Index [assets.cambridge.org]assets.cambridge.org/97805218/03885/index/9780521803885... · 2006. 11. 25. · 468 Index deﬁciency(cont.)folate,307–13 iatrogenic,313 folate,312–3

Index

abetalipoproteinemia, 36, 125absorption, 9biotin, 325, 329calcium, 93carotene, 35, 40–1, 42folate, 273–4iron, 369niacin, 203pantothenic acid, 346phosphate, 93riboflavin, 175–6thiamin, 150–1vitamin A, 35–6vitamin B6, 234vitamin B12, 300–1, 314vitamin C, 361vitamin D, 83vitamin E, 113vitamin K, 133–4

accessory food factors, 1Accutane®, 72acetomenaphthone, 132facetyl choline, 165, 221, 390facetyl CoA carboxylase, 330, 333tacetylator status, 355N-acetylglutamate, 306activation coefficient, glutathione reductase,

197transaminases, 251–2transketolase, 168–9

acute phase proteins, 64acyl carnitine excretion, 306acyl carrier protein, 350acyl CoA dehydrogenase, 185, 191–2acyl CoA:retinol acyltransferase, 36acylation, proteins 352S-adenosyl methionine, 284, 289, 290fdecarboxylase, 267

adenosylhomocysteine, 290fadequacy, criteria, 10–2adequate intake (see also reference intakes), 21,

23adipic acid oxidation, 191–2adipocytes, vitamin D, 97adipose tissue, carotene, 72retinol, 37vitamin D, 106

cADP-ribose, 219–21ADP-ribose cyclase, 219, 220fADP-ribosyltransferase, 204f, 206, 215–7adrenal gland, lycopene, 71adriamycin, 194, 195fadvanced glycation endproducts, 264aglycone, 402agmatine, 240tAI (adequate intake, see also reference intakes),

21, 23β-alanine, 266alanine, transamination, 242talanine-glyoxylate transaminase, 20talcohol, 62, 151dehydrogenase, vitamin A, 38

aldehyde dehydrogenase, 235aldehyde oxidase, 41f, 188, 207alfacalcidiol, 107alkaline phosphatase, 96, 103, 104t, 235allicin, 402falliin, 402fallinase, 401allithiamin, 149f, 150alloxan, 219, 229–30all-R-tocopherol, 112allyl sulfur compounds, 401–2alopecia, 97, 101, 337Alzheimer’s disease, 130, 169–70, 346, 356amadorins, 264

463

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464 Index

amide groups, peptide hormones, 366amine oxidases, 186, 189amino acid, decarboxylation, 237t, 239, 240tmetabolism, vitamin B6, 237–45oxidases, 186racemization, 237t, 241side-chain reactions, 244

p-aminobenzoic acid, 277f, 355p-aminobenzoylglutamate, 276γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA), 156–7, 165, 240t,

247shunt, 156–7, 164

aminocarboxymuconic acid semialdehyde,209f

aminolevulinic acid synthetase, 250taminomethyltransferase, 281aminotransferases, 237t, 241–4amitriptyline, 195fcAMP-dependent protein kinases, 59amygdalin, 5androgens, 102anemia, hemolytic, 125megaloblastic, 152, 308pernicious, 308riboflavin deficiency, 193–4sideroblastic, 250tvitamin B6 deficiency, 246–7vitamin C deficiency, 373vitamin E deficiency, 125

angular stomatitis, 191anhydroretinol, 32f, 33, 55–6anthocyanins, 7anthycyanidins, 403antibiotics, vitamin K requirements, 145antibodies, intrinsic factor, 309anticoagulants, dietary, 401, 402vitamin E, 128vitamin K, 141, 145–6

anticonvulsants, folate, 312, 319vitamin D, 86

antidepressant,s 194–6antiestrogens, 404–6antioxidant, carotene, 43, 72–4riboflavin, 187status, 126–7vitamin C, 371vitamin E, 116–8synthetic, 123t

apo-carotenals, 39, 43–5apo-carotenoic acids, 73, 74apo-lipoproteins, 263, 352apoptosis, poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase, 218retinoids, 61, 71vitamin D, 96–7vitamin K, 142

ARAT (acyl CoA:retinol acyltransferase), 36arecoline, 165arginine, decarboxylase, 240thydroxylation, 296–7transamination, 242t

ariboflavinosis see riboflavin deficiencyaromatic amino acid decarboxylase, 209f, 240t,

243–4, 264, 365fhydroxylases, 294–6

arrestin, 53arthritis, diabetic, 263ascorbic acid (see also vitamin C), 358fphosphate, 359sulfate, 359

ascorbyl palmitate, 359aspartate transaminase, 242t, 247–8

β-decarboxylase, 266, 351–52β-hydroxylase, 367

ataxia, 125atherocalcin, 136, 142atherogenesis, homocysteine, 293tvitamin E, 121

atherosclerosis, 263Gla protein, 136, 142vitamin D, 97

ATP synthase, 90tatrophic gastritis, 300availability, 8–10biotin, 326carotene, 40–1niacin, 203vitamin B6, 234

AVED (ataxia with vitamin E deficiency), 125avidin, 326, 341–3, 337

bacterial toxins, 215–7barbiturates, rickets and osteomalacia, 86,

99–100vitamin A, 40vitamin D, 86, 99–100

bathorhodopsin, 50–1Benserazide, 225beriberi, 148, 161–3acute infantile, 163acute pernicious, 162cardiac failure, 162dry, 161–2fish, fermented, 166fulminating, 163shoshin, 162wet, 162

betaine, 283, 291, 309, 391fbile, folate, 274retinoyl glucuronide, 39taurine, 398




Index 465

vitamin A, 39vitamin B12, 302vitamin D, 86vitamin K, 134

biocytin, 325bioflavonoids, 7, 362, 402–3biological activity, carotenes, 35retinoids, 35

biological availability see availabilitybiopterin synthesis, 277f, 278biotin, 325fabsorption, 325, 329availability, 326biosynthesis, 327–9catabolism, 326f, 327cell surface receptors, 335deficiency, 337–40alopecia, 337chicks, 338cot death, 339dermatitis, 337fatty acid synthesis, 338fatty liver and kidney syndrome, 338glucokinase, 338gluconeogenesis, 338glucose homeostasis, 338, 339holocarboxylase synthetase, 335hyperammonemia, 336hyperglycemia, 338hypoglycemia, 338odd-carbon fatty acids, 341organic aciduria, 333tpolyunsaturated fatty acids, 337, 341pregnancy, 340pyruvate carboxylase, 338sudden infant death, 339

hypoglycemic action, 336intestinal bacterial synthesis, 329metabolic functions, 329–37acetyl CoA carboxylase, 330biotinidase, 334–5carboxylases, 330–2cell cycle, 336cell proliferation, 336enzyme induction, 335gluconeogenesis, 335glycolysis, 335histones, 337holocarboxylase synthetase, 332–4methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase,332

propionyl CoA carboxylase, 330protein synthesis, 335–6pyruvate carboxylase, 331RNA polymerase, 335

metabolism, 324–7metabolites, 326fplasma concentration, 340plasma protein binding, 325, 334protein ligase, 332–4receptors, 335requirements, 341status, 340–1synthase, 328–9unavailable, 326

biotinidase, 325, 334–5biotinylation, histones, 337bisphosphonates, 102Bitot’s spot, 63bleaching, rhodopsin, 50blind staggers, 166blood clotting, vitamin K, 139–41, 142, 144bone, aging, 101–3healing, vitamin K, 146matrix Gla protein, 136, 141–2metabolism, vitamin D, 94–6mineral, 95, 141mineralization, vitamin D, 98–101pain, vitamin C deficiency, 373peak mass, 102resorption, 95–6, 136vitamin A, 55, 68vitamin C, 367–8, 373vitamin D, 94–6, 98–101vitamin K, 136, 141–2, 146

bow legs, 99bracken fern, thiaminase, 166branched chain oxo-acid decarboxylase, 158–9brushite, 141burning foot syndrome, 354–5γ -butyrobetaine hydroxylase, 387f, 367

cachexin, 90tcyclic ADP-ribose, 60calbindin D, 90t, 93–4, 98calcidiol (see also vitamin D), 84f1-hydroxylase, 84f, 85, 10124-hydroxylase, 84f, 85–6hydroxylases, 90t, 87–9pharmacological use, 100, 101plasma concentration, 80, 103, 104treceptor, 56–7

calciferol glucuronides, 82calcinosis, 82,195–6calciol (see also cholecalciferol; vitamin D), 78f,

