Independ Move. 20th Cent

8/2/2019 Independ Move. 20th Cent

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Independence Movements

In Asia and Africa


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The World Mood in the Post War

Era While the Superpowers engaged in the Cold

War former colonies of Imperialistic nations

embarked on a program of National Self-Determination.

Former subjects began to consider the

goal of independence many with an eye todemocratic states.


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India

1885 saw the establishment of the Indian

National Congress whose goal was to

increase rights for Indians under colonial

rule. 1906 witnessed the creation of the Muslim

League to protect Muslim adherents rights


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The Amritsar Massacre--1919

319 Indians (Hindu and Muslim) were killed during apeaceful demonstration in a park by British General Dyer.

The massacre was unprovoked

In the immediate aftermath millions joined the self rulecampaign.


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Mohandas Gandhi

The movements spokesman was Gandhi who organizedhuge protests.

He proclaimed a program of Passive Resistance or civildisobedience

Program consisted of demonstrations and work stoppagesand boycotts

This non-violence program was quite successful

Dr. King in America copied this strategy of civil

disobedience in the US civil rights movement.


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Gandhi began call for Indian unity whichwas to overcome religious differences.

Most famous gesture was the Walk to the

Sea where he collected salt which wasprohibited by British law.

Was a British educated lawyer who dressed

as a commoner, fasted and attracted large

crowds.


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The Muslim League demanded creation of aMuslim state to be called Pakistan

After WWII Britain granted Indianindependence

Immediately radical Hindus and Muslims

began massive killings of each other.


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Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Main goal was to create a

separate Muslim state.

When India was freed by

Britain in 1947 it was

divided into thirds.

India in the south

Pakistan in the northwest

East Pakistan, now

Bangladesh, in the east


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Millions now moved to the area of theirchoice, or were forced to flee to avoid

religious persecution 500,000 people were killed

Gandhi was assassinated by a Hindu who

disagreed with his political aspirations. The two nations are still fighting.

Note: Both nations are now nuclear powers


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AFRICAN MOVEMENTS


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African movements

began north of the

Sahara where nationshad long standing

Islamic ties.


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Africa -- South of the Sahara

Most nations had few trained professionals (doctors,diplomats, businessmen, scientists).

They had no trained people to run or rule a newnation

In most colonies there were multiple languagessince colonies were made along imperialist lines not

African traditions. Most colonies had differing histories, customs and

loyalties.


13/48

Rwanda

This area faced ethnic

upheaval based on

genocide, humanrights violations and

tribal strife between

two tribes, the

Tutsi (15% of pop.)

Hutu (85% of pop.)


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1962 brought independence and revolt

Hutu revolted against Tutsi leadership

10,000 plus people were murdered. Fighting continued until 1972 when a military coup by

Juvenal Habyarimana created a one party republic in1981.

When Habyarimana died in plane crash in 1994 civil war

broke out again.


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3 months of fighting resulted in genocide whichleft 800,000 Tutsi dead.

The following year 2,000,000 Tutsi fled to nearbyZaire

This is largest incident of genocide in recenthistory resulting in lost of 1/3 of entire national

population.


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Uganda


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Gaining Independence

Became a British Protectorate in 1890

As the independence trend began to sweep across

Africa, Uganda gained its independence in 1962. Milton Obote became the prime minister or leader

of Uganda

He was overthrown in 1971 by his lead general Idi

Amin through a military coup


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Idi Amin:

The Butcher of Uganda


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Idi Amin:The Butcher of Uganda

Extremely violent and paranoid leader

In 1972 he declared an Economic War on the country's

large Asian population, which dominated trade and

manufacturing and also played an essential role in the civil

service.

After giving the 70,000 holders of British passports three

months to leave the country, Amin turned thousands of

their abandoned businesses over to his friends and

supporters.

Paranoid, he began executing his own people to remain inpower killing an estimated 300,000 to 500,000 and

beginning with the ethnic Acholi and Lango who

dominated the Ugandan army and had supported Obote.

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Amins Fall From Power

In 1978 Amin's ambition led to

his fall from power. In October

he tried to take control of the

Kagera Salient, part ofTanzania. Tanzanian president

Julius Nyerere responded by

sending troops into Uganda.

