IMPROVING THE GROWTH OF CENTELLA ASIATICA USING MODIFIED NATURAL ZEOLITE

NOOR ASYRAF BIN NOOR AZMAN

NIK AHMAD NIZAM NIK MALEK

NORFARAH SYUHAIDAH MOHD NOOR

MUHAMMAD ARSHAD JAVED

NIZA SYAFIQAH HAMZAH

NOOR HIDAYAH DZULKFLI

FACULTY OF BIOSCIENCES AND MEDICAL ENGINEERING

AGREX UPM 2017

OVERVIEW

INTRODUCTION

PROBLEM STATEMENT/RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE

OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

METHODOLOGIES

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION

1

2

3

4

5

6

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Knowing a zeolite - A crystalline substance with a framework structure

consists of aluminium & silicate - Zeolite + Surfactants = Surfactant modified zeolite (SMZ) Pennyworts (Centella Asiatica) - A creeping plant found in tropical/subtropical countries - Net return varied from RM 4 065 - RM43 995 per hectare

(Zainal, 2005)

Benefits of pennyworts - Medicine (e.g. diarrhea) - Pharmacological (e.g. antioxidant) (Zahara et al., 2014; Zainol et al., 2008)

- Food & beverages (e.g. cooking)

- Spain: Effect of eutrophication caused by excess of P fertilizer

- Malaysia: N & K fertilizers in oil palm concern for groundwater

(Hartemink, 2000; Penuelas et al., 2009; Ah Tung et al. 2009)

- Cover crops (e.g. oilseed radish)

- Slow release fertilizer (SRF) such as SMZ in corn growth & removing

nitrate

(Sundermeier, 2010; Sempeho, 2014)

- Applying the concept of binding HDTMA surfactant

on zeolite surface that attract major nutrients

(NPK)

(Malek et al., 2014) PI 2014703213

2.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT/ SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH

Excessive used of chemical fertilizer triggered nutrients leaching that caused eutrophication & groundwater contamination

Zeolite as a fertilizer medium only hold nitrogen & potassium nutrients

Application of SMZ with major nutrients might solve leaching problems

Plantation cost could be reduce & increase the desired pegaga’s yield

3.0 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

To prepare surfactant modified zeolite loaded with major nutrients N (ammonium), P (phosphate) and K

(potassium) creating NPK-Organo-Zeolite & characterize its structure, elemental & physiochemical properties.

To compare and optimize the effectiveness of NPK-Organo-Zeolite & conventional fertilizers for the growth of

C. asiatica.

1

2

4.0 METHODOLOGIES

8 Fertilizers

Systems

6 Cultivation

Systems

Harvest C.asiatica:

70 days

F. Data Analysis

SPSS Statistical

Analysis

B. Characterization

X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform

infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),

Surfactant adsorption study

D. Cultivation

A. Preparation

NPK-Organo-Zeolite

C. Soil analysis

a) Soil texture

b) Soil moisture

c) pH of soil

d) Bulk density

E. Data Collection

Morphological Growth

Parameters

Biochemical Growth

Parameters

Stage 1

Stage 2

Stage 3

5.0 RESULTS & DISCUSION

OBJECTIVE 1: Surfactant Adsorption Study

High adsorbed

• HDTMA-Br adsorbed on K-cli showed average of surfactant adsorbed of 159.67 ± 6.10 mmol/kg

> 80%

• More than 80% of the surfactant was loaded into the surface of K-cli

Details

• Cli surface which covered by negative charge made it possible to attract other cations

• (Haggerty and Bowman, 1994)

OBJECTIVE 1: XRD

Most of the material detected consists of Cli at peaks 2θ = 9.50°, 11.05°, 22.25° & 26.60° along with quartz (2θ = 28.1°) and mordenite (2θ = 25.65°)

The crystalline structure of modified zeolite remain unchanged and stable after undergoes several exposure towards heating & nutrients loaded process

(Treacy and Higgins, 2007; Malek et al., 2015)

(a) Cli

(b) K-Cli

(c) Organo-K-Cli

(d) NPKOZ

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

OBJECTIVE 1: FTIR

(a) Cli (b) K-Cli

(c) Organo-K-Cli

(d) NPKOZ

a. Notifiable peaks were observed (in circle) where HDTMA-Br surfactant was confirmed to attach on surface of clinoptilolite on Organo-K-cli (2921 and 2850 cm-1) and NPKOZ (2923 and 2851cm-1) bands

b. The bands observed around 2920 cm-1 for the CH2 asymmetric stretch and 2850 cm-1 CH2 symmetric stretch belong to the HDTMA molecules

(Malek, 2011)