79t25-hydroxylase, 84f

calcipotriol, 107calcitetrol, 79t, 84fcalcitonin, 88–9, 96




466 Index

calcitriol (see also vitamin D), 79t, 84f, 85gene expression, 90tpharmacological use, 100plasma concentration, 80, 103receptor, 90–1, 101vitamin Dmetabolism, 88

calcitroic acid, 84f, 86calcium, absorption, 93balance, osteoporosis, 102binding proteins, 135–9body content, 89hypertension, 264–5intake, osteoporosis, 102intracellular, 394plasma concentration, 104treabsorption renal, 94, 142regulation, cADP-ribose and NAADP, 220–1transport, vitamin D, 92vitamin Dmetabolism, 89

calmodulin, 394calnexin, 45cancer, carotene, 72–4folate antagonists, 288–9deficiency, 311–2supplements, 321

hormone dependent, 405lycopene, 72neopterin excretion, 278retinoids, 71–2vitamin C, 370, 382vitamin D, 97, 107vitamin E, 129

candidiasis, 337canthaxanthin, 34f, 43carbamazepine, 313Carbidopa, 225γ -carboxyglutamate, 135–9excretion, 144–5

carboxylase, vitamin K dependent, 136–9carboxylation, biotin-dependent, 330–2carcinoid syndrome, 224cardiac failure, thiamin, 162cardiomyopathy, taurine, 399cardiovascular disease, homocysteine, 292–4vitamin C, 383vitamin E, 129

carnitine, 385–9acyltransferase, 385–6biosynthesis, 386–7, 372deficiency, 396ergogenic aid, 387excretion, 306, 387intake, 388metabolic functions, 385–6palmitoyltransferase, 192, 385–6

possible essentiality, 388premature infants, 387valproic acid, 387vitamin C, 372, 387

carotene, 34fabsorption, 35, 40–2adipose tissue, 72antioxidant, 72–4asymmetric cleavage, 43–5, 74availability, 40, 41average intakes, 72cancer, 72–4chylomicrons, 42diabetes mellitus, 43dioxygenase, 41–5, 74antioxidants, 43dietary protein, 43hepatic, 42non-intestinal, 42reaction specificity, 43–5vitamin A deficiency, 43

excentric cleavage, 43–5, 74pharmacological uses, 72–4plasma, 64, 65trequirements, 67–8retinol equivalents, 35, 41–5

carotenoids, 33–5cataract, 72toxicity, 70

cascade, blood clotting, 139–41cassava, cyanide intoxication, 300cataract, carotenoids, 72diabetic, 263vitamin E, 129

catechins, 403cats, carotene dioxygenase, 42niacin requirement, 210

CD-38, 219γ -CEHC, 116cell cycle, tocotrienols, 116biotin, 336

cell differentiation, vitamin D, 96–7cell proliferation, biotin, 336vitamin D, 90, 92, 96–7

cell signaling, vitamin E, 121–2vitamin K, 136, 142

central nervous system, vitamin A toxicity, 68cephalin, 389ceroid pigments, 124Chastek paralysis, 166cheilosis, 191chick ovalbumin upstream promoter (COUP)

receptor, 56–7chloride channel, thiamin triphosphate, 160p-chlorophenylalanine, 224




Index 467

chlorpromazine, 195fcholecalciferol, (see also vitamin D), 78f, 79tabsorption, 8325-hydroxylation, 83–4plasma concentrations, 80synthesis, 81

cholecystokinin, 221cholera toxin, 217cholestatic hepatobiliary disease, 125cholesterol, 7-hydroxylase, 372pantothenic acid, 354plant sterols, 401tocotrienols, 113, 115–6

choline, 389–92biosynthesis, 389–90catabolism, 390–1deficiency, 391dehydrogenase, 391fmetabolism, 283possible essentiality, 391

chondrocytes, vitamin D, 92–3chromanol ring, 110chylomicrons, carotene, 42vitamin D, 83vitamin E, 113vitamin K, 133

circadian clock, 1909-cis-retinoic acid, 55–813-cis-retinoic acid, 70, 7213-cis-retinol, 35citric acid cycle, thiamin, 156–7CoA see coenzyme Acobalamins, 298cobalophilin, 301coenzyme A, 346fbiosynthesis, 347f, 348–50catabolism, 350

coenzyme Q, 400–1coenzymes I and II, 214cold, vitamin C, 383collagen, 90t, 263vitamin A, 55vitamin C, 367, 372

collagenase, 121–2color vision, 63common cold, vitamin C, 383complement, 367cones (eye), 50conjugase, 273, 312conjuctival xerosis, 62, 63impression cytology, 66

conjunctivitis, riboflavin deficiency, 191–2connective tissue, homocysteine, 293tconnexin-43, 73convulsions, vitamin B6, 246–9

corrinoid (see also vitamin B12), 298corticosteroids, pantothenic acid deficiency,

353–54cot death, 339coumarin anticoagulants, 132, 142coumestans, 405fCOUP (chick ovalbumin upstream promoter)

receptor, 56–7CRABP (cellular retinoic acid binding protein),

47–9, 54–5CRBP (cellular retinol binding protein), 36, 38,

47–9, 54–5creatine, 392–3kinase, 392fsupplements, 393

creatinine, 392f, 393criteria of adequacy, 10–2cryptochromes, 190cryptoxanthine, 34fcrystallin, 263cubulin, 302cyanide metabolism, 300cyanocobalamin (see also vitamin B12), 299cyclic ADP-ribose, 60, 219–21cyclic GMP, vision, 50–3cystathionase, 244, 250t, 255f, 266, 290fvitamin B6 deficiency, 247–48

cystathionine, 250t, 251tsynthetase, 244, 250t, 255f, 266, 290f

cystathioninuriaa, 250tcysteamine oxidase, 397fcysteic acid decarboxylase, 397fcysteine lyase, 244oxidase, 397fsulfinate decarboxylase, 247–9, 397foxidase, 397f

sulfoxide derivatives, 401–2transamination, 242t

cystic fibrosis, vitamin E, 125cytochrome b, 90toxidase, 90tP450, 185, 402, 403retinoic acid, 39, 60vitamin D, 83–6

cytokines, tryptophanmetabolism, 208vitamin B12 deficiency, 310

cytology, conjuctival impression, 66

daily reference values (see also referenceintakes), 21

dark adaptation, 54, 62, 64deficiency, biochemical, 11biotin, 337–40covert, 11disease, 10




468 Index

deficiency (cont.)folate, 307–13iatrogenic, 313folate, 312–3niacin, 225riboflavin, 194–6vitamin A, 40vitamin B6, 249vitamin B12, 313vitamin D, 99–100

niacin, 221–25pantothenic acid, 352–5riboflavin, 191–6thiamin, 161–6vitamin A, 61–4vitamin B6, 246–9vitamin B12, 307–13vitamin C, 372–4vitamin D, 98–101vitamin E, 122–5vitamin K, 142–3

dehydroascorbate, 358, 359, 362–3reductase, 360ftissue uptake, 361

7-dehydrocholesterol, 80–1dehydroretinol, 66dementia, phosphatidylcholine, 391vitamin B12 deficiency, 307

demyelination, vitamin B12, 309deoxyhemoglobin, folate, 314deoxypyridoxine, 245depletion/repletion studies, 18depression, folate deficiency, 307pantothenic acid deficiency, 354–5pellagra, 222vitamin B6, 264

dermatitis, biotin, 337pellagra, 221–2photosensitive, 221–2riboflavin, 190vitamin C, 373

dermatology, retinoids, 72desamido NAD, 204f, 205dethiobiotin, 327–9DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), 52diabetes, biotin, 336carotene dioxygenase, 43complications, 263–4experimental, 219gestational, 262inositol, 296nicotinamide, 230poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase,

219vitamin B6, 263–4vitamin C, 361vitamin D, 106–7

diacylglycerol, 394diaminopelargonic acid, 328fdiarrhea, pellagra, 222dicoumarol, 132fdienoic acids, riboflavin deficiency, 191–2dietary folate equivalents, 271–3differentiation, vitamin A, 54, 55vitamin D, 92, 96–7vitamin K, 142

dihydrobiopterin, 365freductase, 295–6

dihydrofolate, monoglutamate, 277freductase, 278–9inhibitors, 288–9, 312

dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, 281dihydroneopterin triphosphate, 277fdihydropteridine, 277fdihydropteroic acid, 277f, 288dihydroxyretinol, 32f, 55diketogulonate, 359, 363dimethylglycine, 391fdehydrogenase, 184, 185, 186

diphenylhydantoin, 86, 312diphosphopyridine nucleotide, 214diphtheria toxin, 217disaccharide permeability, 63disulfide oxidoreductases, 185–6DNA, hypomethylation, 69–70ligase, 218methylation, 312repair, 190, 218–9replication, 218synthesis, 308uracil incorporation, 314vitamin C, 376

dococalciferol, 107docosahexaenoic acid, 52dopa (dihydroxyphenylalanine), 365fdecarboxylase, 243–44

dopamine, 240t, 365fβ-hydroxylase, 365, 372

Down’s syndrome, 130DPN (diphosphopyridine nucleotide), 214drug metabolism, pantothenic acid, 354, 355–6vitamin C, 372

DRV (see also reference intakes), 21dUMP suppression test, 289, 292, 317

E. coli enterotoxin LT, 217edema, thiamin deficiency, 162egg white injury, 341egg, uncooked, 337EGRAC (erythrocyte glutathione reductase

activation coefficient), 197elastin, 367electron transfer flavoprotein, 184–5transport chain, 400




Index 469

embryogenesis, retinoids, 55encephalopathy, Wernicke’s, 163–4endothelium-derived relaxation factor,

296enrichment, folate, 320–1overage, 8thiamin, 164

enterohepatic circulation, folate, 274vitamin B12, 302

epidermal growth factor, 309epilepsy, folate, 312, 319epithelia, ciliated, 54vitamin A deficiency, 63

epoxy-retinoic acid, 40equivalents, folate, 271–3niacin, 202–3, 208retinol, 35

ercalcidiol, 79tercalciol, 78f, 79tercalcitetrol, 79tercalcitriol, 79tergocalciferol, 78f, 79tabsorption, 83food enrichment, 79

ergogenic aids, 387, 393ergosterol, 78erythorbic acid, 358erythrocyte, folate, 275fragility, riboflavin, 192–3vitamin E, 126

glutathione reductase, 197transaminase, 251t, 252transketolase, 168–9

estradiol, 405f, 221estrogens, dietary, 404–6glucose tolerance, 263kynurenine hydroxylase, 213osteoporosis, 102riboflavin metabolism, 177–8tryptophan load test, 254–5

ethane exhalation, 126–7etretinate, 70, 72exudative diathesis, 123

Factor XII, 139–40FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide), 173f, 174,

