–369tOral leukoplakia
malignant transformation in, 104tOral lichen planus, 107–110
clinical course of, 109–110clinical features of, 107–108diagnosis of, 107differential diagnosis of, 109drugs associated with, 111tetiology of, 107histopathologic features, 108immunofluorescent studies of, 108prognosis of, 109–110, 112treatment of, 110, 112
Oral melanotic macule, 130Oral mucosa
age-related changes in, 609chemical injuries of, 88–89exogenous pigmentation of, 127tneuromas of, 173f
Oral mucosal diseasein elderly, 612
prevention and treatment of, 615–616endogenous pigmentation in, 127t
Oral mucositis, 516Oral Mucositis Assessment Scale (OMAS), 217–218Oral pigmentation
clinical classification of, 128tOral squamous papillomas, 165–167, 553–554Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), 117–118Oral tuberculosis, 529fOral vesiculobullous disease
in elderly, 612Organ of Chievitz, 138Orofacial area
innervation of, 308tOrofacial granulomatosis, 178–179Orofacial pain, 307–335
chronic. See Chronic orofacial painclassification of, 316–319differential diagnosis of, 318tin elderly, 611–612idiopathic
classification of, 319tand imaging protocols, 44
Oropharynxexamination of, 17
Orphenadrine, 292Orthodontic therapy
for hemophilia, 472OSF, 117–118Osseointegrated implants, 207Ossifying fibroma, 152
peripheral, 141–142, 142Osteitis deformans, 173–174Osteoarthrosis. See Degenerative joint diseaseOsteoblastoma, 151fOsteomyelitis
vs. actinomycosis, 176of left mandible
nuclear medicine scan of, 44fsclerosing
radiographic appearance of, 164fOsteonecrosis
postradiation, 224f, 225fclassification of, 226t
Otitis media, 344–345Overactive immune response, 480Oxodipine, 183
adverse effects of, 183Oxygen
for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 357for cluster headache, 334
PPACD, 163, 163fPacemakers, 384Paget's disease of bone, 169t, 173–174Pain, 226–227
acute vs. chronic, 312anatomic considerations of, 308–309in cancer patients, 227tcharacteristics of, 319tchronic. See Chronic paincontrol of
in coagulopathies, 471definition of, 307–312measurement of, 309–312of psychological origin
classification of, 326tspontaneous, 312
Pain behaviorsobservable, 310t
Pain clinicfor TMD, 292
Pain diaryfor TMJ, 285
Pain management, 219, 227tPain specialist
referral of TMD to, 288Paint
adverse effects of, 135Paired masseter muscle, 275Palatal cysts
of newborn, 114–115Palatal papillary hyperplasia, 141Palate
Cryptococcus infection of, 78ferosive lichen planus of, 75fherpes simplex virus infection of, 77fherpes zoster of, 56fhyperkeratosis of, 102fmucormycosis of, 79fnevocellular nevus of, 131nodular enlargements of, 138pemphigus vegetans of, 71fpetechiae of, 134
smoker's, 91–92Pamidronate
for reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 331Pancreatic transplant, 518Pancytopenia, 437Panoramic radiography, 36Pansialadenitis, 255fPapillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum, 261Papillary thyroid cancer, 588Papilloma, 138
ductal, 262inverted, 167finverted ductal, 262oral squamous, 165–167, 553–554simple duct, 262
Papillomatosisintraoral, 166
Papovavirus particles, 166Papules, 51Paraformaldehyde
adverse effects of, 88Parafunctional habits
assessment of, 287Parainfluenza virus, 342Paralysis agitans, 597–598Paramyxovirus, 174, 249Paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNPP), 70–71Paranoia, 326Parinaud's syndrome, 178Parkinsonism, 597–598Parkinson's disease, 597–598, 606Parotidectomy, 264–265
complications after, 265Parotid gland, 235
agenesis of, 244pleomorphic adenoma of
ultrasonography of, 43fswelling of, 253ftumor of, 241f
Parotitisepidemic, 249–250signs of, 253f
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, 433Partial glossectomy, 225fParulis, 101, 101fParvovirus B19
and transplantation, 512Past dental history, 10Patched gene, 172Patient education
for myofascial pain of masticatory muscles, 289Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), 353Pediatric. See Children; Infants; NewbornsPEFR, 353Pemphigus, 68–71Pemphigus vegetans, 71
oral manifestations of, 71Pemphigus vulgaris, 68–69, 69f
clinical manifestations of, 69
648 Burket’s Oral Medicine
laboratory tests of, 69–70oral manifestations of, 69treatment of, 70