OBJECTIVE 2: Morphological Growth Parameters

Notes: (Included Standard Error Mean (SEM), Total Fresh Biomass (TFB), Total Dry Biomass (TDB), Biggest Leaf Area (BLA), and Biggest Specific Leaf Area (BSLA); Duncan test, α= 0.05)

• Even though F45 had the highest TFB, the biggest reduction of its weight after heating treatment into the TDB was notifiable

• NPKOZs treatments steadily for its TFB and TDB with in its quantity

• This is important because: CA extract is more valuable in TDB formed

Treatments No. of

leaves

No. of

branches

No. of

flowers

TFB (g) TDB (g) BLA (cm2) BSLA (cm

2/g)

Control 2.33a ± 0.33 1.00

a ± 0.00 0.00

a ± 0.00 1.28

a ± 0.45 0.10

a ± 0.03 7.33

a ± 0.33 383.33

a ± 16.67

Cli 4.33ab

± 0.88 1.33ab

± 0.33 0.33a ± 0.33 3.64

ab ± 0.24 0.47

ab ± 0.05 12.33a

b ± 1.09 316.11

a ± 33.89

MAP 6.00abc

± 1.53 2.33ab

± 0.67 0.67a ± 0.33 4.58

ab ± 1.88 0.51

ab ± 0.20 14.67a

bc ± 3.72 330.24

a ± 25.78

MKP 5.00abc

± 1.00 2.33ab

± 1.33 1.33a ±1.33 3.35

ab ± 0.60 0.37

ab ± 0.08 13.83

abc ± 0.73 422.22a ± 43.39

F45 11.00bc

± 4.04 4.33ab

± 1.76 1.67a ± 1.67 8.91

b ± 2.80 0.77

b ± 0.28 21.33

c ± 3.81 452.50

a ± 58.86

NPKOZ5 5.33abc

± 1.45 2.00ab

± 1.00 1.33a ± 0.88 3.67

ab ± 0.46 0.39

ab ± 0.46 15.67

abc ± 2.09 428.33

a ± 73.39

NPKOZ10 12.00bc

± 4.36 5.00ab

± 2.31 3.33a ± 1.76 6.40

ab ±

2.30 0.69

ab ± 0.24 14.67

abc ± 1.96 346.67

a ± 39.30

NPKOZ15 12.67c ± 1.45 5.33

b ± 0.88 3.00

a ± 1.53 8.13

b ± 2.12 0.91

b ± 0.30 19.33

bc ± 4.10 348.33

a ± 53.26

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Am

ou

nt

Treatments

Chlorophyll

a

Chlorophyll

b

Carotene

Total

Chlorophyll

Content

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

Nu

trie

nts

con

ten

t (%

)

Treatments

N content

(%)

P content

(%)

K content

(%)

OBJECTIVE 2: Biochemical Growth Parameters

• Chlorophyll is one of the vital photosynthesis constituent that occurred in plant tissue

• NPKOZ5, NPKOZ10 and NPKOZ15 dominated the total chlorophyll content (TCC) after harvesting stage

• N & K contents: Ferti 45 is the highest • P content : MKP is the highest • NPKOZs: nutrients percentage

with quantities • Stands comparable even though with

less NPK attached

(Goswami and Ahire, 2016)

OBJECTIVE 2: Pearson Correlation

There was a strong, positive correlation between no. of branches, flowers, total fresh biomass, total dry biomass & biggest leaf area towards no. of leaves

* significant (p<0.05) **highly significant (p<0.01)

Parameters No. of leaves No. of branches No. of flowers TFB (g) TDB (g) BLA (cm2) BSLA (cm

2/g)

No. of leaves 1

No. of branches .948** 1

No. of flowers .817** .874** 1

TFB .908** .814** .759** 1

TDB .866** .768** .785** .969** 1

BLA .522** .398 .443* .688** .663** 1

BSLA -.095 -.105 -.108 .018 -.105 .070 1

Visual diagrams on the growth of C. asiatica with 8 different treatments after 70 days

Control NPKOZ5 Ferti 45 MKP MAP Cli NPKOZ15 NPKOZ10

6.0 CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORKS

Conclusion

• Different stages of NPKOZ samples were determined by XRD and FTIR technique justified the presence of surfactant HDTMA-Br attached on surface of clinoptilolite

• NPKOZs treatments were able to attain the highest amount of no. of leaves, flowers & branches

• Outcomes N, P, and K contents in C. asiatica plant for NPKOZs treatments were comparable with other chemical fertilizers especially MKP & Ferti 45

Future Works

• Development of 3 systems of cultivating C. asiatica by using hydroponic, potted and verticulture technique

Hydroponic System

Potted System

Verticulture System

* Will be harvested on: 20 Nov 2016