Horizonti Svetskog i Evropskog Bibliotekarstva u Digitalnom Dobu

SERBIAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION

, 2728. 2011.

:

, 2012.

THE WORLD AND EUROPEAN HORIZONS OF LIBRARIANSHIP

IN DIGITAL AGE

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE,

Belgrade, October 27th28th, 2011.

Editors: Vesna Crnogorac

Vesna Injac

SERBIAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION Belgrade, 2012.

CONFERENCE ORGANIZER Serbian Library Association

Conference Organizing CommitteeJasmina Ninkov, president

Vesna InjacVesna Crnogorac Milica Stevanovi

Vesna VuksanNeboja Cveji

Conference and printing of the Proceedings were funded by

MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND MEDIA OF REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

: . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 : . . . . . . . . . . 23 -: a . 37 K. : : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 . , . : ESE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 . : : , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Jasmina Lovrinevi, Dinka Kovaevi, Marija Erl afar: Promicanje jednakosti i slobode pristupa informacijama u pokretnim knjinicama u Republici Hrvatskoj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 : , : . . . . . . . . . . . 117

: () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 : . . . . . . . 145Edita Bai: Regionalna suradnja pravnih i srodnih biblioteka: komunikacijski most za budunost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

: PHAIDRA . . . . . . . . . . 171

M. : 2.0: ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 : : , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 : , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 , : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 : : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

: : . . . . . . 285Aleksandra Horvat: Digitalizacija i autorsko pravo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289Nikolaj Lazi, Mihaela Banek Zorica, Sonja piranec: Informacijska tehnologija i slobodan pristup informacijama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 , , : : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297Marija Laszlo, Jadranka Lasi Lazi: Indeksiranje i slobodni pristup informacijama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

, : - : . . . 305 : . . . 309

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Paul Sturges: What We Need to Know: and Why We Need to Know It . . . 15

Breda Karun: Local Treasures in the Global Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Tatjana Brzulovi-Stanisavljevi: Digital Rights Management . . . . . . . . 37

Susan K. Reilly: Reaching the Researcher: Europeana Libraries a Partnership Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Nataa D.Daki, Jelena S. Andonovski: Metadata Integration in the Europeana Using ESE Specification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Nicolaie M. Constantinescu: When We Come Together: When Libraries, Archives, Museums and Galleries Are Linked Together . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Jasmina Lovrinevi, Dinka Kovaevi, Marija Erl afar: Advancing Universal Access in the Information Society through Mobile Libraries in Republic of Croatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Vesna Crnogorac: Transparency, Good Governance and Freedom from Corruption: Advocacy in Serbian Library Community . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Vesna Injac: National Library of Serbia (NLS) in International Projects of Digitization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Anik Duds: Switching from Local Faculty Publication Database to the Database of Hungarian Scholarly Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Edita Bai: Regional Cooperation of Law and Related Libraries: Communication Bridge to the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Aleksandra Trtovac: Metadata in PHAIDRA, Digital Repository at the University of Belgrade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Adam Sofronijevi: Reading 2.0: Why Librarians Should Be Interested?. . . 189

Bogdan Trifunovi: Digitization of Audiovisual Material: Needs, Standards and Practice in Public Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Dragana Milunovi: Center for Blind and Visually Impared of the National Library of Serbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

Jadranka Boi: Reanimation of the Artifacts of Cultural Heritage as the Antipode of Reproduction Critical Reconstruction of the Contemporary Discourse of the Memory as the Central Organizational Concept of the Contemporary Thought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

Jelena B. urulov, Mile G. Stijepovi: Sharing of Scientific Information in a Network Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

Sneana Nenezi: The Library as a Support for Information Society IT Inclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

Jelena B. Jaimovi: Open Access Publishing: a Survey of Attitudes among the Academic Community at University of Belgrade, Faculty of Stomatology, Serbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

ABSTRACTS

Louise Edwards: Library Services for Europe: an Overview of the Landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

Aleksandra Horvat: Digitization and Copyright. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289Nikolaj Lazi, Mihaela Banek Zorica, Sonja piranec: Information Technology and Free Access to Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293Nader Naghshineh, Aref Riahi, Mohammad Akbari: Barriers to Free Access to Information: Case Study of the Islamic Republic of Iran. . . . . . 297Marija Laszlo, Jadranka Lasi Lazi: Indexing and Free Access to Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

Oraee, Narges, Cheshme Sohrabi: Investigation of e-Readiness Assessment Theories in Libraries: with Comparative and Analytical Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305Predrag uki: Metadata Aggregation and National Aggregator . . . . . . . 309

- - 2001. . , - , a - , .

, , - , , , - - , .

- -, . - - . , - :

, , , ( ).

- (The World and European Horizons of Librarianship in digital age). 27. 28. .

12 The World and European Horizons of Librarianship in Digital Age

: (Paul Sturges) (What We Need to Know: and Why We Need to Know It); (Louise Edwards) - : (Library Services for Europe: an Overview of the Landscape), - (Local Treasures in the Global Space).

, - , 19 , - , , - .

. - - 18 . . - , - , .

, .

- , . - - .

INTRODUCTION

International conferences on librarianship and library and information ac-tivities have been continuously held in the organisation of the Serbian Li-brary Association since 2001. They represent important places for spread-ing scientific and professional views, encouraging international coopera-tion, research and development in all fields of library and information ac-tivities, as well as places for the exchange of new ideas and experiences.

In the attempt to select the most current topic for every subsequent conference, which speakers will present from several aspects, the organizer has already for eleven year, with the financial support from the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Serbia, enabled specialists to learn through conferences more about international trends in the international librarianship, about projects and programs that include our libraries, and to collect reliable information about trends in the development of the librarianship and new IT knowledge, to make contacts and exchange of precious international experience.

Dynamic development of new information and communication technologies in the world has significantly influenced both the development and moderni-sation of libraries and professionalization of the librarianship in accordance with new trends and circumstances such is the global digital environment. Therefore, the 10th International Conference was dealing with changes and challenges set before libraries and information systems and services by the new digital environment. Its main objective was to present and discuss about current issues, innovative approaches and solutions in the following fields:

Digitisation of cultural and scientific heritage, Free access to information, Global and European guidelines for libraries, Library as support to the information society (IT inclusion).

The main topic of the Conference was The World and European Horizons of Librarianship in the Digital Age. The Conference was held on 27 and 28 October 2011 at the National Library of Serbia in Belgrade.

The organiser invited three prominent international experts who opened the Conference as keynote speakers and presented the following topics: Professor Paul Sturges from the UK spoke about the importance of free


access to information in his presentation What We Need to Know: and Why We Need to Know It, Louise Edwards from the European Library gave a general overview of library services for Europe in the paper Library Services for Europe: an Overview of the Landscape, whereas Breda Karun from Slovenia, as a third keynote speaker, presented experiences in creat-ing a Slovenian digital library and portal Kamra through the paper Local Treasures in the Global Space.

In the two days of the Conference, in addition to the stated keynote pres-entations, another 19 presentations were given by national and interna-tional experts in the field of library and information activities, whereas four approved presentations were, unfortunately, not given as their authors were prevented from attending the Conference.

This Proceedings consists of two parts. The first part starts with a presen-tation, i.e. slides shown by Professor Paul Sturges, which is followed by another 18 important papers. The second part of the Proceedings includes seven abstracts in the Serbian or Croatian and English languages of the presenters who did not submit their papers. Papers were published in Ser-bian or in the language of presenters from Croatia, and every paper also consists of an abstract and key words in Serbian or Croatian, a list of refer-ences and an abstract and key words in English in the end.