Penciclovirfor recurrent herpes simplex virus infection, 68
Penicillaminefor scleroderma, 493
Penicillinfor acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, 63adverse effects of, 57and angioneurotic edema, 499ffor pneumonia, 351
Penicillin Vfor duodenal ulcer, 395for tonsillopharyngitis, 348
Pentazocinefor chronic pain, 316
Pentoxifyllinefor Behçet's syndrome, 66for recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 65
Peppermint allergy, 74Peptic ulcer, 393Percutaneous needle biopsy
in renal disease, 410–411Perfusion imaging
for heart failure, 381Periapical cemental dysplasia (PACD), 163, 163fPeriapical cementomas, 163Periapical cysts, 155f, 156Periapical radiography
with charge-coupled device, 37fPeriodontal disease
in elderly, 614prevention and treatment of, 617
with HIV infection, 553wit diabetes mellitus, 571–572
Periodontal furcation defectdigital subtraction image of, 38ftuned-aperture computed tomography of, 38f
Periodontal infectionon glycemic control, 572
Periodontal membranetumors of, 151
Periodontal therapyfor hemophilia, 472
Periodontitisand diabetes mellitus, 571
Periodontiumin elderly, 610–612examination of, 17
Perioral melanosis, 132fPeripheral ossifying fibroma, 141–142, 142Peritoneal dialysis
for chronic renal failure, 420–422continuous cyclic, 421
Pernicious anemia, 117f, 436–437Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire, 322Pestivirus, 534Petechiae, 51, 134
Index 649
of palate, 134Petit mal seizures, 602PET scanning
for heart failure, 381Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, 133, 134f, 169t, 171, 405pH
homeostasis of, 409Phacomatoses, 147Phagocytes, 479Phakos, 147Pharyngitis, 348–349
lymphonodularacute, 55
Pharyngoconjunctival fever, 348Phenacetin
adverse effects of, 400Phenelzine
for migraine headache, 335Phenobarbital
adverse effects of, 57, 249for epileptic seizures, 602
Phenoxybenzaminefor reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 331
Phenytoinadverse effects of, 57for epileptic seizures, 602during pregnancy, 182for trigeminal neuralgia, 329
Phenytoin hyperplasia, 603Phenytoin-induced gingival hyperplasia, 181–182Phlebotomy
for polycythemia vera, 430Photochemotherapy
for erosive lichen planus, 75Photostimulable storage phosphor, 37fPhycomycetes, 447Phycomycosis, 78–79Pigmentation, 126–135
blue/purple vascular lesions, 127–130brown heme-associated lesions, 134brown melanotic lesions, 130–133endogenous
in oral mucosal disease, 127texogenous
of oral mucosa, 127tgray-black, 134–135from heavy-metal ingestion, 135oral
clinical classification of, 128tphysiologic, 132
Pigmented epulis, 149Pigmented lichen planus, 133, 133fPilocarpine, 222, 260
for Sjogren's syndrome, 257–258Pimozide
for trigeminal neuralgia, 329Pindborg tumor, 158, 162, 162fPink puffer, 356Pipe smoking, 195
PIT1, 579Pituitary disease, 578Plain tomography, 39Plaques, 51Plasma cell gingivitis, 60, 60fPlasma fibrinogen
and coronary artery disease, 372Plasmapheresis
for dermatomyositis, 495for pemphigus vulgaris, 70
Plasma renin activity testingfor hypertension, 366
Plasma thromboplastin antecedent deficiency, 462Plasmodium, 532Platelet count, 458–459Platelet disorders, 459
acquired, 461–462classification of, 46otcongenital, 461management of, 464–465oral health considerations of, 469–470
Platelets, 455Pleomorphic adenoma, 213, 260–261
of parotid glandultrasonography of, 43f
Plummer-Vinson syndrome, 404–405, 431–432PMNs, 571Pneumocystis carinii, 350
and transplantation, 512Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, 542, 544Pneumonia, 349–351
nosocomial, 350PNPP, 70–71Podophyllin resin
for hairy tongue, 117Polycyclic hydrocarbons monoxide
adverse effects of, 356Polycystic renal disease, 413Polycythemia, 429–430
apparent, 430Polycythemia vera, 430Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), 571POMC, 581Pontiac Fever
characteristics of, 532tPositron emission tomography (PET) scanning
for heart failure, 381Posterior disk displacement, 295Postherpetic neuralgia, 330–331
in elderly, 613Postmenopausal women
thyroid hormone replacement for, 589Postradiation osteonecrosis (PRON), 223, 224f, 225f