183–9fat malabsorption, 9, 125fatty acids, binding protein, 90tbranched chain, 310desaturation, 116elongation, 116metabolism, muscle, 386odd-carbon, 306, 310, 341oxidation, 191, 353synthesis, biotin, 59, 306, 331, 338transport, carnitine, 385–6

fatty liver and kidney syndrome, 338fenretinamide, 71ferredoxin, 90tfertility, vitamin A, 61vitamin E, 122

fetal resorption, 61, 122warfarin syndrome, 141, 142

fibrin, 139fibrinogen, 139fibroblasts, vitamin E, 122fibronectin, 90tFIGLU (formimino glutamate), 282f, 283, 316fish, beriberi, 166thiaminases, 166

flavanones, 403flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), 173f, 174,

183–9coenzymes, 172–5, 176t, 183–9mononucleotide, 173f, 174, 176toxidases, 186–7radical, 183

flavodoxine, 184–5flavokinase, 176, 177, 178, 194flavones, 403flavonoids, 402–3carotene dioxygenase, 43vitamin C, 362

flavonols, 403flavoprotein, electron transfer, 184reductases, dithiol linked, 138single electron transferring, 184two electron transferring, 184–5

fluorouracil, 288flushing, nicotinic acid, 228FMN (flavin mononucleotide), 173f, 174, 176t,

183–9folate, absorption, 273–4antagonists, 288–9anticonvulsants, 319bile, 274biosynthesis, 276catabolism, 312deficiency, 307–13anemia, 308cancer, 311–2depression, 307iatrogenic, 312–3megaloblastic anemia, 308neural tube defect, 310–1prevalence, 307

dietary equivalents, 271–3digestion, 273–4enterohepatic circulation, 274epilepsy, 312, 319equivalents, 271–3excretion, 276food enrichment, 320–1




470 Index

folate (cont.)hemoglobin binding, 314intake vitamin B12 deficiency, 308intestinal metabolism, 274metabolic functions, 279–94serine hydroxymethyltransferase, 279–81,281f

metabolism, 273–6catabolism, 276dihydrofolate reductase, 287–9homocysteine, 292–4interconversion of one-carbon folates,283–6

methionine, 289–94methyl folate trap, 291–2methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase,284–6

poly-γ -glutamylation, 275–6sources of one-carbon folates, 279–83thymidylate synthetase, 287–8tissue uptake, 274–6utilization of one-carbon folates,286–94

one-carbon substituted, 280fpharmacological uses, 321polyglutamate synthetase, 275–6, 313red blood cells, 275reference intakes, 318–20requirements, 318–20status, 313–8, 315tdUMP suppression test, 317erythrocyte concentrations, 314FIGLU, 283, 316histidine load, 283, 316plasma concentrations, 314

supplements, 321neural tube defect, 311pregnancy, 311vitamin B12 deficiency, 320

tissue polyglutamates, 276tissue uptake, 274–6upper levels of intake, 319vitamers, 271, 272f, 280f

folic acid (see also folate), 271, 272ffolinic acid, 271food labeling, reference intakes, 27foot drop, 162formate metabolism, 283formimino tetrahydrofolate, 280f, 281fformyl tetrahydrofolate, 280f, 281fdehydrogenase, 292erythrocytes, 314synthetase, 283

formylglutamate, 283formylkynurenine formamidase, 209f, 248f

fortification, folate, 320–1thiamin, 164

GABA (γ -aminobutyric acid), 156–7, 165, 240t,247

shunt, 156–7, 164galactoflavin, 175garlic, anticoagulant, 402Gas6 (growth arrest specific protein), 136,

142gastric ulcer, vitamin B12, 313gastritis, atrophic, 300, 315Gc-globulin, 87gene expression, retinoids, 55–8vitamin B6, 245

genomic instability, 311Gerovital, 5Gla (γ -carboxyglutamate), 135–9excretion, 144–5

glucagon, tryptophan dioxygenase, 212glucocorticoids, osteoporosis, 102–3pyruvate dehydrogenase, 155–6tryptophan dioxygenase, 211–2tryptophan load test, 253–4

glucokinase, 335, 336biotin, 338pancreas, 336retinoic acid, 54

gluconeogenesis, biotin, 338, 339pyruvate carboxylase, 331serine hydroxymethyltransferase, 279–81vitamin A deficiency, 63–4

glucose, biotin, 338, 3396-phosphatase deficiency, 197tolerance, pantothenic acid, 354vitamin B6, 263

glucosinolates 7, 403–4glucuronic acid, 372, 359, 360fglucuronidase, retinoyl glucuronide, 40glucuronides, vitamin D, 82glutamate, decarboxylase, 240t, 247–8, 265, 398dehydrogenase, 156–7receptor, 164, 311transaminase, 242t, 247

glutamic semialdehyde, 242tglutamine, transamination, 242tglutaryl CoA dehydrogenase, 185glutathione peroxidase, 117–8, 120reductase, 185, 186f, 193activation coefficient, 197riboflavin status, 196

S-transferase, 402, 403glycation, nonenzymic, 263–4glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase,

90t




Index 471

glycine, cleavage system, 281, 313decarboxylase, 281guanidotransferase, 392fN-methyltransferase, 69–70overload, 398transamination, 242t

glycocholic acid, 398glycogen phosphorylase, 236, 244–5storage disease, 236

glycoprotein synthesis, 58glyoxylate, 242t, 247cGMP, vision, 50–3goblet cells, 63goitre, 404goitrin, 404goitrogens, 404G-proteins, ADP-ribosyltransferase, 217vision, 50–3

gray hair, pantothenic acid, 353–4group specific component, 87growth arrest specific gene (Gas6), 136, 142growth spurt, adolescent, 99GTP cyclohydrolase, 181–182f, 277f, 278guanidoacetic acid, 392fgulonolactone oxidase, 194, 359, 360fgums, vitamin C, 373gyrate atrophy, 250t

hair follicles, vitamin D, 97haptocorin, 302Hartnup disease, 224heart failure, thiamin, 162heme saturation, tryptophan dioxygenase, 211hemochromatosis, vitamin C, 364, 382hemoglobin A1C, 263binding, folate, 314

hemolysis, menadione, 145vitamin E, 123–4, 125

hemorrhagic disease, newborn, 143herbivores, carotene dioxygenase, 42heterodimers, retinoid receptors, 55–8hip fracture, osteoporosis, 101histamine, 240tadenine dinucleotide, 219receptor antagonists, vitamin B12, 313

histidase, 282fhistidine, catabolism, 281–2decarboxylase, 240t, 266load, 316metabolism, 316transamination, 242t

histones, 90t, 218biotinylation, 337

HMG CoA reductase, 113, 115–6, 401holocarboxylase synthetase, 325f, 332–4, 335

homocysteine, 255f, 256, 290fcardiovascular disease, 292–4cystathionine synthetase polymorphism, 244folate, 284–5, 292–4, 321metabolism, 304methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase, 284–5methyltransferase, 290f, 291, 309, 391fnicotinic acid, 229riboflavin, 286toxicity, 311vitamin B6, 261–2

homocystine, 290fhomocystinuria, 250t, 261, 292homodimers, retinoid receptors, 55–8homopantothenic acid, 356hopanthate, 346f, 356hormone replacement therapy, 254hydrogen peroxide, 187t, 190t3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, 209fhydroxyapatite, 95, 14124-hydroxycalcidiol, 84f, 86biological activity, 90–1plasma concentrations, 80

hydroxycalcidiol, 79t, 831α-hydroxycholecalciferol, 8325-hydroxycholecalciferol, 83–4pharmacological use, 100, 101

hydroxyercalcidiol, 79thydroxyethylriboflavin, 181hydroxykynurenine, 248fhydroxykynureninuria, 224hydroxylases, mixed function oxidases, 189–190hydroxylysine, 367hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA (HMG CoA)

reductase, 113, 115–6, 401hydroxymethylriboflavin, 181hydroxyphenylpyruvate, 242thydroxylase, 367

hydroxyproline, 367hydroxypyruvate, 242thydroxyretinoic acid, 39, 59–60hydroxyretroretinol, 55, 56transmembrane signaling, 60–1

hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 385-hydroxytryptamine, 208, 209f, 224, 240t, 264,

265thiamin deficiency, 165

hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, 209fhyperammonemia, vitamin B12, 306biotin, 336

hyperbaric oxygen, vitamin E, 125hyperbilirubinemia, menadione, 145neonatal, 196phototherapy, 175

hypercalcemia, 82, 99, 105




472 Index

hyperglycemia, biotin, 338vitamin C, 361

hyperglycinemia, 313hyperhomocysteinemia see homocysteinehyperoxaluria, 247, 250thypertension, homocysteine, 293tvitamin B6, 264–65vitamin D toxicity, 105

hypervitaminosis D, 82hypocholesterolemic action, nicotinic acid, 229hypoglycemia, biotin, 338, 339pantothenic acid, 353–54

hypoglycemic action, biotin, 336hypolipidemic action, nicotinic acid, 228, 229hypomethylation, DNA, 69–70hypoparathyroidism, 100hypophosphatasia, 235hypotaurine oxidase, 397fhypotension, nicotinic acid, 228hypothyroidism, riboflavin, 178–9

iatrogenic deficiency, folate, 312–3niacin, 225osteomalacia, 99–100riboflavin, 194–6rickets, 99–100vitamin A, 40vitamin B6, 249vitamin B12, 313vitamin D, 99–100

imidazolepyruvate, 242timidazolone propionic acid, 282fimipramine, 195fimmune system, vitamin D, 98vitamin A, 61–2vitamin E, 122

indoleamine dioxygenase, 208, 253–4indolepyruvate, 242tinfants, vitamin B6, 259vitamin K, 143