A sequence of papers in the Proceedings is the sequence of authors pres-entations at the Conference, apart from abstracts of those authors who did not submit their papers.

Editors of the Proceedings are convinced that the papers published in this Proceedings significantly contribute to shedding some light on the subject of the Conference, and that it will certainly serve as a useful reference in further research on the subject concerning the position and role of libraries in the new digital age. Editors of the Proceedings would sincerely like to thank on behalf of the Organising Committee of the Conference and mem-bers of the Serbian Library Association to all the authors for contributing to the success of the Conference with their papers.

Vesna Crnogorac Vesna Injac

15

[email protected]

. - , - , -. , , . , - .

, , . - , .

: , , .

( ) ( )


19. ,

,

, .

-

( ) -

( , -, .)

17

Campaign for Freedom of Information

Statewatch

Cyber-rights and Civil-liberties

Public Concern at Work

Transparency International

?

,

, ,

,


( (firewalls), , .)

- ( )

, - .

?

-

, , -

, , -

, - , . ?

.

,

, ,

19

,

(-

)

, -

2000.

2005.

1998.

1998.

:

( -) - .


. News of the World -

.

Metropolitan Police Guardian .

2011. - .

-

-

-

,

, , .

21

Paul Sturges Loughborough University United Kingdom [email protected]

WHAT WE NEED TO KNOW: AND WHY WE NEED TO KNOW IT

Abstract

We need to know everything that we want to know, and we need this for our personal autonomy as full members of society. Access to the information and knowledge of our own choice leads to better education, functioning democracy, a fairer business environment and reduction of corruption. Official censorship, ei-ther prior to publication or consequent on publication is a damaging restriction to the necessary freedom. At the same time our own self-censorship can limit what we seek to know and what we are prepared to say in equally damaging fashion.

Self censorship because of the constraints of conformity is often justified be-cause of fears for national security, risks to social stability, threats to the national culture, and the need for tolerance of other. Much of this concern is illusory and information professionals have a duty to facilitate maximum access to informa-tion in the interests of society as a whole.

Key words: censorship, self-censorship, access to information.

23

, , [email protected]

, . - ; 5,5 - . , - , , . , . 70 - .

, - . , -: (dLib.si) . , , , -, .

: , ,


1.

. - , . - , . - ( , -), , , , . .

, 60 150 . (R. A. Rosenfeld)

, , 5,5 , 30 (, , , ), 6 , . 1995. 2010. 57 .

610 , . (T. Nypan)

, , . , , ; , . : , , , , , .

25

, , . , .

. - , , -, , . .

2.

, - , - . :

; ; ;

, ;

, .

2.1.

1 2005, - . 2001.

1 2005, The eEurope 2005 Action Plan, http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/eeuope/2005/index_en.htm ( 24.9.2012)


2, -. , 3, , , , .

- 4, 2005, i2010. , :

,

, , ,

, .

(Frame-work programmes, eContent, e-TEN, CIP) . 2005. European Digital Library ( ), , 5. 2008.

. , 2008, , 2011. -. 1.800 , , , - . , 50

2 , The Lund Principles, http://cordis.europa.eu/ist/digicult/lund-principles.htm ( 24.9.2012)3 , MINERVA, http://www.minervaeurope.org/ ( 24.9.2012)4 , Digital Agenda for Europe: Digital Libraries Ini-tiative http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/digital_libraries/index_en.htm ( 24.9.2012)5 , Europeana portal, http://www.europeana.eu/portal/ ( 20.9.2012.)

27

, : 17 , 17 , 9 , 9 , 8 , 8 , 6 , 6 , 6 , 3 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 3 .

- - . .

- , . . - . (Comit des Sages report, 2011)

, , , urope 20206, , :

, ,

,

, .

2.2. 7

- a . , 2005. . :

6 : 2020, EUROPE 2020, http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/index_en.htm ( 20.9.2012.) 7 , World Digital Library, http://www.wdl.org/en/ ( 20.9.2012.)


, , - , a -. 2009, .

, , - . , - .

, -, : ?

3.

. - , - , - . , - , .

3.1.

20082011. - :

,

-, , , , - ,

29

, - .

, - , - (2007.) , - 7. 4 -, , : - , , - .

3.2. , dLib.si8

. () , . TEL TEL-ME-MOR , . 2005, , dLib.si . . , , , , , , , , . 500.000 , 3,5 .

80 dLib -, , , , .

8 , Digitalna knjinica Slovenije, http://www.dlib.si/ ( 24.9.2012)


3.3. 9

, (osrednje obmone knjinice ), 2004. - , , : , . - , - / . .

-. - (-) , . . 2008. .

- . , , , .

- . -, - , - . , , .

- , . - (dLib.si).

9 , Portal Kamra, http://www.kamra.si/ ( 24.9.2012)

31

, , , .

:

- ,

- , , ,

, - - , -, ,

, - , .

2010. .

- . , ( ), (HGI RWAD Rapid Web Ap-plication Dewelopment ). - :

, (-, ...), - , . , , , - , .


- , , - , -. - , .

- . , , - . . , - . , .

, ( , , , , ), , -: , , , .

. 2010. - , - .

33

2011. , . - . - , .

, - , , - , - , , -- , .

-. , - .

- , - .

- , - , .

- , ; , .

2011. , , . ,


. - (First World War Centenary Programme) Imperial War Museum 10.

- . .

3.4.

2012. - - - 11.

, , , , - .

- , .

Comit des Sages report, http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/digital_libraries/comite_des_sages/index_en.htm ( 24.9.2012)

Kasteren, J. van: A Renaissance in Cultural Diversity: A UNESCO Vi-sion for Virtual Communities. An Interview with Isabelle Vinson. Digi-CULT: Virtual Communities and Collaboration in the Heritage Sector.

10 Imperial War Museum, www.iwm.org.uk ( 24.9.2012)11 , Nacionalni agregator e-vsebin s podroja kulture, http://www.agregator.si/Default.aspx ( 24.9.2012)

35

Thematic Issue 5. January 2004 ( : http://www.digicult.info) ( 24.9.2012)

Nacionalni program za kulturo. http://www.ifa.de/fileadmin/content/informationsforum/online_services/downloads_europanetz/Kulturpro-grammSlowenien.pdf ( 24.9.2012)

Nypan, T. : Cultural heritage Monuments and Historic Buildings as va-lue generators in a post-industrial economy; with emphasys on exploring the role of the sector as economic driver, http://www.riksantikvaren.no/filestore/IICH.PDF ( 24.9.2012)

Raymond A. Rosenfeld: Cultural and heritage Tourism, http://www.municipaltoolkit.org/UserFiles/Rosenfeld_EN.pdf ( 24.9.2012)

Sklepi o prispevku kulture k izvajanju strategije Evropa 2020, Uradni list EU C 175/1, 15.6.2011. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2011:175:0001:0004:SL:PDF ( 24.9.2012)

Strategija razvoja informacijske drube v Republiki Sloveniji, http://www.mvzt.gov.si/fileadmin/mvzt.gov.si/pageuploads/pdf/informacijska_druzba/si2010.pdf ( 24.9.2012)


Breda Karun Jara, Center of Library Development Grosuplje, Slovenia [email protected]

LOCAL TREASURES IN THE GLOBAL SPACE

Abstract

Cultural heritage and culture in the broadest sense are gaining increasing impor-tance in the modern world, mainly for two reasons. Culture has become an eco-nomic category, as a cultural industry accounts for 5.5% of total European GDP. Cultural heritage is also a value that strengthens local identity, and particularly in smaller environments, revitalizes and brings together the local community. Cultural institutions, by presenting their reach collections traditionally and virtu-ally in an appropriate and attractive way, have a large and important role in this process.

