Upload
others
View
1
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
LLCM20AN English Phonetics
Week 5: Weak syllables (continued), some more
spelling-pronunciation rules
T. Kamiyama, Université de Marne-la-Vallée
2007-2008
3. Weak or strong vowel?
Unstressed syllables with strong
vowels
3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 5 3
Weak or strong vowel?
• Not all unstressed syllables have weak
vowels: there are some unstressed syllables
with strong vowels.
3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 5 4
In the syllable preceding the stress
• Usually unstressed (o!Oo…).
• Strong vowel before two consonants:
‘Albania’ /æl!be"ni#/, ‘umbrella’ /$m!brel#/,
‘dogmatic’ /d%&!mæt"k/, ‘fragmental’ /fræ&!mentl '/
• Weak vowel before one consonant:
‘America’ /#!mer"k#/, ‘dramatic’ /dr#!mæt"k/,
‘parade’ /p#!re"d/, ‘necessity’ /n#!ses"ti/, ‘majestic’
/m#!d(est"k/, ‘solidity’ /s#!l"d#ti/,
3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 5 5
In the syllable preceding the stress
• Usually unstressed (o!Oo…).
• Strong vowel before two consonants:
• Weak vowel before one consonant:
• Exceptions:
‘admit’ /#d!m"t/, ‘concise’ /k#n!sa"s/ (inseparableprefixes)
• Exceptions to these exceptions:
‘outstanding’ /a)t!stænd"*/, ‘translate’ /trænz!le"t/(digraph) (two consonants)
3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 5 6
In unstressed syllables between
stresses (secondary and primary)
• Unstressed (-Oo!Oo…).
• Weak vowel even before two consonants:
‘volunteer’ /-v%l#n!t"#/, ‘characteristic’
/-kær#kt#!rst"k/, (‘information’ /-"nf#!me".n ''/)
3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 5 7
Further weakening of weak syllables
• In some words, a word-medial weak syllablehas entirely disappeared:
‘business’ /!b"zn#s/, ‘colonel’ /!k+,nl '/
• or may disappear:
‘comfortable’ /!k$mft#bl '/ or /!k$mf#t#bl '/,‘generous’ /!d(enr#s/ or /!d(en#r#s/,
‘interest’ /!"ntr#st/ or /!"nt#rest/,
‘family’ /!fæmli/ or /!fæm#li/,‘deliberate’ (adj.) /d"!l"br#t/ or /d"!l"b#r#t/.
4. Weak vowels in some suffixes
3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 5 9
Weak vowels in some suffixes
Dauer (1993) 3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 5 10
Weak vowels in some suffixes
Dauer (1993)
3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 5 11
Weak vowels in some suffixes
Dauer (1993)
LLCM20AN English Phonetics
Class 4: Some more spelling-pronunciation rules
for stressed syllables in polysyllabic words
3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 5 13
Vowel letters
• <a>
• <e>
• <i>, <y>
• <o>
• <u>
1. Basic ‘long’ and ‘short’
pronunciations of vowels letters
in monosyllabic words (revision)
3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 5 15
‘Long’ and ‘short’ pronunciations
• ‘Long’ < />, as the
name of the letter.
• <a/> /e"/• <e/> /i,/• <i0, y/> /a"/• <o/> /#)/
• <u/> /(j)u,/
• ‘Short’ < 1>
• <a1> /æ/
• <e1> /e/
• <i2, y1> /"/• <o1> /%/
• <u1> /$/3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 5 16
<u/> /ju,/ or /u,/?• Basically,
• /u,/ after /r/ /l/ /./ /t./ /d(/
• /ju,/ in all the other cases.