infection, oxidative stress, 187pantothenic acid, 354vitamin A, 61, 62

inositol, 393–6biosynthesis, 394, 395fcell signaling, 394diabetes, 296hexaphosphate, 393possible essentiality, 394trisphosphate, 60–1, 394, 395f

insulin, pyruvate dehydrogenase, 156resistance, 97secretion, cADP-ribose and NAADP, 221retinoic acid, 54vitamin D 97, 98

sensitivity, pantothenic acid, 354–55

integrin, 90tinterferon, 90t, 208interleukins, 90tvitamin D, 98vitamin E, 121

international units, 7vitamin A, 35vitamin D, 79vitamin E, 111

intestinal goblet cells, vitamin A deficiency, 63mucosal cell proliferation, 285

intrinsic factor, 300, 309iodide uptake, thyroid, 93iodopsin, 50IP3 (inositol trisphosphate), 60–1, 394, 395firon, absorption, 369metabolism, 193–4, 369overload, 364, 382pellagra, 222

ischemic heart disease, 127–8isoascorbic acid, 358isobutyryl CoA, 307isoflavones, 403, 405fisoleucine metabolism, thiamin, 158, 242–3isoniazid, 100, 225, 249isoprostanes, 126isothiocyanates, 403isotretinoin, 72isovaleryl CoA, 307iu (international units), 7vitamin A, 35vitamin D, 79vitamin E, 111

jowar, 223

kallikrein, 139–40keratin, 58keratinization, 61–2keratinocytes, 96keto-acids, 241f, 242toxidative decarboxylation, 154–9

ketoglutarate, 242tdehydrogenase, 156–7thiamin deficiency, 164

hydroxylases, 367–8ketosis, valproic acid, 356kinases, mitogen-activated, 92kittens, taurine, 396knock knees, 99knock-out mice, retinoid receptors, 57–8Korsakoff’s psychosis, 163–6kynurenic acid, 248f, 251t, 253thiamin deficiency, 164

kynureninase, 209f, 213–4, 248f, 250t, 252–3vitamin B6 deficiency, 247–8




Index 473

kynurenine, 248faminotransferase, 209fhydroxylase, 209f, 213, 248ftransaminase, 209f, 248f, 252

labeling, reference intakes, 27lactic acidosis, 333tthiamin deficiency, 163, 164–5, 169

β-lactoglobulin, 45–6laetrile, 5lecithin:retinol acyltransferase, 36, 39β-leucine, 306leucine, aminomutase, 306metabolism, 158, 306pellagra, 223–4transamination, 242t

leucovorin, 271, 288leukemia, menadione, 146lignans, 405flipid metabolism, riboflavin, 191peroxidation, vitamin E, 118–9, 124

lipoamide, 154f, 186, 281lipofuscin, 124lipogenesis, NADPH, 159lipopigments, 124lipoprotein lipase, 114liver, nicotinic acid, 228vitamin A, storage, 36–8toxicity, 68

loading tests, metabolic, 17histidine, 282–3, 316methionine, 251t, 255–6tryptophan, 248f, 252–4valine, 316

long-chain pufa, 116LRAT (lecithin:retinol acyltransferase), 36, 48LTQ (lysyl tyrosylquinone), 266–7lumichrome, 175, 180flumiflavin, 175, 180flumirhodopsin, 51flutein, 34f, 72lycopene, 34f, 44, 72lymphocyte CD-38 antigen, 219lymphocytes, retinoids, 60–1vitamin D, 98

lysine hydroxylase, 367transamination, 242t

lysolecithin, 389lysophosphatidylcholine, 123lysyl oxidase, 293ttyrosylquinone (LTQ), 266–7

macrophages, vitamin E, 121macular degeneration, 72, 128magenta tongue, 191malaria, 192–3, 348malondialdehyde, 124

mannosidase acylation, 352MAP kinases, 92maple syrup urine disease, 158–9marginal compounds, 6McArdle’s disease, 236megalin, 302megaloblastic anemia, 152, 308membrane lysis, vitamin A, 46, 69vitamin E, 124

menadiol, 132fmenadione, 143toxicity, 145

menaquinone see vitamin Kmenopause, osteoporosis, 101–3mercaptopyruvate, 242tmetabolic rate, riboflavin, 191syndrome, 97

metalloproteinase, 121–2metallothionein, 90tmetarhodopsin, 50–1, 52methemoglobin, 193methemoglobinemia, 145, 198methenyl tetrahydrofolate, 280f, 281fmethional, 175methionine, load test, 251t, 255–6metabolism, 289–91, 288fsynthetase, 255f, 266, 290f, 291, 304–5, 309polymorphism, 304

transamination, 242tmethotrexate, 272f, 288, 312methoxypyrimidine, 166methyl aminopterin, 272fN1-methyl nicotinamide, 206–8, 226, 227tω-methyl pantothenic acid, 346fmethyl pyridone carboxamide, 206–7, 226, 227tmethyl tetrahydrofolate, 274, 280f, 281fmethyl transfer reactions, 290fmethylation, DNA, 312methylcrotonic acid, 333tmethylcrotonyl CoA, 332, 340N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor, 164, 311methylene tetrahydrofolate, 185, 280f, 281fcyclohydrolase, 283dehydrogenase, 283reductase, 284–6, 313polymorphism, 284–5riboflavin, 198, 286thermolabile, 199, 284–5

methylfolate trap, 291–2, 308methylglycine, 391fmethylmalonic acid, 305f, 309methylmalonic aciduria, 306, 316methylmalonyl CoA carboxylase, 333tmutase, 305–6, 316

methyl-thiol-oxopropionate, 242tmetronidazole, 166




474 Index

microbiological assay, vitamins, 7milk, sunlight flavor, 175mitochondrial calcium binding protein, 136electron transport chain, 400

mixed function oxidases, 189–90MODY (maturity onset diabetes of the young),

336molybdenum, flavoprotein hydroxylases, 188–9molybdopterin, 188–9, 272f, 297–8monocytes, vitamin E, 121monodehydroascorbate, 117, 358f, 362–3morphogenesis, 54, 55multiple sclerosis, 106muscular dystrophy, nutritional, 123myc-oncogene, 71myopathy, 123myrosinase, 403, 404

N balance, riboflavin, 195–6NAADP (nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide),

60NAADP, 219–21NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), 202fcatabolism, 205–6erythrocytes, 226, 227tglycohydrolase, 204f, 205, 219, 220fintracellular concentration, 218pyrophosphatase, 205redox functions, 214–5synthesis, 203–5kynureninase, 212–4kynurenine hydroxylase, 212–4picolinate carboxylase, 210–1tryptophan, 208–14

tryptophan dioxygenase, 212NADase, 205–6NADH dehydrogenase, 90tNADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

phosphate), 202fcatabolism, 205–6erythrocytes, 226, 227tredox functions, 214–5synthesis, 203–5kynureninase, 212–4kynurenine hydroxylase, 212–4picolinate carboxylase, 210–1tryptophan, 208–14

lipogenesis, 159oxidase, 187–8tryptophan dioxygenase, 212

neopterin, 278nephrocalcin, 136, 142nephropathy, diabetic, 263nerve conduction, thiamin, 159–61damage, vitamin B6, 259–60growth factor, 90t

neural tube defect, 310–1, 313, 321neuritis, peripheral, 161–2neurodegenerative diseases, 129–30neuromotor disorders, 354neuronal ceroid lipofuschinosis, 124neuropathy, thiamin, 161–3vitamin B6, 259–60vitamin B12, 308, 309

neutrophils, hypersegmented, 308newborn, hemorrhagic disease, 143niacin, absorption, 203antidiabetogenic action, 229–30cereals, 203equivalents, 202–3, 208excretion, 206–8hypolipidemic action, 228, 229metabolic functions (see alsoNAD; NADP),

214–21ADP-ribosyltransferases, 215–7cADP-ribose, 219–21calcium regulation, 220–1nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotidephosphate, 219–21

poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase, 216f, 217–9redox reactions, 214–5

metabolism, 203–8metabolite excretion, 226, 227tpharmacological uses, 229–30reference intakes, 227–8requirement, 227–8cats, 210

status, 225–7toxicity, 228–9unavailable, 203upper levels, 228–9vitamers, 201–2

niacinamide, 202niacytin, 203nicotinamide (see also niacin), 202fadenine dinucleotide seeNAD; nicotinamide

nucleotidesadenine dinucleotide phosphate seeNADP;

nicotinamide nucleotidesantidiabetogenic action, 219, 229–30deamidase, 204f, 205, 207fdiabetes, 229–30excretion, 206–8metabolism, aldehyde oxidase, 207nucleotides, 202fcatabolism, 205–6erythrocytes, 226, 227tkynureninase, 212–4kynurenine hydroxylase, 212–4picolinate carboxylase, 210–1redox functions, 214–5synthesis, 203–5, 208–14




Index 475

tryptophan, 208–14tryptophan dioxygenase, 211, 212

N-oxide, 207phosphoribosyltransferase, 204f,

205schizophrenia, 230

nicotinic acid (see also niacin), 202fadenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP),

60, 219–21excretion, 206–8hypolipidaemic action, 228, 229mononucleotide, 204f, 205phosphoribosyltransferase, 204f, 205

nicotinoyl glycine, 207–8nicotinuric acid, 207–8night blindness, 63nitric oxide, 221synthase, 296–7

nitrite, vitamin C, 370nitrogen balance, riboflavin, 195–6nitrosamine, vitamin C, 370nitrous oxide, 291, 313methionine synthetase, 304–5

NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) receptors, 164,311

no adverse effect level (NOAEL), 24, 26noradrenaline, 36519-nor-calcidiol, 107nori, 303nutraceuticals, 385, 401–6nutritional encephalomacia, 123melalgia, 354status, antioxidant, 126–7biotin, 340–1folate, 313–8, 315tniacin, 225–7pantothenic acid, 354–5riboflavin, 195–7thiamin, 167–9vitamin A, 64–6vitamin B6, 250–6vitamin B12, 313–8, 315tvitamin C, 374–6vitamin D, 103–4vitamin E, 125–7vitamin K, 143–5

nystagmus, 163

OlestraTM, 9oncogenes, vitamin D, 90topal terminator codon, 120opsin, 49–54optimum status, 11oral contraceptives, 254–5organic aciduria, biotin, 240, 333triboflavin, 185, 191, 198–9

ornithine carbamyltransferase, 336decarboxylase, 240ttransaminase, 242t, 250t

ornithinuria, 250tosteoblasts, 94–6, 141osteocalcin, 90, 95, 103, 136, 141–2, 367undercarboxylated, 142, 144, 145

osteoclasts, 94–6, 136osteodystrophy, renal, 100osteogenic disorder, rats, 360osteomalacia, 98–101barbiturates, 86drug-induced, 99–100genetic factors, 99hypoparathyroidism, 100iatrogenic, 99–100renal failure, 100tumor-induced, 100

osteopontin, 90tosteoporosis, 101–3glucocorticoid induced, 102–3phytoestrogens, 405vitamin D, 102vitamin K, 146

22-oxacalcitriol, 107oxalate, vitamin B6, 247–8vitamin C, 364, 380

oxaloacetate, 242toxidase, respiratory burst, 187–8oxidative decarboxylation, oxo-acids,

154–9oxidative stress, infection, 187–8oxo-acids, 241f, 242tdecarboxylation, 154–9

oxoglutamate, 242toxoglutarate, 242tdehydrogenase, 156–7thiamin deficiency, 164

hydroxylases, 367–8oxoguanodiacetate, 242toxohydroxybutyrate, 242toxoisocaproate, 242toxoisovalerate, 242toxomethylvalerate, 242toxoretinaldehyde, 554-oxoretinoic acid, 32f, 33, 39, 554-oxoretinol, 32f, 55, 56oxygen radicals, carotene, 43, 72–4riboflavin, 187–9vitamin C, 371

oxyhemoglobin, folate, 314oxythiamin, 149f, 150, 167

PABA (p-aminobenzoic acid), 277fpalmitate, oxidation, 191–2vision, 52




476 Index

pancreatic atrophy, 121insufficiency, 301

pangamic acid, 5pantetheine, 350pantothenate kinase, 348, 349pantothenic acid, 346fabsorption, 346antagonists, 346biosynthesis, 351–2blood, 355coenzyme A, 351–2deficiency, 353–5adrenal corticosteroids, 353–4carnitine, 387duodenal ulcers, 354fatty acid oxidation, 353human, 354hypoglycemia, 354stress responses, 353–4

erythrocytes, 348metabolic functions, 352–3metabolism, 346–50pharmacological uses, 356renal reabsorption, 348–9requirements, 355–56status, 355tissue uptake, 348toxicity, 356valproic acid, 356vitamers, 345

pantothenol, 346f, 349wound healing, 356

pantoyl GABA, 346f, 356paralysis, Chastek, 166parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, 91, 88, 100Parkinson’s disease, 129–30, 225pellagra, 221–25carcinoid syndrome, 224drug-induced, 225fungal toxins, 223gender difference, 254–5iatrogenic, 225iron deficiency, 222leucine excess, 223–4riboflavin deficiency, 193–4, 222secondary, 222–4tryptophanmetabolic defects, 224vitamin B6 deficiency, 222, 249–50

penicillamine, 249–50pentane exhalation, 126–7pentose phosphate pathway, 152, 159, 160fpeptide α-amidase, 366peptidylglycine hydroxylase, 366perhydroxyl radical, 187t, 190tpernicious anemia, 308

peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor(PPAR), 56–7, 155

peroxynitrite, 119pertussis toxin, 217pharmacological uses, carotene, 72–4folate, 321niacin, 229–30pantothenic acid, 355riboflavin, 198–9thiamin, 169–70vitamin A, 71vitamin B6, 261–5vitamin B12, 321vitamin C, 382–3vitamin D, 106–7vitamin E, 128–9vitamin K, 146

phenobarbital, 312phenothiazines, 194–6phenylalanine decarboxylase, 240thydroxylase, 294–6transaminase, 242t, 266phenylethylamine, 240t

phenylketonuria, 295–6phenylpyruvate, 242tphenytoin, 312PHEX gene, 100phosphate, absorption, 93excretion, 100plasma concentration, 104tvitamin Dmetabolism, 89

phosphatidylcholine, 389–90, 391phosphatidylethanolamine, 240t, 389, 390fphosphatidylinositol, 394, 395fphosphatidylserine, 389, 390fdecarboxylase, 240t, 266

phosphatonin, 100–1phosphocreatine, 392fphosphodiesterase, 53phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, 64, 335phosphofructokinase, 335phospholipase, 14, 97, 389, 390f, 394phosphopantetheine, 350–51phosphopantetheinoyl cysteine decarboxylase,

266phosphosphingolipid synthesis, 136photolysis, 7-dehydrocholesterol, 81riboflavin, 175, 195

photorhodopsin, 51fphotosensitive dermatitis, 221–2photosynthesis, vitamin D, 80–2phototherapy, hyperbilirubinemia, 194–6phylloquinone see vitamin Kphytate, 393phytic acid, 393




Index 477

phytoceuticals, 385, 401–6phytoestrogens, 7, 404–6phytonutrients, 385, 401–6picolinate carboxylase, 209f, 210–1, 224pimeloyl CoA, 328fPIP2 (phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate), 394,

395fPIVKA, 138platelet aggregation, vitamin E, 121homocysteine, 293t

poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, 204f, 206, 216f,217–9

retinoid receptors, 219polychlorinated biphenyls, 45polymorphism, cystathionine synthetase, 244methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase,

284–5transferrin, 382transketolase, 164vitamin D receptor, 102

polyphenols, 7, 402–3polyterpenes, 7polyunsaturated fatty acids, biotin, 337, 341vitamin E absorption, 113

Population Reference Intakes EU (see alsoreference intakes), 14, 20–1

population studies, vitamin requirements, 17Porphyra tenera, 303PPAR (peroxisome proliferation-activated

receptor), 56–7, 155PQQ (pyrroloquinoline quinone), 266–7precalciferol, 81pregnancy, biotin, 340glucose tolerance, 262riboflavin metabolism, 177–8tryptophan niacin equivalence, 208

premature infants, carnitine, 387taurine, 400vitamin E, 125

preprothrombin, 138–9, 143antibodies, 144

previtamin D, 81PRI (see also reference intakes), 14, 2–21primidone, 86, 312procollagen, lysine hydroxylase, 367proline hydroxylase, 367

proconvertin, 139–40progoitrin, 404proline, hydroxylase, 367reductase, 266transamination, 242t

prooxidant, vitamin C, 371vitamin E, 118–9

prophylaxis, vitamin K, 145–6propionic acid, 333t

propionyl CoA, 305carboxylase, 305f, 330, 333t, 340

N-propionylglutamate, 306protein, intolerance, 306kinase, 90t, 92, 97, 121inhibitor, 90tretinoylation, 59

retinoylation, 58–60synthesis, biotin, 335–6vitamin B6 requirements, 257

protein-energy malnutrition, 46, 62, 64prothrombin, 138, 139–41time, 142, 144undercarboxylated, 138–9

proton pump inhibitors, 313Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin, 217psoriasis, 72, 96, 107psychosis, Korsakoff’s, 163–6pellagra, 222

pterin biosynthesis, 276excretion, 276

pteroyl monoglutamate (folic acid), 271, 272fputrescine, 240tpyridorin, 264pyridoxal (see also vitamin B6), 233fpyridoxamine (see also vitamin B6), 233fdiabetic complications, 264phosphate, 241f

pyridoxic acid, 233f, 235excretion, 251–2

pyridoxine (see also vitamin B6), 233fglucosides, 233–4oxidase, 194, 197, 234

pyridoxol, 233pyridoxyllysine, 234, 247pyrimethamine, 312pyrimidine deoxynucleotide dioxygenase, 367pyrithiamin, 149f, 150, 165, 167pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), 266–7pyruvate, 242tcarboxylase, 331, 333tbiotin, 338

dehydrogenase, 154f, 154–6deficiency, 156kinase, 155–6phosphatase, 155–6regulation, 155–6

enzyme active site, 266–7pyruvoyl enzymes, 266–7

quinacrine, 195fquinolinic acid, 209f, 210–1, 263phosphoribosyltransferase, 204f, 205

quinone reductase, 137–9, 142quinoproteins, 266–7




478 Index

racemization, amino acids, 237tRAR (retinoic acid receptor), 55–8ras oncogene, 60, 401RBP (retinol binding protein), 36–8, 45–7, 64,

65textrahepatic, 38renal loss, 62vitamin A deficiency, 62

RDA (see also reference intakes), 20–1USA/Canada, 15

RDI (see also reference intakes), 20–1RDR (relative dose response), 65t, 66reactive oxygen species, riboflavin, 187–9receptor, calcidiol, 56–7, 90–1mediated uptake, vitamin E, 114retinoic acid, 55–8retinoid, 55–8retinol binding protein, 46thyroid hormone, 56–7vitamin D, 56–7, 90–1