The increasing prevalence of Internet, which reaches 70% of households in Eu-rope, has opened up new opportunities that cultural heritage becomes more wide-ly available. Process of digitization of cultural heritage started in the nineties and reached the wide recognition with Europeana, the European digital library. Slovenian libraries, archives and museums, present their cultural heritage con-tent in digital form through two portals: Slovenian Digital Library (dLib.si) and KAMRA. In this paper we will focus primarily KAMRA portal which, in terms of both organization of the editorial work and management, is a successful model of cooperation at the national level.

Keywords: cultural heritage, digitisation, digital libraries.

37

- , [email protected]

A

, - - . - (Digital Rights Management DRM1) - . , DRM , , , .

, DRM -. , . . - , DRM .

: , DRM, , , ,

1 - DRM.


. DRM (Digital Rights Management) , , . DRM , , . , DRM .

. , - . , - . - . , - . , -. CD- .

, -. , . DRM - .

DRM- o . DRM-

39

, , - . , DRM . Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) DRM -. , - . Digital Millennium Copyright Act DMCA2 1998. , DRM .

- , . -, , , . - , . , DRM . a . , XrML3 . 4.

- , - .

2 DMCA - . 3 eXstensible Right Markup language XML- , .4 Electronic Privacy Information Center Digital Rights Management and Privacy http://epic.org/privacy/drm/ ( 10.7.2011.)


. , - . - , , . - , . - .

, Microsoft Windows Media Player - GUID (globally-unique identifier) . , Microsoft Book Reader - . Microsoft - . - , . Microsoft Windows Media Player - . - 5.

DRM - . DRM , , , , - ... - . 6

DRM , , , , - , - . .

5 Electronic Privacy Information Center Digital Rights Management and Privacy http://epic.org/privacy/drm/ ( 10.7.2011.)6 IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Digital Rights Management http://www.ieee.org/portal/site/emergingtech/techindex.jsp?techId=67 ( 10.7.2011.)

41

, , .

DRM : - , . , . . , - . : DRM , .

DRM -, -. , . MP3 , CD-a, - . DVD- 5 . , - . e .

DVD DVD- . . - -, . DRM .7

7 How Stuff Works How Digital Rights Management Works http://computer.howstuff-works.com/drm1.htm ( 10.7.2011.)


DRM , , ( , , -). DRM - , , . - -DRM (Enterprise DRM) .

-DRM - - , Microsoft Word, PDF, AutoCAD, (). s DRM : Microsoft, Adobe systems, Oracle, EMC Corporation .

(watermark)8 . :

1. ,

2. ,

3. ,

4. .

- . - (, ), .

8 . - , , . , o .

43

13. . , , 1292. . 13. 40 , . , - . , . - . , . , -, , .

1. 1656.

. watermark - . (Tanaka) 1990, (Caronnija) (Tirkela) 1993. 1995. . .


, : , , , 3D , - .

- , . - Digital Watermarking , - . : , , -, , . , - , . :

1. ,

2. ,

3. .

.

2. 50

45

. , - . , , a , . , - .

- :

1. ,

2. ,

3. ,

4. .

:

1. ,

2. ,

3. ,

4. .

(Visible watermark) - . , , , . - ( , - , ).

(Invisible Robust watermark) - . - ( , JPEG ). ,


. , . , .

(Invisible Fragile watermark) a ( , JPEG ). - . - . .

(Dual watermark) .

:

1.

2. .

(Source based) (Ownership) , - ( ).

(Destination based) - , () . - -. (Copyright).

- . . . , . , - . - .

47

(Digital signature) - : , . - . (Authentication) - ( -). , ( ), ( ).

(Digital Signature Algorithm DS )9 , , . hash a, . . - , .

1860. 1869. New Hampshire Supreme Court-a -. T ,

9 DS : , -.


; , -. . .

(public key cryptography) - 1874. . (James H. Ellis), (Clifford Cocks) (Malcolm Williamson) , . (Whitfield Diffie) i (Martin Hellman) 1976. , (Ralph Merkle) , - , -- (Diffie-Hellman) RSA 10. , . RSA , - . RSA , .

. 1994. (National Insti-tute of Standards and Technology) FIBS PUBS 186 (Federal Information Processing Standards Publications), (American National Standards Institute) ANSI X9.30 . - - , .

10 RSA 1977. MIT -. Ronald Rivest, Leonard Adleman i Adi Shamir, RSA .

49

-:

1. - .

2. (checksum) - , .

3. CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) - , .

4. .

5. .

6. .

- . - . - .

- . . - . - .

. - (message digest) , SHA (Secure Hash Algorithm) . - . , ,


. - SHA - .

. - . , . , , .

- . -. . (time stamp) , (trusted time stamp) .

, - (non-repu-diation). . , , . (smart card) - . - . .

51

(blind signature) . . - ( , ). - .

- . DS . , , .

- , . , JPEG MPEG, - . , - , . - , hash . , - .

- , - .


. , . , , . , - , .

, . , , .

- , IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) i ANSI (American National Standards Institute).

DSA - . - , -. .

. , ,

53

. - - . - - , , . , .

DRM , . DRM , trusted computing, . DRM , . . , . .

Barni, Mauro, Franco Bartolini, Vito Cappellini and Alessandro Piva. Copyright protection of digital images by embedded unperceivable marks http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0262885698000584 ( 10.7. 2011.)

Cox, Ingemar J., Joe Kilian, Tom F. Leighton, Talal G. Shamoon. Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia, IEEE Transactions on image processing, vol. 143, No. 4., 1996. http://www.google.com/search?q=%E2%80%9ESecure+spread+spectrum+watermarking+for+multimedia%E2%80%9C&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&startIndex=&startPage=1 ( 10.7. 2011.)

Digital Rights Management and Privacy. http://epic.org/privacy/drm/ ( 10. 10. 2011.)

Digital Right Management: http://www.ieee.org/portal/site/emergingtech/techindex.jsp?techId=67 ( 10. 10. 2011.)


Digital Signature Standards: http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips186 2/fips1862-change1.pdf ( 10. 10. 2011.)

How Digital Rights Management Works? http://computer.howstuffworks.com/drm1.htm ( 10. 10. 2011.)

Koch,E. and J. Zhao. Towards Robust and Hidden Image Copyright Labeling, IEEE Workshop on NonLinear Signal and Image Processing, 1995. http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.49.2067 ( 10. 10. 2011.)

Petitcolas, Fabien A.P., Ross J. Anderson and Markus G. Kuhn. Attacks on Copyright Marking Systems, Second workshop on information hiding, in vol. 1525 of Lecture notes in Computer Science, Portland, Oregon, USA, 1417 April, 1998, pp. 218238. http://www.petitcolas.net/fabien/publications/ih98-attacks.pdf ( 7.7. 2011.)

Primjena digitalne fotografije u reprodukcijskim medijima: http://repro.grf.unizg.hr/media/download_gallery/DIGITALNI%20VODENI%20ZIG.pdf ( 7.7. 2011.)

. http://os2.zemris.fer.hr/wm/2007_poljak/index.html ( 10.10. 2011.)

Upravljanje digitalnim pravima(DRM) CCERT-PUBDOC-200710207: http://sigurnost.lss.hr/documents/LinkedDocuments/CCERT-PUBDOC-2007-10-207.pdf ( 10.10. 2011.)