classification of, 226tPostrenal failure, 411Post-transplant, 519–520Post-transplant lymphoproliferative diseases, 512Post-traumatic neuropathic pain, 331Pott's puffy tumor, 346
PPD, 484Prednisone
for cluster headache, 334dose equivalents, 586tfor head and neck cancer, 219for pemphigus vulgaris, 70for ulcerative colitis, 396
Pregnancy, 11and CMV infections, 250drug categories for, 11tgeographic tongue in, 116fgingivitis in, 142phenytoin during, 182
Pregnancy epulis, 141–142Pressure algometers, 320Prick skin testing, 343Primidone
for epileptic seizures, 602Primordial cyst. See Odontogenic keratocystPrimum non nocere, 26Proaccelerin deficiency, 462Problem-oriented record, 29–30Procaine, 293Procardia
adverse effects of, 183Progesterone
adverse effects of, 59Progressive relaxation
for pain, 314Progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS), 491
and renal disease, 413–414Prolactin, 579Proliferative leukoplakia (PVL), 102, 200Proliferative myositis, 143–144, 144Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia, 104fPromotility drugs
for GERD, 391PRON, 223, 224f, 225f
classification of, 226tPro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), 581PROP1, 579Propafenone
for atrial fibrillation, 383Prophylactic antibiotics. See Antibiotic prophylaxisPropranolol
for migraine headache, 335Prostaglandins, 461–462
for chronic pain, 315Prosthetic heart valves, 379
anticoagulation therapy for, 379tProsthodontic therapy
for hemophilia, 472Prostigmin, 600Protamine sulfate, 376Proteinuria, 410Prothrombin time (PT), 458Proton pump inhibitors
for GERD, 391Protozoal infection, 532–533
650 Burket’s Oral Medicine
Provocation tests, 287Pseudoankylosis, 493Pseudocyst, 155fPseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, 144Pseudo gout, 298–299Pseudomembranous candidiasis, 549
acute, 94–96Pseudomembranous enterocolitis, 399–400Pseudosarcomatous fasciitis, 143–144Psoriasis
geographic tongue associated with, 115–116Psoriatic arthritis, 298PSS, 491
and renal disease, 413–414Psychological factors
affecting chronic orofacial pain, 326PT, 458Pterygoid muscle, 275Pterygotemporotympanic region
glomus tumor in, 147Puerto Ricans, 166Pulmonary embolism, 358–359Pulmonary neoplasm, 358–359Pulse rate
assessment of, 14Purified protein derivative (PPD), 484Purpura, 51Pustules, 51PVL, 102, 200Pyelonephritis, 413Pyoderma gangrenosum, 397Pyogenic granuloma, 141–142, 141fPyostomatitis vegetans, 397Pyrazinamide
for tuberculosis, 529Pyridostigmine bromide (Mestinon), 600Pyridoxine
and coronary artery disease, 372Pyrophosphate
adverse effects of, 60
QQuinoline
adverse effects of, 132Quinolone
for Legionnaires' disease, 532Q-wave myocardial infarction (QWMI), 374
RRadiating pain, 312Radiation
biologic effect of, 207effect on dentition development, 226fhead immobilization for, 208f–210f
Radiation mucositis, 219with candidiasis, 218f
ulceration of, 218fRadiation shields
for mucositis, 221
Index 651
Radiation therapycomplications of, 219feffect of, 248–249
Radical neck dissection, 207Radical radiotherapy, 207Radicular (periapical) cysts, 155f, 156Radioallergosorbent test (RAST), 343Radiofrequency ablation
for arrhythmia, 382Radiography
intraoral, 36panoramic, 36periapical
with charge-coupled device, 37fRadiology clinics
maxillofacial imaging in, 39–44Radionuclide ventriculography
for heart failure, 381Ramon syndrome, 185tRamsay Hunt syndrome, 56Range of motion
assessment of, 320–321Ranulas, 246Rapamycin, 507–509
adverse effects, 511RAST, 343Ray fungus, 176Raynaud's phenomenon, 492Reactive hyperplasias, 138–145, 140f, 142f
definition of, 138giant cell, 142–143pseudosacromatous fasciitis, 143–144pyogenic, 141–142
Reactive/inflammatory white lesions, 87–93actinic keratosis, 89–90cheek chewing, 88chemical injuries, 88–89nicotine stomatitis, 91–92sanguinaria-induced leukoplakia, 92–93
Recombinant deoxyribonucleasefor cystic fibrosis, 357
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 63–65, 65fvs. Behçet's syndrome, 66clinical manifestations of, 64diagnosis of, 64etiology of, 63–64with HIV, 65ftreatment of, 64–65
Recurrent herpes labialis, 67, 67fRecurrent herpes simplex virus infection, 67–68, 68f
clinical manifestations of, 67diagnosis of, 67treatment of, 67
Red blood cell disorders, 429–435Red blood cells