Recommended Daily Allowances USA/Canada(see also reference intakes), 15

Recommended Nutrient Intakes FAO/WHO(see also reference intakes), 16

reference intakes, 10–23children, 23definition, 19–23EU, 14FAO/WHO, 16folate, 318–20food labeling, 27infants, 23, 259niacin, 227–8riboflavin, 197thiamin, 169–70UK, 13USA/Canada, 15vitamin A, 67–8vitamin B6, 256–9vitamin B12, 318–20vitamin C, 376–80vitamin D, 104–5vitamin E, 127–8vitamin K, 145–6

Reference Nutrient Intakes, UK (see alsoreference intakes), 13

relative dose response, 46, 65t, 66renal failure, osteomalacia, 100renal osteodystrophy, 100stones, oxalate, 247vitamin C, 380

requirements, 10–23biotin, 341carotene, 67–8depletion/repletion studies, 18

distribution, 20folate, 318–20infants, 23, 104–5, 125, 143, 259,

387niacin, 227–8pantothenic acid, 355–6population studies, 17riboflavin, 197thiamin, 169–70vitamin A, 66–8vitamin B6, 256–9vitamin B12, 318–20vitamin C, 376–80vitamin D, 104–5vitamin E, 127–8vitamin K, 145–6

resorcylic acid lactones, 405fresorption, fetal, 55respiratory burst, 121, 187–8epithelium, vitamin A, 63

response element, retinoid, 58vitamin D, 91

retina, taurine, 396retinal G-protein-coupled receptor, 52retinaldehyde (see also vitamin A), 32fisomerase, 38–9oxidation, 48synthesis, 38, 41f

retinitis pigmentosa, 396retinoic acid (see also vitamin A), 32fcADP-ribose, 221gene expression, 55–8genomic actions, 54hydroxylase, 39insulin secretion, 54metabolism, 38–40morphogenesis, 54, 55non-genomic actions, 58–61oxidation, 48plasma, 65–6protein retinoylation, 58–60receptor (RAR), 55–8synthesis, 41ftaurine conjugate, 398thermogenin, 54transmembrane signaling, 60–1uncoupling protein, 54

retinoids (see also vitamin A), 31binding proteins, cellular, 47–9plasma, 36–8, 45–7, 64, 65tinterphotoreceptor, 49, 52

cancer prevention, 71–2dermatology, 72gene expression, 55–8intracellular trafficking, 47




Index 479

metabolism, cellular retinoid bindingproteins, 48

receptors, 55–8knock-out mice, 57–8poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase, 219vitamin D, 91

response elements, 58transmembrane signaling, 60–1X receptor (RXR), 55–8

retinol (see also vitamin A), 32factivity equivalent, 35adipose tissue, 37binding protein (RBP), 36–8, 45–7, 64, 65textrahepatic, 38renal loss, 62vitamin A deficiency, 62

carotene, 41–5dehydrogenase, 38, 41fequivalents, 35esterification, 48isomerization, 49liver content, 37membrane lysis, 46plasma, 64, 65trelease from liver, 37–8synthesis from carotene, 41ftestis, 55tissue concentrations, 37uterus, 55

retinopathy, diabetic, 263vitamin E, 125

retinoyl CoA, 58–9glucuronide, 39–40, 59taurine, 39

retinoylation, proteins, 58–60retinyl esters, absorption, 35hydrolysis, 48liver, 36

retinyl phosphate, 58retrolental fibroplasia, 125retroretinoids, transmembrane signaling, 60–1retro-retinol, 32frexinoids, 31RGR (retinal G-protein-coupled receptor), 52rhodopsin, 49–54acylation, 352kinase, 52, 53

riboflavin (see also FAD), 173fabsorption, 175–6antagonists, 175binding protein, 177–8biosynthesis, 181–182fcatabolism, 179–81cell signaling, 176coenzymes, 172–5, 176t, 183–9

conservation, 178covalent binding, proteins, 173f, 174cyclic phosphate, 177deficiency, 191–6anemia, 193dermatitis, 191erythrocyte fragility, 193fatty acid oxidation, 192iatrogenic, 194–6iron metabolism, 193lipid metabolism, 191malaria, 192–3organic aciduria, 185, 192pellagra, 194, 222phototherapy, 194–6secondary deficiencies, 193–4tryptophanmetabolism, 194vitamin B6, 193–4, 234vitamin C synthesis, 193–4

DNA damage, 195–6excretion, 179–81, 196fluorimetric assay, 178food color, 198homeostasis, 178hydroperoxide, 187t, 190thypothyroidism, 178–9intestinal bacteria, 176losses in deficiency, 178metabolic functions, 183–90circadian clock, 190cryptochromes, 190disulfide oxidoreductases, 185–6electron transferring flavoproteins,184–5

flavin oxidases, 186–7hydroxylases, 188–9mixed function oxidases, 188–9molybdenum enzymes, 188–9radical trapping, 187

metabolism, 175–81estrogens, 177–8pregnancy, 177–8

methemoglobinemia, 198methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase, 286organic aciduria, 192, 198oxygen radical formation, 187–9pharmacological uses, 198–9phosphate, 173f, 174, 176t, 183–9photolysis, 175, 181, 194–5plasma protein binding, 176production by fermentation, 181radical, 183redox reactions, 184freference intakes, 197–8requirements, 197




480 Index

riboflavin (cont.)status, 196–7glutathione reductase, 197pyridoxine oxidase, 197

thermolabile methylene tetrahydrofolatereductase, 199

thyroid hormones, 178–9thyroxine deiodination, 179tissue uptake, 177toxicity, 187, 198–9unavailable, 176

rickets, 98–101biochemical, 103drug-induced, 99–100eradication, 99genetic factors, 99hypophosphatemic, 100iatrogenic, 99–100radiological, 103strontium-induced, 100vitamin D, 100–1resistant, 92, 97

RNA polymerase, 218RNI (see also reference intakes), 20–1rods (eye), 50ROS (reactive oxygen species), 187–8R-proteins, 301RXR (retinoid X receptor), 55–8poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase, 219

safe levels of intake, 21salicylates, 401sarcosine dehydrogenase, 185saturation test, vitamin C, 374scavenger receptor, 121–2Schiff base, 50, 239Schilling test, 314schizophrenia, 230scurvy, 357, 372–4rebound, 381

selenium, 120–1, 123t, 244–5selenocysteine, 120–1lyase, 244–5

selenoproteins, 120–1semidehydroascorbate, 358f, 362–3sepiapterin reductase, 277fserine, catabolism, 279–81dehydratase, 244hydroxymethyltransferase, 243–4, 279–81,

281fpalmitoyltransferase, 136transamination, 242t

serotonin, 208, 209f, 224, 240t, 264, 265thiamin deficiency, 165

shoshin beriberi, 162sialic acids, 352

sickle cell trait, 193sideroblastic anemia, 250tsleep, thiamin deficiency, 165smell, vitamin A deficiency, 63smoking, vitamin C, 380snake venom protease, 144spermatogenesis, vitamin A, 55spina bifida, 310–1, 313spinal cord degeneration, vitamin B12, 308,

309squalene, 7status, antioxidant, 126–7assessment, 12, 17biotin, 340–1folate, 313–8, 315tniacin, 225–7optimum, 11pantothenic acid, 354–5riboflavin, 194–7thiamin, 167–9vitamin B6, 250–6vitamin B12, 313–8, 315tvitamin C, 374–6vitamin D, 103–4vitamin E, 125–7vitamin K, 143–5

steroid hormones, vitamin B6, 245–6, 265sterols, plant, 401streptavidin, 342streptozotocin, 219, 229–30stress, pantothenic acid, 353–54tryptophan load test, 253–4

strontium, calcidiol 1-hydroxylase, 85rickets, 100

succinate dehydrogenase, 185succinic semialdehyde, 156–7sudden infant death, 339sulfite, oxidase, 297thiamin cleavage, 149f, 150, 166

sulfitocobalamin, 299sulfonylriboflavin, 181sunlight, vitamin D synthesis, 80–2flavor, milk, 175

superoxide, 187t, 190tvitamin C, 369

supplements, folate, 311upper levels, 26vitamin B6, 247

sweat, thiamin, 153syndrome X, 97

tachysterol, 81tardive dyskinesia, 391taste, vitamin A deficiency, 63taurine, 350, 396–400biosynthesis, 396–7




Index 481

breast milk, 400cardiomyopathy, 399central nervous system, 398–9glutamate decarboxylase, 398kittens, 396metabolic functions, 398–9bile acid conjugation, 398central nervous system, 398–9heart muscle, 399

osmolyte, 398–9possible essentiality, 399retinoic acid, 39vegetarians, 399

taurocholic acid, 398tazarotene, 72TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reacting

substances), 126teratogenicity, retinoids, 70–1terpenes, 401testicular atrophy, 123testis, lycopene, 72testosterone synthesis, 55tetrahydrobiopterin, 272f, 277f, 294–7,

365faromatic amino acid hydroxylases, 294–6nitric oxide synthase, 296–7

tetrahydrofolate (see also folate), 272fone-carbon substituted, 280f, 281f

thermogenin, 54thiamin, 149fabsorption, 150–1antagonists, 166–7biosynthesis, 153blood concentrations, 167–8cleavage, 149f, 150, 166deficiency, 161–6acetyl choline, 165beriberi, 161–3carbohydrate metabolism, 164–5cardiac failure, 162citric acid cycle, 156–7edema, 162encephalopathy, 161, 163–4GABA shunt, 156–7, 164heart failure, 1625-hydroxytryptamine, 165lactic acidosis, 164–5neurotransmitters, 165nystagmus, 163oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, 164psychosis, 161, 163–4serotonin, 165sleep, 165Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 148, 161,163–4

dependency diseases, 156, 158–9

diphosphate, 149fexcretion, 152, 167–8flour enrichment, 164lipid soluble analogs, 150metabolic functions, 153–61branched chain amino acids, 156–7GABA shunt, 156–7oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, 156–7pentose phosphate pathway, 159,160f

pyruvate dehydrogenase, 155–6triphosphate, 159–61transketolase, 159, 160f

metabolism, 150–3monophosphate, 149foxidative cleavage, 150pharmacological uses, 169–70phosphorylation, 151pyrophosphokinase, 167requirements, 169–70status, 167–9sulfite cleavage, 149f, 150sweat losses, 153thiol, 149ftoxicity, 169triphosphatase, 152triphosphate, 149f, 152, 159–61vitamers, 148–50

thiaminase, 149f, 166–7thiaminolysis, 149f, 166–7thiazole, 149fthiobarbituric acid reacting substances