Watermarking world: http://www.watermarkingworld.com/ ( 7. 7. 2011.)

55

Tatjana Brzulovi-Stanisavljevi University Library Svetozar Markovi Belgrade, Serbia [email protected]

DIGITAL RIGHTS MANAGEMENT

Abstract

In order to protect their works against unauthorized use and copying, copyrights holders simultaneously engage the same instruments which allow abuse of their works the digital technology. The Digital Rights Management (DRM) is a com-mon name for the system of technology for the control of the access to the digital contents used by publisher and other copyright holders to protect the access to digital devices and multimedia contents. This system has similarities and contact points (common ground) with copyright protection, but DRM system are prima-rily used for the protection of creative contents, such as music and film, while the copyright protection is in relation with the software protection against unauthor-ized use and copying, but it may be applied also to the documents protection. In a few words, DRM serves to prevent illegal data distribution.

This paper will deal with DRM, its advantages and disadvantages. It will explain protection of digital objects by the means of digital watermarks and digital signa-ture. In line with the international laws any removal, alteration or circumvention of DRM protection system measures is considered as a criminal offence.

Keywords: Digital Rights Management, DRM, copyright protection, documents protection, digital watermarks, digital signature

57

K. LIBER, , [email protected]

:

CENL (Conference of European National Li-brarians ), LIBER (Ligue des bibliothques europennes de recherche ), CERL (Consortium of European Research Li-braries ) (Europeana Foundation).

:

- ,

, - ,

,

,

-, LIBER-, CERL- CENL-, .


, - , 5,1 , , , .

, (one-stop shop), . -, . - , -. .

:

.

: , , - ,

2011. , , 5 19 - . , , - - . - - - ,

59

, - .

. - - 1. - . , , .2

. , , .

, , - , . , - .3

- , - .

, (The Research Information Network RIN)4, -,

1 B. Archer. The Nature of Research, Co-design, 1995, 2: 613. 2 H. Bakhshi, Schneider, P.; & Walker, C., Arts and Humanities Research and Innovation. (London: Arts and Humanities Research Council: 2008)3 B. Archer. The Nature of Research, Co-design, 1995, 2: 3.4 Monica Bulger et al. Reinventing Research? Information Practices in the Humanities. (London: Research Information Network, 2011)


. , - , , , , , - , - :

,

( ).

- :

,

,

- , - .

. - -. , - , . -, . . , .

- , - . , . , , .

61

. , , - - .

, - , , - .

19 . - , -. (Google Books), , - . .

. :

, ,

,

Mendeley Zotero,

, ( , , ).

CERIF 5 - .

5 CERIF Common European Research Information Format . . .


-. - , , 6.

, - . . - .

- . - -, . . - . -. :

- ,

- - ,

/ ,

- .

- . :

6 Jon Rimmer et al. An examination of the physical and the digital qualities of hu-manities research Information Processing & Management, 44 (3)(2008):13741392. doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2007.09.001. ( 15. 10. 2011.)

63

(CENL), (CERL) (LIBER). - - . .

Archer, B., The Nature of Research, Co-design, 1995, 2: 613.

Bakhshi, H.; Schneider, P.; & Walker, C., Arts and Humanities Research and Innovation. London: Arts and Humanities Research Council, 2008.

Bulger, Monica, et al., Reinventing Research? Information Practices in the Humanities. London: Research Information Network, 2011.

Palmer, Carole L. & Laura J. Neumann. The Information Work of Inter-disciplinary Humanities Scholars: Exploration and Translation. The Li-brary Quarterly , 72 (1), Jan., (2002):85117.. http://www.jstor.org/sta-ble/4309582 ( 29. 9. 2011.)

Rimmer, Jon et al.,An examination of the physical and the digital quali-ties of humanities research, Information Processing & Management, 44 (3)(2008):13741392. doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2007.09.001. ( 15. 10. 2011.)


Susan K. Reilly LIBER, National Library of the Netherlands, The Hague, the Netherlands [email protected]

REACHING THE RESEARCHER: EUROPEANA LIBRARIES A PARTNERSHIP APPROACH

Abstract

Europeana Libraries is an EU-funded project that brings together the key net-works of CENL (Conference of European National Librarians), LIBER (As-sociation of European Research Libraries), CERL (Consortium of European Re-search Libraries) and the Europeana Foundation.

Together, they are uniting to accomplish the following objectives:

Build a platform capable of large-scale aggregation of national and re-search libraries collections.

Feed this newly aggregated content into a new website, specifically aimed at meeting the needs of digital humanities researchers, as well as to Europeana.

Improve metadata quality, to address the need for better search results in both Europeana and the new portal.

Offer digital collections where the text will be ready to be made fully searchable, making it possible to search inside books and other materi-als.

Develop an exploitation plan to prepare the service for its extension, initially to other libraries within the membership of LIBER, CERL and CENL as well as beyond the consortium partners.

Nineteen European research libraries from across Europe are participating by adding first class digital content, including 5.1 million pages, videos, books, the-sis, and articles, via Europeana Libraries to Europeana.

Studies show that ease of access, and particularly the one-stop shop approach, are favoured by researchers as a clean and efficient way to accessing digital content. As well as ease of access, quality-assured content is equally important. Euro-peana Libraries addresses this issue directly by taking content from Europes research libraries, where confidence can be placed in the metadata and the qual-ity of the imaging. The development of a full-text indexing as part of Europeana

65

Libraries is of great importance as it will deliver a first-class tool for researchers, enabling them to undertake both deep textual analysis and types of research that are simply not possible in a paper environment.

Europeana Libraries shows how previously disparate institutions can overcome organisational and historical challenges to create a new relationship based on one vision:

To create a single portal for first class digital content from European research libraries for researchers.

Keywords: Europeana Libraries, digital humanities, research infrastructure, partnership

67

. [email protected]

. [email protected]

,

ESE1

: 25 . , .

- - . . 150 300 15. 19. - 686 395 , 13. 18. .

, , . , ESE (Europeana Se-mantic Elements )

1 Europeana Semantic Elements .


. ESE Dublin Core ( ) . DCMES (Dublin Core Metadata Element Set), DC ( Dublin Core Metadata Initiative Terms) . 2011. ESE EDM (Europeana Data Model ) ESE .

: , , , , ESE , EDM

, -, - . , . , , - . - - .2 - . , - - .

, , - .

2 , : 24 - -, , . 8, . 1 (2011), http://www.zbus.rs/cir/index.php?a=visokoskolske&b=cirilica&c=osam&d=jedan#2 ( 14.10.2011).

69

, - .3 -, , -, . - :4

, - ;

- ;

;

.

- . , , :

ESE ;

a OAI-PMH5 ;

ESE ;

.

- , , - .

3 Sally Chambers and Wouter Schallier, Bringing research libraries into Europeana: establishing a library-domain aggregator, Liber Quarterly 20, 1 (2010), http://liber.li-brary.uu.nl/publish/articles/000494/article.pdf ( 14.10.2011).4 Europeana Aggregators Handbook, http://version1.europeana.eu/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=94bcddbf-36254e6d-8135-c7375d6bbc62&groupId=10602 (, 14.10. 2011.) 5 Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting - http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/openar-chivesprotocol.html ( 14.10. 2011.)


-: . 25 - .

, - TEL (The European Library) , - .

- , DART Europe6 , - DOAJ7.

(Koninklijke Biblioteheek) (University College London), . - CENL, LIBER, CERL, (The Europeana Foundation).

- , , - -

6 DART Europe http://www.dart-europe.eu/About/info.php ( 14.10.2011).7 Directory of Open Access Journals ( ), http://www.doaj.org/ ( 14.10.2011).