decreased production of, 436–437Referred pain, 312Reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 331–332Rejection
of transplantation, 505t, 510Relaxation, 219Relaxation exercises
for TMD292, 292Relaxation therapy
for pain, 314Renal disease, 407–427
diagnostic procedures in, 409–411drug therapy for, 425tlaboratory changes in, 410tmanagement of, 467–468manifestations of, 414–419oral health considerations of, 423–427
Renal failure, 411–414acute, 411–412
oral health considerations of, 423acute intrinsic, 411–412chronic
management of, 419–427medications for, 519t
Renal osteodystrophy, 416, 417Renal replacement therapy, 420–421Renal stones, 245Renal ultrasonography, 410Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome, 460Repaglinide, 569Repositioning appliances, 291Research Diagnostic Criteria, 312, 317Reserpine
for reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 331Respiratory syncytial virus, 174, 342, 352Respiratory tract disease, 341–359Retention mucoceles, 246Retinal anlage tumor, 149Retinoids
for oral lichen planus, 110Retrodiscal tissue, 274Reversal syndromes, 543Review of systems, 11–12, 12tRheumatic heart disease, 377Rheumatoid arthritis, 245, 297–298, 495–498, 496f, 497f
hands in, 496fand renal disease, 413–414
Rhinovirus, 348, 349Rhinoviruses, 342Ribavirin
for bronchiolitis, 352–353Rifampin
for tuberculosis, 529Risk factors
for coronary artery disease, 370–371modification of
and coronary artery disease, 372Ritonavir (RTV)
for HIV infection, 544Rochalimaea henselae, 178Rofecoxib
for TMD, 291Rosiglitazone, 569
RTVfor HIV infection, 544
Rubber dam, 89fRubbing, 310tRumpel-Leede phenomenon, 459Rutherford syndrome, 185t
SSaline
for mucositis, 220Saliva
artificial, 259collection of, 237–238product of, 235
Salivary amylase, 255Salivary fistula, 265Salivary flow rate, 237Salivary glands, 235–265
aberrant, 244with accessory salivary ducts, 244allergic sialadenitis, 249anatomy and physiology of, 235–236biopsy of, 242Darier's disease, 244developmental abnormalities of, 243–244diseases/dysfunction of
clinical examination of, 237diagnosis of, 236–243in elderly, 614, 617–618medical history of, 236–237symptoms of, 236
diverticuli, 244in elderly, 610–611, 614, 617–618enlarged
evaluation of, 242–243examination of, 17, 242–243function stimulation, 222granulomatous conditions of, 258–259hypofunction of
causes of, 245timaging of, 238–242
advantages and disadvantages of, 238tcomputed tomography, 241–242indications for, 238tmagnetic resonance imaging, 241–242plain film radiography, 238protocols for, 44–45radionuclide salivary imaging, 240–241sialography, 238–239ultrasonography, 239–240
immune conditions of, 256–258inflammatory lesions of, 247–249medication-induced dysfunction of, 255–256metabolic conditions with, 254–255minor surgery of, 265mucoceles, 246radiation-induced pathology, 248–249serologic evaluation of, 242sialolithiasis, 244–245
652 Burket’s Oral Medicine
systemic conditions with, 254, 254ttumors of, 46, 260–265
benign, 260–261malignant, 213–214, 262–264prognosis of, 214staging of, 220t, 243, 244tsurgical treatment, 264–265treatment of, 214
viral disease of, 249–254Salivary stones, 244–245Saliva substitutes, 222Salmeterol
for asthma, 354Sanguinaria canadensis, 92Sanguinaria-induced leukoplakia, 92–93Saquinavir (SQV)
for HIV infection, 544Sarcoidosis, 175, 258–259, 485–486Sarcomas, 215SBGM, 566Scalp
bullous pemphigoid of, 71fScandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study trial, 370Scanora panoramic x-ray machine, 38Schaumann's bodies, 176Schwann cell, 148, 149fSCID, 482Scleroderma, 491–492
clinical manifestations of, 491–493, 492fetiology of, 491laboratory evaluation of, 493nomenclature of, 491oral findings in, 493–494oral health considerations of, 494treatment of, 493
Sclerosing osteomyelitisradiographic appearance of, 164f
Sclerosisfor hemangiomas, 146–147
SCL-90-R, 312Scotoma, 335Scurvy, 460Sebaceous adenoma, 262Secondary polycythemia, 430Seizures
epilepticinternational classification of, 602ttreatment of, 602–603
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 294Selenomonas, 61Self-administered screening questionnaires, 5, 6f–8fSelf-blood glucose monitoring (SBGM), 566Self-care