• (but /su,t/ is becoming dominant)
• (cf. value /!vælju,/)
3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 5 17
‘Long’ < /> word-finally
• (<a!> /e"/ as in <a/> /a"/)– /#$/ as in <spa> /sp3,/, <bra> /br3,/
• <e!> /i$/ as in <me/> /mi,/• <i%, y!> /a"/ as in <hi0> /ha"/, <cry/> /ka"/• <o!> /&'/ as in <so/> /s#)/, <&o/> /&#)/
• <u!> /(j)u$/ as in <flu/> /flu,/, <Peru/> /p#!ru,/3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 5 18
‘Long’ < /> word-finally with a final
‘silent’ <e>
• <i%, y!> /a"/ as in <pi 0e> /pa"/, <ry/e> /ra"/• <o!> /&'/ as in <to/e> /t#)/
• <u!> /(j)u$/ as in <cu/e> /kju,/
3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 5 19
‘Short’ < 1> when followed by one or
more word-final consonant letter(s)
• <a(> /æ/ as in <ha1t> /hæt/
• <e(> /e/ as in <pe 1t> /pet/
• <i), y(> /"/ as in <ki 2t> /k"t/, <&y 1m> /d("m/
• <o(> /*/ as in <ho1p> /h%p/
• <u(> /+/ as in <cu1t> /k$t/
3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 5 20
<u> /)/ in some very common words
• <u> /'/ as in <put> /p)t/,
<push> /p)./, <pull> /p)ll/,
<full> /f)l/, <bull> /b)l/,
<bush> /b)./
3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 5 21
‘Long’ < /> when followed by a
consonant letter + word-final ‘silent’
<e>
• <a!> /e"/ as in <ha/te> /he"t/
• <e!> /i$/ as in <Pe/te> /pi,t/
• <i%, y!> /a"/ as in <ki0te> /ka"t/, <ty/pe> /ta"p/
• <o!> /&'/ as in <ho/pe> /h#)p/
• <u!> /(j)u$/ as in <cu/te> /kju,t/
3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 5 22
But not in some very common words,
many ending in <-ve>, <-me>, <-ne>
• <a(> /æ/ as in <ha1ve> /hæv/
• <i)> /a"/ as in <li 2ve> /l"v/ (cf. <li 0ve> adj.)
• <o(> /*/ as in <&o1ne> /&%n/
• <o> /+/: <some>, <above>, <come>, <none>
• <o> /u$/: <move>
2. ‘Long’ and ‘short’ pronunciations
of vowels letters in polysyllabic
words 1:
word-final stressed syllable
3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 5 24
2.1. ‘Long’ < /> in <VCe>: vowel letter
followed by one consonant and a slient <e>
• <a!> /e"/ as in <deba!te>, <para !de>
• <e!> /i$/ as in <extre !me>, <comple !te>
• <i%, y!> /a"/ as in <advi %ce>, <poli%te>
• <o!> /&'/ as in <remo !te>, <provo !ke>
• <u!> /(j)u$/ as in <amu!se>, <produ!ce>
3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 5 25
2.1. ‘Long’ < /> in <VCe>: vowel letter
followed by one consonant and a slient <e>
• N.B. This is often the case in unstressedsyllables.
• <a!> /e"/ as in <fema !le> /!fi,me"l/• <e!> /i$/ as in <concre !te> (n.) /!k%*kri,t/• <i%, y!> /a"/ as in <paradi%se> /!pær#da"s/
• <o!> /&'/ as in <anecdo !te> /!æn"kd#)t/
• <u!> /(j)u$/ as in <attitu!de> /!æt"tju,d/3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 5 26
2.1. ‘Long’ < /> in <VCe>: vowel letter
followed by one consonant and a slient <e>
• Exceptions:
• <a> /#$/ as in <promenade>, <façade>
• <i> /i$/ as in <machine>, <magazine>,
<routine>, <sardine>, <police>, <presti&e>,
<fati&ue>, <unique>, <technique>, etc.