71

.8 - , , . . PDF . , , - .

150 300 15. 19. . - (18491912), , . , , , , , , , -, , , -, , , , , , , , , - . 1928. , 1494. . .

686 395 . - 13. 18. -: (525 ), (149 ) (13 ). 1206. , - (11451235), . , , , , .

8 , : 24 - -, , . 8, . 1 (2011), http://www.zbus.rs/cir/index.php?a=visokoskolske&b=cirilica&c=osam&d=jedan#2 ( 14.10.2011).


ESE

. , - , - . : LIDO9 , EAD10 , METS11 . ESE . - (Dublin Core)12 :

(DCMES)13 ( 1);

Dublin Core Metadata Initia-tive Terms specification (DC Terms)14, 21 DCMES ( 2);

- ( 3).

- . xml:lang .

9 Lightweight Information Describing Objects, www.lido-schema.org ( 14.10.2011).10 Encoded Archival Description, www.loc.gov/ead/ ( 14.10.2011).11 Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard, www.loc.gov/standards/mets ( 14.10.2011).12 http://dublincore.org/ ( 14.10.2011).13 Dublin Core Metadata Element Set ( - ), http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1 ( 14.10.2011).14 , http://purl.org/dc/terms ( 14.10.2011).

73

Title = Format = Creator = Identifier = Subject = Source = Description = Language = Publisher = Relation = Contributor = Coverage = Date = Rights = Type =

1:

Alternative = hasFormat = Created = isVersionOf = Issue = hasVersion = Spatial = isReferencedBy = Temporal = References = Extent = isReplacedBy = Medium = Replaces = Provenance = isRequiredBy = isPartOf = Requires = hasPart = conformsTo = isFormatOf = tableOfContents =

2: Dublin Core Metadata Initiative Terms specification

europeana:isShownAt europeana:unstoredeuropeana:isShownBy europeana:countryeuropeana:object europeana:languageeuropeana:provider europeana:urieuropeana:dataProvider europeana:usertageuropeana:type europeana:yeareuropeana:right

3:

ESE - , 2008. . - . , , 31. 2011. ,


The Europeana Semantic Elements Specification V3.415. Metadata Mapping & Normalisation Guidelines for the Europeana Semantic Elements V.2.116, 2011. -. , - . , - , . ESE .

- ESE - :17

1. ( 4)

2. ( 5)

3. ( 6)

4. ( 7).

dc:title or dc:description dc:language for text objects europeana:dataProvider europeana:isShownAt or europeana:isShownBy europeana:provider dc:subject or dc:type or dc:coverage or dcterms:spatial europeana:rights europeana:type

4:

15 , http://version1.europeana.eu/web/guest/technical-requirements/ ( 14.10.2011).16 , http://version1.europeana.eu/web/guest/technical-requirements/ ( 14.10.2011).17 Metadata Mapping & Normalisation Guidelines for the Europeana Semantic Elements: version 2.1, http://version1.europeana.eu/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=b3cfcf47-da0a-4c6b-b1d79b08e162643e&groupId=10128 (, 2011.)

75

ESE . . , , - .

dcterms:alternative dc:creator dc:contributor dc:date dcterms:created dcterms:issued dcterms:temporal dc:publisher dc:source dcterms:isPartOf europeana:object

5:

dc:format dcterms:isVersionOfdcterms:extent dcterms:hasPartdcterms:medium dcterms:isReferencedBydc:identifier dcterms:referencesdc:rights dcterms:isReplacedBydcterms:provenance dcterms:replacesdc:relation dcterms:isRequiredBydcterms:conformsTo dcterms:requiresdcterms:hasFormat dcterms:tableOfContentsdcterms:isFormatOf europeana:unstoreddcterms:hasVersion

6:

europeana:country europeana:language europeana:uri europeana:usertag europeana:year

7:


, . - , , . - .

- , e ESE (Europeana Semantic Elements) . e (www.unilib.bg.ac.rs/repozitorijum/fond/aleksandar/index.php; www.unili.bg.ac.rs/repozitorijum/fond/orijentalni/index.php). ESE. , COBISS. COBISS XML. XML , , ESE .

EDM

- ESE - . -, - .18 Europeana Data Model (EDM) -

18 Martin Doerr et al., The Europeana Data Model (rad predstavljen na World library and information congress: 76th IFLA general conference and assembly, Gothenburg, Sweden, 1015 August 2010.) http://www.ifla.org/files/hq/papers/ifla76/149-doerr-en.pdf ( 16. 08.2011)

77

(, , - ).

EDM - - (LIDO, EAD METS). , EDM - . , , -. , - , . EDM - .19

ESE, EDM . , , , . , , , . ( , , , ).

. EDM , .20

19 Europeana Data Model primer, http://group.europeana.eu/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=718a3828-6468-4e94-a9e7-7945c55eec65&groupId=10605 ( 16.10.2011)20 Europeana Data Model primer, http://group.europeana.eu/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=718a38286468-4e94-a9e77945c55eec65&groupId=10605 ( 16.10.2011)


EDM :21

1. :

The Resource Description Framework (RDF) RDF sheme (RDFS) (http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-concepts/),

The OAI Object Reuse and Exchange (OAI ORE) (http://www.openarchives.org/ore),

The Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) (http://www.w3.org/TR/skos-reference/)

The Dublin Core ( DC http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/; Dublin Core Metadata Initiative Terms specification (DC Terms) http://purl.org/dc/terms/ DCMIT ype Vocabulary, - http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/)

2. EDM .

2011. . , ESE, EDM . , , , . . ?, ?, ?, ? . EDM .

21 Definition of the Europeana Data Model elements: version 5.2.1, http://group.europeana.eu/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=aff89c92-b6ff-4373-a279-fc47b9af3af2&groupId=10605 ( 16.10.2011)

79

Antonic, Sanja, Jelena Mitrovic and Adam Sofronijevic. 2011. Fostering Open Access usage by creation of the library aggregator for Europeana: project Europeana libraries. INFORUM 2011: 17th Conference on Professional Information Resources. Prague, May 2426. http://www.inforum.cz/pdf/2011/antonic-sanja.pdf ( 14.10.2011)

Chambers, Sally and Wouter Schallier. Bringing research libraries into Europeana: establishing a library-domain aggregator. Liber Quarterly 20, 1 (2010), http://liber.library.uu.nl/publish/articles/000494/article.pdf ( 14.10.2011.)

Doerr, Martin, Stefan Gradmann, Steffen Hennicke, Antoine Isaac, Carlo Meghini, Herbert van de Sompel. The Europeana Data Model. Rad predstavljen na World library and information congress: 76th IFLA general conference and assembly Gothenburg, Sweden, 1015. August 2010, http://www.ifla.org/files/hq/papers/ifla76/149-doerr-en.pdf (- 16.10.2011)

Definition of the Europeana Data Model elements: version 5.2.1. http://group.europeana.eu/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=aff89c92-b6ff-4373-a279-fc47b9af3af2&groupId=10605 ( 17.10. 2011)

Europeana Aggregators Handbook. http://version1.europeana.eu/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=94bcddbf-36254e6d-8135-c7375d6bbc62&groupId=10602 ( 14.10. 2011.)

Europeana Data Model primer. http://group.europeana.eu/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=718a3828-6468-4e94-a9e7-7945c55eec65&groupId=10605 ( 16.10.2011.)