for myofascial pain of masticatory muscles, 289–290,290t
Sensitivityof laboratory dental studies, 22
Septic arthritis, 298Serotonin
Index 653
for chronic pain, 316Serum chemistry
in renal disease, 409Serum sickness, 499Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), 482SHEP, 367Shingles, 330–331Sialadenitis
bacterial, 253bilateral chronic submaxillary, 254fscintigraphy of, 240f
Sialadenoma papilliferum, 262Sialadenosis, 256fSialocele, 265Sialography, 46–47Sialolith, 46, 46fSialolithiasis, 244–245Sialor, 222, 259–260Sialorrhea, 260Sickle cell anemia
horizontal trabeculation, 434fSickle cell disease, 433–435Sighing, 310tSilver nitrate
adverse effects of, 88, 89fSimian deficiency virus (SIV), 539Simple duct papilloma, 262Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), 44Sinusitis, 345–347Sirolimus (Rapamycin), 507
adverse effects, 511SIV, 539Sjogren's syndrome, 46, 222, 242, 256–258, 403
bilateral parotid enlargement secondary to, 257fdifferential diagnosis of, 251instruction for, 497lymphoepithelial proliferation, 258fsialogram of, 257f
Skinhemangiomas of, 147
Skin testing, 343positive, 527fprick, 343
Skullglomus tumor in, 147
SLE. See Systemic lupus erythematosusSmall cell carcinoma, 358Smell
in elderly, 611Smell dysfunction
in elderly, 614–615prevention and treatment of, 618
Smoketobacco
toxins in, 355Smokeless tobacco, 201Smokeless tobacco-induced keratosis, 90–91Smokers, 202Smoker's melanosis, 132–133, 132f
Smoker's palate, 91–92Smoking
cessation of, 64, 391and coronary artery disease, 371pipe, 195
Snuff pouch, 91fSocial history, 11Socket sclerosis, 419, 419fSodium aurothiomalate, 245Sodium hypochlorite
adverse effects of, 88, 89Sodium lauryl sulfate
adverse effects of, 64Sodium tetradecyl sulfate
for varices, 128Soft medication splint
for desquamative gingivitis, 76fSoft palate
examination of, 17ulcer of, 204f
Solar keratosis, 89–90Solid organ transplantation
outcomes of, 513tSomatoform disorders, 326Somatosensory system, 312Sotalol
for atrial fibrillation, 383Specific gravity
in renal disease, 410Speckled leukoplakia, 102, 103fSPECT, 44Speech, 225Speech impairment
improvement of communication with, 608tSphygmomanometer, 14Spinal trigeminal nucleus, 277Spirometry
for asthma, 353for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 356for cystic fibrosis, 357
Spironolactonefor heart failure, 382
Spit tobacco, 90fSpontaneous pain, 312Spray and stretch therapy, 293Squamous cell carcinoma, 76f, 104f, 200f, 204f, 205f, 358,
515magnetic resonance imaging of, 42fpathogenesis of, 196and transplantation, 512wedged-pair treatment plan for, 211f
Squamous odontogenic tumor, 162SQV
for HIV infection, 544SSRIs, 294St. Jude valve, 379Stafne's bone cyst, 155fStaphylococcus, 349Staphylococcus aureus, 254f, 344, 351, 424
Staphylococcus epidermidis, 424Starch, 265Starr-Edwards ball valve, 379Static bone cyst, 152Statins, 371tStatus epilepticus, 602Stavudine (d4T)
for HIV infection, 544Stenson's duct, 235
purulence from, 253fStereognostic forms, 21Steroids
for oral submucous fibrosis, 117Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 57, 59f
mortality of, 58Stomach disorders, 393–394Stomatitis
fusospirochetal, 62fnecrotizing, 555f
with HIV infection, 554nicotine, 91–92, 92f, 195
Stomatitis nicotina, 91–92Streptococcus mutans, 217, 223, 610Streptococcus pneumoniae, 254f, 344, 345, 346, 349, 351Streptococcus pyogenes, 348Streptococcus sanguis, 63Streptococcus viridans, 254f, 352, 357, 424Streptokinase
for pulmonary embolism, 358Streptomyces hygroscopicus, 507Streptomyces tsukubaensis, 507Stress, 64Stress echocardiography
for coronary artery disease, 373Stroke, 593–594
embolic, 383Strongyloides stercoralis
and transplantation, 512Stuart factor deficiency, 462Sturge-Weber syndrome, 127, 146f, 147, 185tSublingual glands, 235Sublingual surgery, 265Submandibular glands, 235
sialography of, 45fSubmandibular surgery, 265Submaxillary lymphadenopathy, 152Submucous fibrosis, 201Substance P
for postherpetic neuralgia, 330Sucralfate
for mucositis, 220–221Sulfasalazine, 397Sulfisoxazole
side effects, 249Sulfonylureas
for diabetes mellitus, 568–569Sulfur granules, 177Sumatriptan
for migraine headache, 335
654 Burket’s Oral Medicine
Sun, 195Superior cerebellar artery