(TBARS), 126thiochrome, 149f, 152, 167–8thiocyanate, 403, 404thiopropanal S-oxide, 401thioredoxin reductase, 185–6threonine transamination, 242tthrombin, 139–41thromboplastin, 140f, 144thymidine dioxygenase, 367thymidylate synthetase, 287–8, 308thymine dioxygenase, 367thyroid hormone, receptor, 56–7riboflavin, 178–9vitamin D, 93

thyroxine deiodinase, 120–1riboflavin, 179

tiglic acid, 333tTMP synthesis, 317γ -tocopherol, metabolism, 116tocopherols (see also vitamin E), 110fplasma concentration, 125–6quinone, 114f, 116radical, 114ftransfer protein, 113–4, 125




482 Index

tocopheroxyl radical, 114ftocotrienols (see also vitamin E), 110fcell cycle arrest, 116cholesterol, 113, 115–6

toe drop, 162topaquinone (TPQ), 266–7toxicity, carotenoids, 70niacin, 228–9pantothenic acid, 356riboflavin, 187, 198–9thiamin, 169vitamin A, 46, 68–71vitamin B6, 235, 259–60vitamin C, 380–2vitamin D, 82, 99, 105–6vitamin E, 128vitamin K, 145

toxins, ADP-ribosyltransferase, 215–7pellagra, 223

TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), 214TPQ (topaquinone), 266–67transaminases, 237t, 241–4activation coefficient, 251t, 252

transamination, enzyme inactivation, 243products of amino acids, 242t

transcalciferin, 87transcobalamins, 301, 302transcorrin, 302transducin, 49, 51f, 53transferrin, 370polymorphism, 382receptor, 90t

transketolase, 152, 159, 160factivation, 168–9polymorphism, 164

trans-retinoic acid, 55–8transthyretin, 45, 64Tretinoin®, 72triglycerides, vitamin E absorption, 113trigonelline, 207–8trimethoprim, 289, 312trimethyllysine hydroxylase, 367, 387ftriphosphopyridine nucleotide, 214trisomy 21, 130Trolox, 110tryptamine, 240ttryptophan decarboxylase, 240tdioxygenase, 209f, 211–3, 248f, 253, 253–4glucocorticoids, 211–2heme, 211induction, 211–2

hydroxylase, 209f, 224, 294–6load test, 248f, 252–4artifacts, 253–4estrogens, 254–55

metabolism, 264cytokines, 208pellagra, 224riboflavin deficiency, 193–4

niacin equivalence, 208oxygenase see tryptophan dioxygenasepyrrolase see tryptophan dioxygenasetransamination, 242ttransport, 224nicotinamide nucleotide synthesis,

208–14tryptophanuria, 224tryptophanyl tryptophylquinone (TTQ),

266–7tubulin, 90ttumor necrosis factor, 90t, 121, 309tyramine, 240ttyrosine decarboxylase, 240thydroxylase, 294–6, 365fvitamin C, 369

transamination, 242t

ubiquinone, 7, 185, 400–1vitamin E, 118

UGA codon, 120UL see upper levelulcer, pantothenic acid, 354vitamin B12, 313

ultraviolet, vitamin D synthesis, 80–2uncoupling protein, retinoic acid, 54upper level (UL), 21, 24folate, 319niacin, 228–9vitamin A, 69tvitamin B6, 260–1vitamin D, 106vitamin E, 128

uracil, incorporation in DNA, 314urea synthesis, 336urine glucose testing, 381urocanic acid, 282fUS-RDA (see also reference intakes), 21uv, vitamin D synthesis, 80–2

valine, load, 316metabolism, 158transamination, 242t

valproic acid, 313carnitine, 387pantothenic acid, 355–56

vascular fragility, vitamin C, 373vascular smooth muscle, vitamin E, 121vertebral crush fracture osteoporosis, 101vision, dim light, 54vitamin A, 49–54




Index 483

visual purple, 51fvitamers, definition, 2folate, 271, 272f, 280fniacin, 201–2pantothenic acid, 345thiamin, 148–50vitamin A, 31–5vitamin B6, 233–4vitamin C, 358–9vitamin D, 78, 79tvitamin E, 109–10, 111t, 113–4vitamin K, 132–3, 136

vitamin A (see also retinaldehyde; retinoic acid;retinol), 32f

absorption, 35–6bone, 55deficiency, 61–4alcohol, 62barbiturates, 40, 62carotene dioxygenase, 43cellular immunity, 61dark adaptation, 62epithelia, 63fertility, 61fetal resorption, 61iatrogenic, 40infection, 61, 62keratinization, 61polychlorinated biphenyls, 45prevalence, 61protein-energy malnutrition, 46, 62retinol binding protein, 62zinc, 62

depletion/repletion studies, 66–7excretion, 39–40fractional catabolic rate, 67in foods, 31international units, 35liver, secretion, 37–8, 45storage, 36–8

metabolic functions, 49–61gene expression, 54–58non-genomic actions, 58–61retinoylation of proteins, 58–60transmembrane signaling, 60–1vision, 49–54

pharmacological uses, 71pregnancy, 70relative dose response, 46requirements, 66–8status, 64–6conjunctival impression cytology, 66plasma concentrations, 65trelative dose response, 65t, 66retinol binding protein, 65–6

toxicity, 46, 68–71alcohol, 62glycineN-methyltransferase, 69–70teratogenicity, 70–1

turnover, 67upper levels of intake, 69tvision, 49–54vitamers, 31–5

vitamin B1 see thiaminvitamin B2 see riboflavinvitamin B3, 5, 202vitamin B4, 5vitamin B5, 5vitamin B6, 233fabsorption, 234antimetabolites, 166availability, 234biosynthesis, 236body pool, 256–7deficiency, 246–50anemia, 246apparent, 253–4drug induced, 249–50enzyme responses, 247–9iatrogenic, 249kynureninase, 213–4oxalate, 247pellagra, 222

dependency syndromes, 250excretion, 251–2glucosides, 233–4homocysteine, 293metabolic functions, 236–46amino acid metabolism, 237–45decarboxylation, 239, 240tgene expression, 245–6glycogen phosphorylase, 244–5racemization, 241steroid hormone action, 245–6transamination, 237t, 241–4

metabolism, 233f, 234–6aldehyde dehydrogenase, 235alkaline phosphatase, 235hypophosphatasia, 235muscle, 236pyridoxine phosphate oxidase, 234riboflavin deficiency, 193–4, 234

muscle, 236pharmacological uses, 261–5depression, 264diabetic complications, 263–4glucose tolerance, 262–3hyperhomocysteinemia, 261–2hypertension, 264–5premenstrual syndrome, 262




484 Index

vitamin B6 (cont.)pyridoxyllysine, 234, 247reference intakes, 256–9, 258trequirements, 256–9depletion/repletion studies, 257infants, 259metabolic turnover, 256protein intake, 257–8

status, 250–6methionine load test, 255–6plasma concentrations, 2514-pyridoxic acid excretion, 251–2transaminase activation, 251t, 252tryptophan load test, 248f, 252–4

supplements, hyperoxaluria, 247tissue uptake, 234–5toxicity, 235, 259–60turnover, 256upper levels, 260–1vitamers, 233–4

vitamin B7, 5vitamin B8, 5vitamin B9, 5vitamin B10, 5vitamin B11, 5vitamin B12, 299fabsorption, 300–1Schilling test, 314

algae, 303bile, 302binding proteins, 301–3biosynthesis, 303deficiency, 307–13CoA synthesis, 306dementia, 307demyelination, 309fatty acid synthesis, 306

FIGLU, 317folate, 308, 320hyperammonemia, 306iatrogenic, 313methyl folate trap, 291–2methylmalonic aciduria, 306neuropathy, 308, 309pernicious anemia, 308protein intolerance, 306serum folate, 15spinal cord degeneration, 308, 309dUMP suppression test, 317

enterohepatic circulation, 302gene expression, 310histamine receptor antagonists, 313homocysteine, 293leucine aminomutase, 306–7metabolic functions, 303–7

leucine aminomutase, 306–7methylmalonyl CoAmutase, 305–6methionine synthetase, 304–5

metabolism, 300–3methionine synthetase, 304–5methylmalonyl CoAmutase, 305–6microbiological assay, 298pharmacological uses, 321radioligand assay, 314reference intakes, 318–20requirements, 318–20status, 313–8, 315tdUMP suppression test, 317erythrocyte concentrations, 314methylmalonic aciduria, 316plasma concentrations, 314Schilling test, 314

tissue uptake, 301–3vitamin B13, 5vitamin B14, 5vitamin B15, 5vitamin B16, 5vitamin B17, 5vitamin Bc, 5vitamin Bp, 5vitamin BT, 5vitamin Bw, 5vitamin Bx, 5vitamin C, 358fabsorption, 361assay, 359ascorbic acid, 358fphosphate, 359sulfate, 359

ascorbyl palmitate, 359blood, 362body pool, 378–9cancer, 382cardiovascular disease, 383common cold, 383deficiency (scurvy), 357, 372–4anemia, 373carnitine, 387muscle fatigue, 387mutant rats, 360rebound scurvy, 381

excretion, 363–4food processing, 359gastric secretion, 261leukocytes, 362, 374–5metabolic functions, 362–72antioxidant, 371cholesterol metabolism, 371collagen synthesis, 367dopamine β-hydroxylase, 365