• <o> /+/ as in <come>, <some>, <done>, …
• <o> /u$/ as in <prove>, <improve>, …
3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 5 27
‘Long’ < /> when followed by one
consonant letter + suffixes <ing> <ed>
<es> <er> <est>
• <a!> /e"/ as in <la/ter> /!le"t#/, <la /test> /!le"t"st/• <e!> /i$/ as in <dele /tes> /d"!li,ts/, <dele /ted>
/d"!li,t"d/, <dele /tin&> /d"!li,t"*/
• <i%> /a"/ as in <ki /tes> /!ka"ts/
• <o!> /&'/ as in <ho/pes> /!h#)ps/, <ho/ped>
/!h#)pt/, <ho/pin&> /!h#)p"*/
• <u!> /(j)u$/ as in <produ /cer> /pr#!dju,s#/3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 5 28
‘Long’ < /> when followed by one
consonant letter + suffixes <ing> <ed>
<es> <er> <est>• <ar !> /e&/ as in <ca/res> /ke#z/, <ca/red> /ke#d/,
<ca/rin&> /!ke#r"*/
• <er !> /"&/
• <ir !> /a"&/ as in <hir /es> /!ha"#z/, <hir /ed> /!ha"#d/,
<hir /in&> /!ha"#r"*/
• <or !> /,$/ as in <bor /es> /b4,z/, <bor /ed> /b4,d/,
<bor /in&> /!b4,r"*/
• <ur !> /(j)'&/ /(j),$/ as in <cur/in&> /!kj)#r"*/ /!kj4,r"*/
3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 5 29
‘Long’ < /> when followed by one
consonant letter + word-final <y>
• <a!> /e"/ as in <la/dy> /!le"di/
• <e!> /i$/ as in <Ely> /i,li/
• <i%> /a"/ as in <ti 0ny> /!ta"ni/
• <o!> /&'/ as in <co/zy> /!k#)zi/
• <u!> /(j)u$/ as in <du /ty> /!dju,ti/
• N.B. <stu 1dy> /!st$di/3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 5 30
2.2. ‘Short’ < 1> in <VC>: vowel letter
followed by one ore more consonants
• <a(> /æ/ as in <cana (l>, <ada (pt>, <atta (ck>
• <e(> /e/ as in <atte(mpt>, <corre(ct>
• <i(, y(> /"/ as in <admi(t>, <disti(nct>
• <o (> /*/ as in <ado(pt>
• <u(> /+/ as in <abru(pt>, <distru(st>
3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 5 31
‘Short’ < 1> when followed by two
consonant letters (or more) + suffixes
<ing> <ed> <es> <er> <est>
• <a(> /æ/ as in <fa 1tter> /!fæt#/, <fa 1ttest> /!fæt"st/• <e(> /e/ as in <fe 1tches> /!fet."z/, <fe 1tched>
/!fet.t/, <fe 1tchin&> /!fet."*/
• <i)> /"/ as in <bi 2&&er> /!b"&#/, <bi1&&est> /!b"&"st/• <o(> /*/ as in <ho1pped> /h%pt/, <ho1ppin&>
/!h%p"*/
• <u(> /+/ as in <cu1tter> /!k$t#/, <cu1ttin&> /!k$t"*/3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 5 32
‘Short’ < 1> when followed by two
consonant letters (or more) + suffixes
<ing> <ed> <es> <er> <est>• <ar (> /#$/ as in <har 1der> /!h3,d#/, <har 1dest> /!h3,d"st/• <er (> /-$/ as in <er1red> /+,d/, <er 1rin&> /!+,r"*/
• <ir )> /-$/ as in <stir 2red> /st+,d/, <stir1rin&> /!st+,r"*/
•
• <ur (> /-$/ as in <occur1red> /#!k+,d/, <occur1rin&>
/#!k+,r"*/
• N.B. <u(> /+/ in <hu1rry> /!h$ri/
3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 5 33
2.3. ‘Short’ < 1> in <VCCe>: vowel
letter followed by two consonants and a
silent <e>
• <a(> /æ/ as in <ba (d&e>, <expa (nse>
• <e(> /e/ as in <se(nse>, <twe(lve>
• <i(, y(> /"/ as in <bri (d&e>, <ecli (pse>
• <o (> /*/ as in <respo (nse>, <invo(lve>
• <u(> /+/ as in <pu(lse>, <convu(lse>
3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama LLCM20AN English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 5 34
2.3. ‘Short’ < 1> in <VCCe>: vowel
letter followed by two consonants and a
silent <e>
• Exceptions:
• <a!> /e"/ as in <ra!n&e>, <stra !n&e> (<-
ange>), <ha!ste>, <ta!ste> (<-aste>)