atherosclerosis of, 328–329Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results
National Cancer Institute, 198Swallowing
in elderly, 611Swallowing disorders
in elderly, 615prevention and treatment of, 618
Sweat testfor cystic fibrosis, 357
Swedish snuff, 90Symptom checklist-90-revised (SCL-90-R), 312Syncope, 14Syndromes
associated with diffuse gingival enlargement, 185tpredisposing to internal malignancy, 169t–170t
Syndrome X, 565tSyngeneic transplantation, 504Synovial chondromatosis, 297Synovial fluid, 272Syphilis, 201
with HIV infection, 554Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 113f, 486–490
clinical manifestations of, 487–488dental considerations of, 490etiology of, 486–487nomenclature for, 486palatal lesion in, 489fand renal disease, 413–414skin lesions in, 488f
Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP), 367
TTacrolimus (FK-506)
adverse effects, 511in transplantation, 507
TACT, 37–38Tamoxifen
for erythema multiforme, 59Tangier disease, 175Tantum
for mucositis, 220Taste
in elderly, 611Taste dysfunction
in elderly, 614–615prevention and treatment of, 618
Tattoographite, 134
3TCfor HIV infection, 544
TCAs. See Tricyclic antidepressantsT-cell co-stimulatory pathway modifiers
in transplantation, 509T-cell system, 479Tc 99m iodine, 43–44Tc 99m pertechnetate, 240
Index 655
Tc 99m sestamibifor coronary artery disease, 373for heart failure, 381
TDF, 207Tea
avoidance of, 135Technetium (Tc) 99m iodine, 43–44Technetium (Tc) 99m pertechnetate, 240Technetium (Tc) 99m sestamibi
for coronary artery disease, 373for heart failure, 381
Teethexamination of, 17
Telangiectasesin scleroderma, 492f
Temovatefor lupus erythematosus, 112–113for oral lichen planus, 110for recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 64
Temperature, 13Temporal arteritis, 334Temporalis muscle, 275Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), 271–300, 272
assessment of, 283–288classification of, 281–282, 281tclinical characteristics of, 288–289clinical criteria for, 282t, 284tcontributing factors associated with, 285tdefinition of, 284tdiagnostic imaging of, 287diagnostic terms for, 282tear symptoms associated with, 278–279epidemiology of, 279–281etiology of, 279history of, 285palpation examination for, 279physical examination of, 285requiring dental procedures, 293t
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ), 272anatomy of, 272–279arthritis of, 296–299arthrography of, 44, 44farticular covering of, 278articulation
classification of, 272autopsy specimen of, 274fbone window computed tomography scan, 41fchronic
prediction of, 288clinical examination of, 280fdiagnostic local anesthetic nerve blocks, 287–288disk displacements, 278examination of, 18injection
sites for, 279intracapsular disorders of, 294–295linear tomogram of, 40fmagnetic resonance image of, 42focclusion, 278
palpation of, 287panoramic radiograph of, 36ftomogram of, 286f
Temporomandibular ligament, 274–275Temporomandibular structures
nerve supply to, 277vascular supply to, 277
TEN, 57TENS, 219, 290
mortality of, 58Teratomas, 152–153Tetracycline
for HIV-salivary gland disease, 252for pemphigus vulgaris, 70for recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 65
Tetracycline stains, 419fThalassemias, 435–436Thalidomide
for erythema multiforme, 59for recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 65
Thallium 201for coronary artery disease, 373for heart failure, 381
Theophyllinefor chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 356
Thick leukoplakia, 102Thrombin time (TT), 458Thrombocytopenia, 460, 461
ecchymosis of, 446fhematoma with, 447fin SLE, 487
Thrombocytopenia purpura (TTP), 461Thromboxanes, 461–462Thrush, 94–96, 95f, 549Thymoma, 69, 71Thyroglobulin, 588Thyroid cancer
papillary, 588Thyroid disease, 587–590
clinical and laboratory findings, 588dental manifestations of, 590differential diagnosis of, 588–589management of, 589pathophysiology of, 587–588prognosis of, 589–590
Thyroid hormone replacementfor postmenopausal women, 589
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), 579, 587Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), 579, 581fTIA, 594–595Tic douloureux, 328–329Tilting-disk valve, 379Time-activity curve, 241Time-dose fraction (TDF), 207Tirofiban