Supported by Ugandan rebelforces, the Tanzanian army

captured the capital city of

Kampala in April 1979. Shortly

afterward, Amin fled to exile in

Libya.


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Sudan


22/48

Sudans Independence

Determined to prevent French expansion in the Nile

Valley, the joint British-Egyptian government occupiedSudan beginning in 1898.

the British introduced indirect rule, in which traditional

rulers, appointed by British provincial governors for their

loyalty, exercised local government. The government left the educational development of the

south to Christian missionaries. It specifically prohibited

instruction in Arabic and encouraged the use of English.

Southern Sudanese represented less than 1% ofgovernment positions.

In 1949 Sudanese, Egyptian, and British representatives

drafted a new constitution providing limited self-rule for

an integrated Sudan.


23/48

Sudanese Independence cont. Southern Sudanese preferred to postpone unification with

the north until, through economic and educational

development, they could enter into an equal partnership;

however, the new constitution took effect only in a unified

Sudan in 1950.

Tensions between Northern and Southern Sudan wouldresult in continued conflict throughout the region.

South Sudan gained independence from the North on July

9th 2011.


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Darfur Under their policy of indirect rule, the British

restored the Darfur Sultanate under Ali Dinar

Zakariyya. Ali Dinar played a significant role in an

Islamic, anti-Western alliance that formed

during World War I.

The Anglo-Egyptian government subsequently

invaded Darfur, killed Ali Dinar, ended the

sultanate, and incorporated Darfur into Sudan.

After Sudan attained independence in 1956,

Darfur remained under Sudanese rule.

The central Darfur region of Sudan is inhabited

largely by Fur farmers; the northernmost

section by nomadic camel herders; and theeastern and southern zones by Arab cattle

herders. Periods of severe drought since the late

1960s forced the cattle and camel herders to

encroach on the rich agricultural land in the

central section of Darfur.

D f C ti d


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Darfur Continued As competition for access to water and

pasture intensified, small-scale raids

turned into persistent battles among thedifferent groups. Attempts by

successive governments to achieve

peace in the region have failed, and the

fighting continued.

In February 2003 two rebel groupsthe Sudan Liberation Army Movement

and the Justice and Equality Movement

(with members drawn from the Fur,

Masalit, and Zaghawa ethnic groups)

demanded that the Arab-ruled Sudanese

government begin to share power and

end the economic discrimination of

Darfur.


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The government responded by targeting the civilian

populations from which the rebels were drawn.

With support from the Sudanese government, militias

forced more than 2.5 million people, mostly farmers, toflee to refugee camps with 300,000 dead.

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SOUTH AFRICA

In 1910 the Union of

South Africa was

established. Britishand Dutch colonists

were given power,

land and rights while

blacks were entireexcluded from the

political arena


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1923 saw the introduction and enforcement of complete residential

segregation.

1926 saw blacks legally banned from work in many skilled

occupations.

1948 saw the establishment of APARTHEID (separation of races).

This removed 80% of the population from the political process.

In the 1950s the homelands were established.

15% of land (the nations worst) were allocated for blacks.


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Nelson Mandela

In the mid 1950s

Nelson Mandela

became the leader ofthe African National

Congress, an

organization whose

goal was to abolishApartheid.


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Mandela followed Gandis plan of passive resistance in thebeginning

1960 Sharpeville Massacre saw the murder of 67protesters. (protest was against requirement to carry passesto travel in cities)

Mandela now supported guerrilla warfare

Mandela was arrested in 1964 and sentenced to life inprison.

He was released in 1990

After the government failed, Mandela was electedpresident in the first free election in 1994.


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THE MIDDLE EAST

At end of WWI the are

was controlled by the

League of Nations.

France managed Syria and

Lebanon

Britain oversaw Palestine,

Jordan, Iraq and Persia

(Iran)

Arabia became the

kingdom of Saudi Arabia


32/48

Israel

Jewish refugeesconvinced ArthurBalfour that a Jewish

homeland wasnecessary.

In 1917 the BalfourDeclaration was issued

which proclaimed theright for the creationof Israel


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The Declaration required that Jews and

Palestinians were to divide land that both claimed

to be traditionally theirs.

The 1930s saw a surge of Jews to the region to

escape Hitler. By 1940 nearly a half million had

arrived. At this point the Palestinians had the numbers but

the Jews and money and world sympathy.