Index 485

enzyme stimulation, 369iron metabolism, 369nitrosamine formation, 370oxoglutarate-linked hydroxylases, 367–8peptide α-amidase, 366peptidylglycine hydroxylase, 366tyrosine hydroxylase, 369vitamin E, 371xenobiotic metabolism, 371

metabolic turnover, 378–9metabolism, 359–64iron overload, 364oxalate, 364

osteocalcin synthesis, 141oxidation, 362–3oxygen radical formation, 371palmitate, 359pharmacological uses, 382–3pro-oxidant, 371reaction with nitrite, 370reference intakes, 376–80renal reabsorption, 364requirements, 376–80minimum, 376high figures, 379metabolic turnover, 378–9smoking, 380

saturation test, 374status, 374–6diabetes, 361DNA damage, 376leukocyte concentration, 374–5, 378plasma concentration, 374–5, 378saturation test, 374urinary excretion, 374

superoxide formation, 369synthesis, riboflavin, 193–4tissue reserves, 362uptake, 361–2

toxicity, 380–2hemochromatosis, 382iron overload, 382oxalate, 380renal stones, 380

urine glucose testing, 381vitamers, 358–9vitamin E, 117wound healing, 377

vitamin C2, 5vitamin D, 78fabsorption, 83adipocytes, 97adipose tissue, 106alopecia, 97apoptosis, 96–7

atherosclerosis, 97binding protein, 81bone, metabolism, 94–6mineralization, 98–101

calbindin-D, 93–4calcidiol, 84f1-hydroxylase, 84f, 85, 10124-hydroxylase, 84f, 85–6hydroxylases, 90t, 87–9pharmacological use, 100, 101plasma concentration, 80, 103, 104t

calcitriol, 79t, 84f, 85gene expression, 90tpharmacological use, 100plasma concentration, 80, 103receptor, 56–7, 90–1, 101regulation of vitamin Dmetabolism, 88

calcitroic acid, 84f, 86calcitonin, 88–9calcium absorption, 93cancer, 97, 107cell proliferation, 96–7surface receptors, 92–3

cholecalciferol, 78f, 79tabsorption, 8325-hydroxylation, 83–4plasma concentrations, 80synthesis, 81

deficiency, 98–101barbiturates, 86biochemical, 103drug-induced, 99–100elderly, 81eradication, 99genetic factors, 99hypoparathyroidism, 100hypophosphatemic, 100iatrogenic, 99–100radiological rickets, 103renal failure, 100rickets, 98–101strontium-induced, 100tumor-induced, 100vitamin D resistant, 92, 97osteomalacia, 98–101

diabetes, 106–7dietary sources, 82differentiation, 96–7ergocalciferol, 78f, 79tabsorption, 83food enrichment, 79

excretion, 86food enrichment, 79gene expression, 90tglucuronides, 82




486 Index

vitamin D (cont.)hair follicles, 971-hydroxylase, 84f, 85, 10124-hydroxylase, 84f, 85–625-hydroxylase, 83–4hydroxylases, 90t, 87–9immune system, 98infants, 104–5insulin secretion, 97, 98interleukins, 98international units, 79keratinocytes, 96metabolic functions, 89–98apoptosis, 96–7bone metabolism, 94–6calbindin-D, 93–4calcium reabsorption, 94cell proliferation, 96–7differentiation, 96–7endocrine glands, 98gene expression, 90–2immune system, 98non-genomic actions, 92–3nuclear receptors, 91osteoblasts, 95osteoclasts, 96response element, 91

metabolism, 79–89anticonvulsants, 86barbiturates, 86hydroxylases, 90t, 87–91-hydroxylase, 84f, 85, 10124-hydroxylase, 84f, 85–625-hydroxylase, 83–4regulation, 87–9

multiple sclerosis, 106nomenclature, 79tnon-genomic actions, 92–3osteocalcin synthesis, 141osteomalacia, 98–101osteoporosis, 102parathyroid hormone, 88pharmacological uses, 106–7phosphate absorption, 93phospholipase, 97plasma, binding protein, 87concentrations, 80

protein kinase C, 92–3, 97psoriasis, 96, 107receptor, 91–2deficit, 101lymphocytes, 98polymorphism, 102vitamin A, 56–7

reference intakes, 104–5

requirements, 104–5resistance, 92, 100–1response element, 91rickets, 98–101seasonal variation, 80status, 103–4synthesis, 80–2tissue storage, 80toxicity, 82, 99, 105–6upper, level of intake, 106vitamers, 78, 79t

vitamin dependency syndromes,250

vitamin E, 110fabsorption, 113anticoagulants, 128antioxidant, 116–8atherogenesis, 121binding protein, 113–4, 125cancer, 129cardiovascular disease, 129cataract, 129cell membrane, 115signaling, 121–2

collagenase, 121–2deficiency, 122–5fetal resorption, 122human, 125premature infants, 125selenium, 123tsynthetic antioxidants, 123t

equivalents, 111–2excretion, 115fibroblasts, 122gene transcription, 121–2immune system, 122interleukins, 121international units, 111ischemic heart disease, 127–8lipid peroxides, 114f, 118–9macrophages, 121metabolic functions, 115–22antioxidant, 116–8cell cycle arrest, 116cell signaling, 121–2gene transcription, 121–2hypocholesterolemic action, 115–6

metabolism, 113–5monocytes, 121neurodegenerative diseases, 129–30peroxynitrite reactions, 119pharmacological uses, 128–9plasma concentration, 125–6plasma half-life, 114plasma lipoproteins, 113–4




Index 487

platelet aggregation, 121prooxidant actions, 18–9protein kinase C, 121quinone, 116radical, 114f, 117fglutathione peroxidase, 117–8reduction, 117–8vitamin C, 117

receptor-mediated uptake, 114requirements, 127–8respiratory burst oxidase, 121scavenger LDL receptor, 121–2selenium, 120–1status, 125–7stereochemistry, 112synthesis, 113tissue uptake, 114tocopherol, plasma, 125–6quinone, 114f, 116radical, 114ftransfer protein, 113–4, 125

tocopheroxyl radical, 114ftocotrienols, 110fcell cycle arrest, 116cholesterol, 113, 115–6

toxicity, 128tumor necrosis factor, 121ubiquinone, 118upper levels of intake, 128vitamers, 109–10protein binding, 113–4relative potency, 111ttissue retention, 114

vitamin C, 117, 371vitamin K, 128water soluble, 110

vitamin F, 5vitamin G, 5vitamin H3, 5vitamin I, 5vitamin J, 5vitamin K, 132fabsorption, 133–4antibiotics, 145apoptosis, 142bacteria, biosynthesis, 135contribution to intake, 134

blood clotting, 139–41, 142blood levels, 144body pool, 145bone, healing, 146resorption, 136

carboxylase, 136–9deficiency, 142–3infants, 143

epoxidase, 136–7reductase, 137–8, 142

excretion, 134–5hydroquinone, 137–9menadiol, 132fmenadione, 132f, 143, 145menaquinones, 132–3, 135metabolic functions, 135–42atherocalcin, 136blood clotting, 139–41bone matrix Gla protein, 136, 141–2carboxylase, 136–9cell signaling, 142Gas-6, 136, 142nephrocalcin, 136nuclear binding protein, 136osteocalcin, 136, 141–2

metabolism, 133–5nuclear binding protein, 136osteoclasts, 136osteoporosis, 146pharmacological uses, 146phosphosphingolipid synthesis, 136phylloquinone, 132fprophylaxis, 143, 145–6quinone reductase, 137–9, 142requirements, 145–6serine palmitoyltransferase, 136status, 143–5tissue differentiation, 142toxicity, 145turnover, 145vitamers, 132–3, 136vitamin E, 128water soluble, 133, 145–6

vitamin L, 5vitamin M, 5vitamin N, 5vitamin P, 402vitamin P, 5vitamin PP, 5vitamin Q (see also ubiquinone), 5, 7vitamin R, 5vitamin S, 5vitamin T, 5vitamin U, 5vitamin V, 5vitamin W, 5vitamin X, 5vitamin Y, 5vitamins, absorption, 9analysis, 6–8availability, 8–10definition, 1, 2discovery, 1




488 Index

vitamins, absorption (cont.)food composition tables, 8list, 3–4tnomenclature, 2–6toxicity (see also toxicity; upper level), 24–6unavailable, 9

warfarin, 137–9, 141, 142–3Wernicke’s encephalopathy, 148, 161, 163–4wound healing, vitamin C, 373, 377wrist drop, 152

xanthine, dehydrogenase, 188–9, 297–8oxidase, 188–9, 297–8oxidoreductase, 189, 297–8

xanthurenic acid, 248f, 251t, 253glucose tolerance, 263

xanthurenic aciduria, 224, 250txenobiotics, metabolism, 402, 403taurine, 398vitamin C, 371

xerophthalmia, 61–4, 63xerosis, conjuctival, 62, 63

zeaxanthin, 34fcarotene dioxygenase, 43cataract, 72intakes, 72macular degeneration, 72

zinc, retinol binding protein,47, 62

vitamin A, 47, 62folate digestion, 273status, 274



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Index [assets.cambridge.org]assets.cambridge.org/97805218/03885/index/9780521803885... · 2006. 11. 25. · 468 Index deﬁciency(cont.)folate,307–13 iatrogenic,313 folate,312–3