for unstable coronary syndromes, 374Tissue necrosis, 223–225Tissue specimen
acquisition of, 206
Tissue-type plasminogen activatorfor pulmonary embolism, 358
Tissue typingfor transplantation, 506–507
T-lymphocytes, 479–480TMD. See Temporomandibular disordersTMJ. See Temporomandibular jointTMJ Scale, 322TNM system, 198–199Tobacco, 195
smokeless, 90–91, 201spit, 90f
Tobacco pouch, 91fTobacco smoke
toxins in, 355Tobacco use
associated with leukoplakia, 200Toluene
adverse effects of, 400Toluidine blue stains, 104, 107Tolypocladium inflatum, 507Tongue
actinomycosis of, 176, 177fasymptomatic neurofibroma, 149fbilateral hemangiomas of, 145fbrushing of, 135examination of, 17granular cell tumor of, 144, 148hemangiomas of, 127, 146herpangina of, 55fleukoerythroplakia of, 204fmucositis of, 218fpemphigus of, 70frecurrent aphthous stomatitis of, 64fvarices of, 128
Tongue and mandibular positioning device, 208fTongue blade sign, 237Tongue deflector, 212fTonic-clonic seizures, 602Tonsillitis, 347–349Tonsils, 138
examination of, 17Toothache
chronic orofacial pain confused with, 324periapical radiography of, 46f
Tooth clenching, 279Tooth grinding, 279Topiramate
for epileptic seizures, 602Tori, 138Torus mandibularis, 139fTorus palatinus, 139fTotal joint replacement
antibiotic prophylaxis in, 497tTourniquet test
for capillary fragility, 459Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), 57Toxic nephropathy, 414Toxoplasma gondii
656 Burket’s Oral Medicine
and transplantation, 512Tranexamic acid
after oral surgical procedures, 471for anemia, 438for chronic renal failure, 423
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), 219,290
mortality of, 58Transfusions
history of, 10Transient ischemic attack (TIA), 594–595Transplantation, 503–520
classification of, 504clinical indications for, 505, 506tcomplications of, 510–513isogeneic, 504medical management of, 506–510oral considerations, 514–520oral health considerations, 517–520, 518toral lesions in, 514–517prognosis of, 513–514types of, 504twaiting lists for, 504t
Transplantation immunology, 505–506Transplantation recipient
pretreatment with donor blood, 510Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), 377–379
for heart failure, 381Trauma
associated with leukoplakia, 200developmental defects and, 299–300
Traumatic bone cyst, 152Traumatic fibromas, 139–141Traumatic keratosis, 87, 87fTraumatic neuroma, 149Treatment
American Society of Anesthesiologists physical scoringsystem for, 26t
Treatment planformulation of, 25
Treponema, 61TRH, 579, 581fTrichosporon
and transplantation, 512Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
for burning mouth syndrome, 333for chronic pain, 316for migraine headache, 335for postherpetic neuralgia, 330for post-traumatic neuropathic pain, 331
Trigeminal nerve, 308examination of, 20nociceptive transmission associated with, 309f
Trigeminal neuralgia, 328–329, 596Trigger point injections
intramuscular, 293Trigger point injection therapy, 293Trimethoprim plus sulfisoxazole
for otitis media, 345
Index 657
Trimethoprim-sulfonamide penicillinadverse effects of, 57
Troglitazone, 569Trypanosoma, 532TSGs, 196–198TSH, 579, 587TT, 458TTE, 377–379
for heart failure, 381TTP, 461Tuberculosis, 175, 526–530
chemotherapy for, 529tchest radiograph of, 527fdiagnosis of, 529in dialysis, 424etiology and pathogenesis of, 526–527with HIV infection, 554oral, 529foral manifestations, 529reported cases of, 526trisk factors, 529–530salivary involvement, 258treatment of, 529vaccines for, 530
Tuberous sclerosis, 169t, 173, 185tTumor-, node-, metastasis (TNM) system, 198–199, 198tTumor biology, 202–203Tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), 196–198Tuned-aperture computed tomography (TACT), 37–38Tympanostomy tubes, 345Type 1 diabetes, 564–566
radiograph, 572f–573fType 2 diabetes, 565
disorders associated with, 565t
UUlcerative colitis, 395–397Ulceronecrotic gingivostomatitis, 180fUlcers, 51
recurring oral, 63–68Behçet's syndrome, 65–67herpes simplex virus infection, 67recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 63–65
single, 76–79blastomycosis, 78histoplasmosis, 77–78mucormycosis, 78–79