Europeana Semantic Elements Specification: version 3.4. http://version1.europeana.eu/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=7737683167cf-4cff-a7a27718388eec1d&groupId=10128 ( 14.10. 2011)

Metadata Mapping & Normalisation Guidelines for the Europeana Semantic Elements: version 2.1, http://version1.europeana.eu/c/document_library/get_fi le?uuid=b3cfcf47-da0a-4c6b-b1d79b08e162643e&groupId=10128 ( 14.10.2011)

, ., : 24 - . . 8, . 1 (2011), http://www.zbus.rs/cir/index.php?a=visokoskolske&b=cirilica&c=osam&d=jedan#2 ( 14.10.2011).


Nataa D.Daki [email protected]

Jelena S. Andonovski [email protected]

University library Svetozar Markovi, Belgrade, Serbia

METADATA INTEGRATION IN THE EUROPEANA USING ESE SPECIFICATION

Abstract

One of the most important projects in librarianship, called Europeana Libraries: Ag-gregating digital content from Europes libraries gathers 25 libraries from Eu-rope. The main goal of this two-year project is the construction of the library por-tal aggregator for European digital collections, as well as providing integrated access to millions of digital objects in full text. By involving in this project University li-brary Svetozar Markovi in Belgrade has got the opportunity to present to Europe and the rest of the world its valuable collections in digital form.

This project includes digitizing of two collections: the collection of Alexander the Great, which has approximately 150 books in 300 volumes dating from the fifteenth to the nineteenth century and the collection of Oriental manuscripts, which contains 686 works in 395 volumes in Arabic, Ottoman Turkish and Persian dating from the thir-teenth to the eighteenth century. Also, project provided that Europeana harvests and indexes the descriptive metadata associated with the digital objects. As there is no universal metadata scheme applied across the participating domains, a new set of metadata elements has been developed that will suit to all the project participants.

This ESE standard (The Europeana Semantic Elements) is the metadata set developed for the prototype version of Europeana and it is a Dublin Core-based application pro-file. It contains all 15 DCMES elements. Besides, it lists 22 additional elements from the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative Terms specification. Additionally, it also contains 12 Europeana specific elements. At the end of the year 2011 the existing ESE stand-ard will be replaced with a new standard called EDM (Europeana Data Model) which is being developed because it was realized that the existing ESE standard is not able to offer rich semantic contextualisation for the object represenations in Europeana.

Keywords: Europeana, digital collections, metadata, Dublin Core, ESE stand-ard, EDM standard

81

. Kosson , [email protected]

: ,

,

, , , . o - (WDL World Digital Library), (MICHAEL Multilingual Inventory of Cultural Heritage in Europe), (ATHENA Access to Cultural Heritage Networks Across Europe), (The European Library) (Europeana). , .

- : - . , , . . . - , - . .


: , , , , , , , , , - , a, -, .

-. . -. ? ? . , . . -. 1 2. .

, 3 - . ,

1 , WorldCat, -, www.worldcat.org/ ( 14.09.2012.)2 , The European Library, . 48 . www.theeuropeanlibrary.org ( 14.09.2012.)3 . : Milena Dobre-va, Pierluigi Feliciati, et al. (March 2010). User and Functional Testing. (Final report, Europeana v1.0, Grant Agreement Number: 558001). http://pro.europeana.eu/c/docu-

83

, . , . / . . , - .

, , ! , . , - , . , - . : .

- . . , - 4.

ment_library/get_file?uuid=1c25ae28-9457-4b0f-be62-654a7cf6c5b7&groupId=10602 ( 14.09.2012.)4 Keren Markey. The Online Library Catalog: Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained? D-Lib Magazine, Vol. 13, Nr. 1/2, January/February, 2007, http://www.dlib.org/dlib/janu-ary07/markey/01markey.html ( 14.09.2012.)


-, / - .

, - -. .

-. , -.

Crowdsourcing 5* , , . -. , , .

,

,

5 Rose Holley. Crowdsourcing: How and Why Should Libraries Do It?. D-Lib Maga-zine, Vol. 16, Nr. 3/4, http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march10/holley/03holley.html ( 14.09.2012.)

: http://www.zooniverse.org/ http://www.galaxyzoo.org/how_to_take_part

* Crowdsourcing , rowd , , , sourcing . , , , , . . .

85

. .

6, ( / Paul Otlet / Henri La Fontaine) Mundaneum, - .

, - ( ): Predicamenta-. - , , .

-. : , -, , .

- . . -, .

, - - , -. 7.

6 (1) , (2) , (3) , (4) , (5) , (6) , (7) , (8) , (9) , (9) .7 The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), Semantic web, http://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/ ( 14.09.2012.)


( ) .

, - . - , - , , , - .

? - , , . : . .

W3C, - (Tim Berners-Lee) -.

W3C . - . : RDF (Resource Description Framework ), SPARQL (SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language RDF ), OWL (Web Ontology Language ) SKOS8 ( ).

8 Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) - , , , . . .

87

: . .

.

(Resource Description Framework, RDF)

(RDF) 9.

RDF 10.

RDF 11 XML12 .

RDF 13 URI-s14.

RDF- . - , (

9 The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), Resource Description Framework (RDF), Concepts and Abstract Syntax, http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210/ ( 14.09.2012.)10 The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), RDF Vocabulary Description Language 1.0: RDF Schema, http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210 ( 14.09.2012.)11 The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), RDF Primer, http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-primer-20040210 ( 14.09.2012.) 12 XML eXtensible Markup Language . . .13 idem 9.14 Uniform Resource Identifier . http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210/#dfn-URI-reference ( 14.09.2012.)


) . - RDF-.

RDF .

(RDF) , .

RDF . - , , .

RDF .

, , - - . - .

. RDF .

, ,

W3C 15.

.

2010. W3C - ( , ).

- :

15 The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), Semantic Web Case Studies and Use Cases http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/sweo/public/UseCases/ ( 14.09.2012.)

89

.

- .

.

.

.

.

- ,

.16

, : - . - .

- , .17

18 :

16 The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), Bibliographic Data Cluster http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/lld/wiki/Cluster_BibData ( 14.09.2012.)17 The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), W3C Incubator Group Report 25 Octo-ber 2011, http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/lld/XGR-lld-usecase-20111025/ ( 14.09.2012.)18 The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), Library Linked Data Incubator Group Final Report, W3C Incubator Group Report 25 October 2011, http://www.w3.org/2005/Incu-bator/lld/XGR-lld-20111025/ ( 14.09.2012.)


. - . . - ;

. -- . . .

- .

. () -. , . , , .

-, , : - .

(Data.europeana.eu) . (Europeana Data Model EDM), URI19 .

- , , . - , .

19 Uniform Resource Identifier . . .

91

.

, , . . - .

, - .

Dobreva, Milena, Feliciati, Pierluigi et al. User and Functional Test-ing. (Final report, Europeana v1.0, Grant Agreement Number: 558001, March 2010) http://pro.europeana.eu/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=1c25ae28-9457-4b0f-be62 654a7cf6c5b7&groupId=10602 ( 14.09.2012.)

The European Library, , www.theeuropeanlibrary.org ( 14.09.2012.)

Holley, Rose. Crowdsourcing: How and Why Should Libraries Do It?. D-Lib Magazine, Vol. 16, Nr. 3/4, March/April 2010, http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march10/holley/03holley.html ( 14.09.2012.)

Markey, Keren. The Online Library Catalog: Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained? D-Lib Magazine, Vol. 13, Nr. 1/2, January/February, 2007, http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january07/markey/01markey.html ( 14.09.2012.)

Uniform Resource Identifier . http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210/#dfn-URI-reference ( 14.09.2012.)