After WWII, 1948, the United Nations created 2

Palestines--one for Jews and one for Muslims.

Note: remember Germany, India???


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When David Ben-Gurion announced the creation

of Israel Muslims from six nations immediately

attacked. Israel shocked the world by defeating the Muslims

Israel seized the Palestine and the Palestinians no

longer had a homeland.

Jews from across the world flocked to the new

nation .


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The Six Day War

War broke out again the 1967.

It was a total victory for Israel who then took:

The West Bank from JordanGolan Heights from Syria

Gaza Strip and the Sinai from Egypt

In 1977 MP Begin and President Sadat of Egypt

signed the Camp David Accords in which Israelreturned the Sinai and Egypt (a Muslim nation)recognized Israels right to exist.

Muslims Immediately assassinated Sadat


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Since 1977 Israel and Palestinians have foughtover the land

The PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization)was created and dedicated to reclaiming the landand establishing a Palestinian state.

RegularIntifadas (uprisings) have been used

along with terrorism against Israeli citizens to aidin the destruction of the Jewish state

New Hostilities began in 2000. Israel elected ArielSharon as PM and he built a wall between

Palestine and Israel for protection. When PLO leader Yassir Arafat died in 2004 the

new president signed a armistice with Israelending the Intifada.


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Iranian Revolution


38/48

Reza Shah Pahlavi

After WWII and thedeparture of the allies theShah began a program of

Westernization. Land reform in the form

of ownership increased

Education improved

Womens received therights of voting, highereducation,

professionalism, andwestern dress.


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The reforms upset Islamicfundamentalists whothought that the Quranshould be the law of thekingdom (theocracy).

After President Cartervisited to congratulate theShah on his progress

revolution ensued. The Shah was deposed in

1979 and Iran became atheocracy led by theAyatollah Khomeini.

Westernization ended---women wore traditionalclothing and national lawwas based on the Quran


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4 Views of Traditional Iran


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Iran was invaded by Iraq in1980 Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein was supported

by the US

The war between the two nations lastednearly 8 years with neither side gaininganything.

The Ayatollahs death in 1989 created a

power struggle between fundamentalist anda small minority of reform minded pro -westernizers.


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An Economy Based on Oil


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OPECORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES

By 1960 the Middle Eastern states realized thepower their oil gave them on the global marketand they formed OPEC (Venezuela also joined).

OPEC set the world price for oil and controlled

the amount available. In 1970 they cut supply and prices skyrocketed.

Since the 1980s OPEC has largely failed to keepits members in line and lost some of its power.

Some OPEC nations have used oil revenue tobuild national infrastructure while others have letthe money go into the hands of a small minority.


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The Gulf War In 1990 Iraq, lead by Hussein, invaded Kuwait to

gain control of the oil fields. Success would have given Iraq control of nearly

20% of the world oil reserves.

The United Nations sent forces to drive Iraq out of

Kuwait. The UN then placed restrictions of Iraq

Hussein remained in power for 10 more yearswhile ignoring the clauses of the peace treaty.

In 2003 a coalition (US and GB) invaded Iraq toremove Hussein. A new government is still beingformed.


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More Unrest in Arab States

In the 1980s the USSR sent troops toAfghanistan at the request of the Afgan

Marxist leader Nur Muhammad Taraki Most Afgans opposed the plan

Resistors called holy warriors attackedSoviet forces.

As Soviet problems at home grew the troopswithdrew.


46/48

After 14 years of fighting and 2 milliondeaths the victorious power was the Talibanan Islamic fundamentalist group.

The regime imposed strict Islamic law and

restrictions of women.

It also provided protection for the terroristgroups Al Queda lead by Saudi Osama bin

Laden. Al Queda has intense dislike for the USA,

Israel and Saudi Arabia


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Al Queda resents the presence of infidels(westerners) in Saudi Arabia since it is the homeof many Islamic holy sites

Al Queda particularly resents the USA because:

The US supports Israel which AQ wanteddestroyed

The US has troops in Saudi ArabiaThe US supports globalization which AQ believesweakens Islamic values and beliefs.


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To support their cause AQ destroyed the World Trade Center in New

York on September 11, 2001.

Documents

Independ Move. 20th Cent