Ultralente insulin, 569Ultrasonography, 43Ultraviolet A
for oral lichen planus, 112Underlying medical conditions
evaluating and monitoring of, 28Unilateral radiation
effect of, 226fUnstable angina, 373Unstable coronary syndromes
therapy of, 374–375Upper airway infections, 341–349
Upper digestive tract diseases, 390–393Uremic frost, 417Uremic lung, 417Uremic syndrome, 414–419, 415t
biochemical disturbances, 414calcium and skeletal disorders, 416cardiovascular manifestations, 416gastrointestinal symptoms of, 414hematologic problems, 415–416immunologic changes in, 417neurologic symptoms of, 414–415oral manifestations of, 417–418respiratory symptoms of, 417trabecular changes in, 418f
Urinalysisin renal disease, 409–410
Urokinasefor pulmonary embolism, 358
Urticaria, 498fUveoparotid fever, 178, 258
VVagus nerve, 308
examination of, 21Valacyclovir
for erythema multiforme, 59for herpes zoster, 57for recurrent herpes simplex virus infection, 68
Valproic acidfor epileptic seizures, 602
Valsalva's maneuver, 382Valvular heart disease, 377–379
antibiotic prophylaxis for, 379Vancomycin
for chronic renal failure, 424Varicella zoster virus (VSV), 51, 55–57
clinical manifestations of, 55–56in elderly, 613with HIV infection, 552
Varix, 128of upper lip, 128f
VAS, 310Vascular pain, 334Veillonella, 346Velocardiofacial syndrome, 482Ventilation-perfusion (V-Q) scanning
in pulmonary embolism, 358–359Ventricular evoked response amplitude (VERA), 511Ventricular fibrillation, 383–384Ventricular tachycardia, 383–384VERA, 511Verapamil, 183
for arrhythmia, 382for migraine headache, 335
Verruca vulgaris, 166fVerrucous carcinoma, 104fVerrucous leukoplakia, 102Verrucous ulcer, 78Vesicles, 51
Vessel wall disorders, 459–462Viadent, 92Vinblastine, 552
for Kaposi's sarcoma, 129, 216fViral infections, 534–556
with HIV infection, 550–551Viral upper respiratory infection, 342Viral warts, 166fViruses
in oral cancer, 202Virus-induced tumors
benign, 165–167Vision impairment
improvement of communication with, 608tVisual analog scale (VAS), 310Vital signs, 13Vitamin A, 203
for oral submucous fibrosis, 117Vitamin B12, 64
and coronary artery disease, 372deficiency of, 436–437
atrophic glossitis in, 436ffor pernicious anemia, 437
Vitamin K deficiency, 463Vitamins
and coronary artery disease, 372Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, 147, 196–198Von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis, 149, 168, 169tVon Willebrand's disease (vWD), 454, 462, 470f
management of, 467and oral surgical procedures, 470–472
V-Q scanningin pulmonary embolism, 358–359
VSV, 51, 55–57clinical manifestations of, 55–56in elderly, 613with HIV infection, 552
vWD, 454, 462, 470fmanagement of, 467and oral surgical procedures, 470–472
WWaldenstroms macroglobulinemia, 71Warfarin (Coumadin), 376
for atrial fibrillation, 383for heart failure, 382for prosthetic heart valves, 379
Weight lossand hiatal hernia, 392
West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory(WHYMPI), 310
Wharton's duct, 235
658 Burket’s Oral Medicine
blockage of, 247fcalcified deposit in, 239fsialolithiasis in, 239f
White blood cell countwith differential, 438t
White blood cell disorders, 438–443White-coat hypertension, 366White line, 87White sponge nevus, 86WHO
analgesic ladder, 219Whole saliva, 237WHYMPI, 310Wickham's striae, 107Wine, 195Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 493Withdrawal flexion reflex, 312Witkop's disease, 86–87Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, 383World Health Organization (WHO)
analgesic ladder, 219
XXanthomas, 174–175Xanthomatosis, 170tXenografts, 504Xerostomia, 222, 236, 417, 518f, 556, 595
medication-induced, 253treatment of, 259–260
Xerostomia-associated caries, 223fX-linked agammaglobulinemia, 481
YYoga, 314Yogurt
for oral candidiasis, 101
ZZafirlukast
for asthma, 354Zalcitabine (ddC)
for HIV infection, 544Zidovudine (ZDV)
for HIV infection, 544for oral hairy leukoplakia, 94
Zilactinfor recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 64
Zimmerman-Laband syndrome, 185tZinc citrate
adverse effects of, 60Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 172, 394Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, 322
Index 659