World Cat, , www.worldcat.org/ ( 14.09.2012.)

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), Semantic web, http://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/ ( 14.09.2012.)


The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), Resource Description Frame-work (RDF), Concepts and Abstract Syntax, http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210/ ( 14.09.2012.)

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), RDF Vocabulary Descrip-tion Language 1.0: RDF Schema, http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210 ( 14.09.2012.)

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), RDF Primer, http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-primer-20040210 ( 14.09.2012.)

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), Semantic Web Case Stud-ies and Use Cases http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/sweo/public/UseCases/ ( 14.09.2012.)

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), Bibliographic Data Cluster http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/lld/wiki/Cluster_BibData ( 14.09.2012.)

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), W3C Incubator Group Re-port 25 October 2011, http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/lld/XGR-lld-usecase-20111025/ ( 14.09.2012.)

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), Library Linked Data Incuba-tor Group Final Report, W3C Incubator Group Report 25 October 2011, http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/lld/XGR-lld-20111025/ ( 14.09.2012.)

Zooniverse, Real science online, http://www.zooniverse.org/ ( 14.09.2012.)

93

Nicolaie M. Constantinescu Kosson Community Bucharest, Romania [email protected]

WHEN WE COME TOGETHER: WHEN LIBRARIES, ARCHIvES, MUSEUMS AND GALLERIES

ARE LINKED TOGETHER

Abstract

Libraries, Archives, Museums and Galleries (LAMG) are all together bound to cross a very turbulent period in the advent of a golden age. The debate over the convergence of these fields landed for the first time on neutral ground when they were coined as memory institutions and invited to collaborate in building common services like World Digital Library (WDL), Multilingual Inventory of Cultural Heritage in Europe (MICHAEL), Access to Cultural Heritage Networks Across Europe (ATHENA), The European Library and Europeana. In the light of the unfolding economic situation, the struggle to keep a valid social profile is often taken on the grounds of collaboration were enough resources are attracted in order to keep balance and even progress. The future presents a leverage point that should not be ignored or treated lightly: building the informational context through open and standard compliant technologies.

LAMG specialists claim to have switched to a functional paradigm that puts the user needs as the core business. Doing so is to prepare for the future and the fu-ture is one where the resources are aggregated and linked in what we call today Semantic Web. Here we take into consideration the building blocks of this future starting from what we have, and advancing towards an inclusive picture where we are together. Open standards, open technologies, and open licenses are the key components of this space for collaboration among us. We should be swift in embracing them as our users have done this already.

Keywords: libraries, museums, archives, galleries, collaboration, open stand-ards, open technologies, open licenses, semantic web, RDF, library linked data, linked open data, open data

95

Jasmina Lovrinevi [email protected]

Dinka Kovaevi [email protected]

Marija Erl afar [email protected]

Sveuilite Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Hrvatska Odjel za kulturologiju / Smjer Knjiniarstvo

PROMICANJE JEDNAKOSTI I SLOBODE PRISTUPA INFORMACIJAMA U POKRETNIM

KNJINICAMA U REPUBLICI HRvATSKOJ

Saetak

U radu se govori o ulozi hrvatskih pokretnih knjinica u promicanju jednakosti i pristupu informacijama, kako knjigama, tako i e-sadrajima i bazama podataka, promicanju pismenosti i itanja te osobnom obrazovanju i zadovoljavanju kultur-nih potreba stanovnitva.

Svrha rada je ustanoviti uinkovitost pokretnih knjinica u Republici Hrvatskoj da-nas, ali i za budunost, uzimajui u obzir njihovu opremljenost i umreenost te stru-ni kadar, odnosno informacijsku i informatiku strunost djelatnika. Takoer se po-stavlja pitanje, postoje li uvjeti ve danas, da pokretne knjinice u budunosti postanu pokretne elektronike/digitalne knjinice u sastavu svojih narodnih knjinica.

Metodologija: U radu se autorice slue komparativnom analizom djelovanja po-kretnih knjinica (opremljenost/suvremenost, umreenost, struni djelatnici, za-konska regulativa) u Republici Hrvatskoj te dostupnim statistikim podatcima.

Rezultati: Na osnovi usporedbe djelatnosti hrvatskih pokretnih knjinica, poka-zat e se njihova uinkovitost, a samim time nunost i opravdanost njihova djelo-vanja i u budunosti, a sve u svrhu promicanja slobodnog pristupa informacijama i znanju, pismenosti i itanja te kulturne i obrazovne djelatnosti.


Kljune rijei: pokretne knjinice u Republici Hrvatskoj, e-knjinice, slobodan pristup informacijama, obrazovna i kulturna djelatnost

Uvod

Drutvo 21. stoljea, u skladu s brzim tempom ivota i rada, zahtijeva i slobodan i brz pristup informacijama, opirno znanje i cjeloivotno uenje svih generacija, pri emu je slobodan pristup informacijama, takoer, i ustavno pravo svakog graanina Republike Hrvatske, bez obzira na spol, dob, nacionalnost, vjeru ili osobne stavove1.

Pravo svakog ovjeka na slobodan pristup informacijama 2, ba kao to su i prava na slobodno miljenje, ispovijedanje vjere ili javni prosvjed, u knjiniarskim krugovima prihvaeno je u drugoj polovici 20. stoljea, kada su sudionici IFLA-ine 55. skuptine (Pariz, 1989.) podrali lanak 19. Ope deklaracije Ujedinjenih naroda o ljudskim pravima iz 1948. go-dine. Na 61. opoj skuptini IFLA-e u Istambulu 1995. godine usvojena je Rezolucija o vanosti pristupa informacijama i slobodi izraavanja. Na taj su se nain svi lanovi knjiniarskih udruga ukljuili u izradu dokumenta koji se temelji na IFLA-inim stavovima o slobodi izraavanja i slobodnom pristupu informacijama, podravanjem tvrdnje da samo dobro informiran pojedinac moe primjereno reagirati i izraziti svoje miljenje. Ove smjer-nice prihvaene su u hrvatskim knjiniarskim krugovima na 32. skuptini Hrvatskoga knjiniarskog drutva (Lovran, 2000.).

U ovome kontekstu knjinice i informacijske slube omoguuju dostu-pnost informacija na svim medijima i zato su vane u osiguravanju pristu-pa internetu. Pristup internetu i svim njegovim izvorima treba biti u skladu s UN-ovom Opom deklaracijom o ljudskim pravima, posebice izraenom u lanku 19.: Svatko ima pravo na slobodu miljenja i izraavanja; (...) te traenja, primanja i irenja informacija i ideja putem bilo kojeg sredstva javnog priopavanja i bez obzira na granice3.

1 Ustav Republike Hrvatske, lanak 38. www.ombudsman.hr/hr/propisi/109-ustav-repu-blike-hrvatske.html (preuzeto 12.11.2011.)2 Ekaterina Genieva Slobodan pristup informacijama, Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske god. 43, br. 3 (2000): 23.3 IFLA-in Manifest o Internetu, http://archive.ifla.org/III/misc/im-hr.pdf (preuzeto 15.10.2011.)

97

Zadravajui svoju tradicionalnu funkciju gradskog kulturnog sredita javne narodne knjinice i dalje se razvijaju u obavijesna sredita grada i prigradskih naselja (podatci o lokalnoj zajednici, njenoj prolosti i sada-njosti, podatci o ukupnosti zbivanja u zajednici od zaviajne zbirke do kalendara zbivanja: kazalita, izlobe, eljezniki i autobusni redovi vo-nje, turistike informacije, izvjetaji i drugi podatci tijela lokalne uprave) izgraujui slube i usluge potpore lanovima lokalne zajednice (pravno savjetovalite, mogunosti zaposlenja, socijalni programi, politiko (su)odluivanje na lokalnoj razini i slino).

1. Polazita

S obzirom da su knjinice javne ustanove, ija je zadaa omoguiti svakom graaninu pristup informacijama koje su mu potrebne u svakodnevnom ivotu i radu, njegovom osobnom obrazovanju i zadovoljavanju kulturnih potreba, u ovom kontekstu izdvojit e se jedan, ali vrlo vaan segment knjininog poslovanja narodnih knjinica pokretne knjinice.

U Hrvatskoj su one, prema Zakonu o knjinicama, ustrojbene jedinice na-rodnih knjinica i sastavni dio knjinine mree upanije, grada, opine.4

Pokretna knjinica, kao oblik knjinine djelatnosti i knjinina usluga, nije stacionirana na jednom mjestu, ali unato tome, istim fondom, oso-bljem i opremom prua knjinine usluge stanovnitvu na meusobno udaljenim podrujima i promie jednakopravnost u pruanju knjininih usluga poveavanjem mogunosti pristupa istima5.

4 Na temelju lanka 8., stavka 4. Zakona o knjinicama (Narodne novine, broj 105/97. i 5/98.), izraeni su Standardi za narodne knjinice (1999.) iji lanak 11. navodi, da su pokretne knjinice ustrojbene jedinice narodnih knjinica te da se njihova stajalita otvaraju u manjim naseljima, ustanovama i trgovakim drutvima. O pokretnim knjini-cama se govori i u lanku 15., po kojem su pokretne knjinice privremeni ili stalni oblik opsluivanja korisnika u malim, razasutim naseljima ili u pravnim osobama gdje nema uvjeta za druge oblike djelovanja narodne knjinice, a rad pokretnih knjinica poblie se ureuje Standardima za pokretne knjinice bibliobuse (lanak 53.-74.), koji su sastavni dio Standarda za narodne knjinice.5 IFLA, Sekcija za narodne knjinice, prir., Smjernice za pokretne knjinice (Zagreb: Hr-vatsko knjiniarsko drutvo, 2011), 11.


Termin pokretna knjinica (mobile library) uglavnom koriste britanski i australski knjiniari kako bi opisali motorno vozilo koje prenosi knji-ninu grau, dok ostale zemlje koriste izraze poput bookmobile, bibliobus, Buecherbus i slino. injenica da motorna vozila nisu jedina prijevozna sredstva (koriste se brodovi, vlakovi, motocikli, zrakoplovi i razliite i-votinje), termin pokretna knjinica je najprimjereniji kada govorimo o ovom, u dananjem vremenu vanom obliku knjininog poslovanja.

Razlozi za osnivanje pokretnih knjinica su poticanje itanja i svijesti o tiskanoj literaturi (samim time i osnovne pismenosti); dostupnost informa-cija i znanja stanovnitvu ratrkanih podruja i podruja udaljenih od kul-turnih, obrazovnih i informacijskih sredita te ostalim profilima korisnika koji iz bilo kojih razloga nemaju pristup informacijama i znanju, odnosno kulturno-obrazovnim institucijama; pruanje pristupa internetu, e-grai i bazama podataka, pruanje edukativne pomoi/podrke knjininog oso-blja u informatikom i informacijskom smislu.

2. Pokretna knjinica komparativni pristup zakonskoj regulativi

U Hrvatskoj je prvi Zakon o bibliotekama donesen u drugoj polovici 20. stoljea, tonije u prosincu 1960. godine, a stupio je na snagu u si-jenju slijedee godine6. Ovaj Zakon je znaajan dogaaj za razvoj hr-vatskoga bibliotekarstva jer ukljuuje sve propise iz oblasti bibliotekar-stva od 1945. godine, a objavljen je i u Vjesniku bibliotekara Hrvatske. U kontekstu zakonskih propisa usporedit e se samo neki dijelovi prvog hrvatskog Zakona o bibliotekama sa zakonima iz Europe i SAD-a, kako bi se uvidjele razlike u statusu hrvatskoga knjiniarstva spram inozemnog.

Govorei o financiranju knjinica, hrvatski Zakon odreuje da se samostal-ne knjinice financiraju po propisima o financiranju samostalnih ustanova, odnosno financira ih drutvena zajednica. Iz ove je odredbe nemogue za-kljuiti, koliki je financijski udio dravnih ili lokalnih vlasti pri osnivanju i daljnjem radu hrvatskih knjinica. Nasuprot tome, na primjeru amerikog knjiniarstva, narodne se knjinice financiraju iz lokalnih sredstava (po-reza) svojih osnivaa (administrativnih jedinica), a primaju pomo i od drava (56% od ukupnih budeta).

6 Zakon o bibliotekama, Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske god. VI, br. 1/2 (1960): 7581.

99

Dok se skandinavskim Bibliotenim zakonom7 jo 1950. godine definiralo djelomino financiranje bibliobusnih slubi, u prvom republikom hrvat-skom Bibliotenom zakonu iz 1960. spominju se pokretne knjinice, (ne i koncept bibliobusa) samo u lanku 16.: (...)Svoje zadatke narodne knji-nice ostvaruju davanjem knjiga na koritenje, otvaranjem itaonica, orga-niziranjem pokretnih biblioteka i drugim podesnim oblicima rada8.

Govorei o narodnim knjinicama, iz navedenih primjera europske i ame-rike knjinine prakse moe se zakljuiti da je knjiniarstvo u tim ze-mljama, za razliku od Jugoslavije / Hrvatske, na visokoj razini, da uiva materijalnu potporu kako dravnih, tako i lokalnih vlasti, zahvaljujui bi-bliotenim zakonima koji su do ezdesetih godina 20. stoljea usuglaava-ni s postojeom knjininom praksom (primjer skandinavskih bibliotenih zakona)9. Iako je ovaj koncept u hrvatskoj knjiniarskoj javnosti ve uve-like bio poznat, hrvatsko knjiniarstvo u tom periodu jo nije bilo spre-mno za proirenje poslovanja narodnih knjinica, jer, kako je 1960. godine naveo Branko Han u svom lanku Kad krene prvi bibliobus, organizacija bibliobusne slube iziskuje mnogo vremena i truda, znanja, financijskih sredstava.

Zakon o bibliotenoj djelatnosti i bibliotekama (NN 25, 2.7.1973.) govori o pokretnoj knjinici u lanku 17.: Radni ljudi u samostalnim biblioteka-ma i bibliotekama u sastavu, radi razvijanja smisla za knjigu, prireuju

7 Za ovakvu usustavljenu bibliobusnu slubu u skandinavskim dravama zasluna je su-radnja drave i opina s knjinicama. Naime, zakoni, kojima je regulirano skandinavsko bibliotekarstvo, spadaju meu najstarije i najbolje evropske bibliotene zakone (ved-ska 1912., Danska 1920., Norveka 1935.), uz napomenu, da su vedski i danski zako-ni usavreni 1930, odnosno 1931. godine na temelju steenih iskustava, a novi zakoni o knjinicama doneseni su 1950. godine. Ono to je presudno za uspjeno poslovanje bibliobusnih slubi ovih triju drava je poveanje dravnih subvencija velikim pukim knjinicama i pokrajinskim knjinicama, a posebice poveanje dravne potpore za pokra-jinske knjinice koje se slue bibliobusom (drava preuzima 50 % prijevoznih trokova), navodi se u Novi zakoni za puke knjinice u skandinavskim dravama, Vjesnik bibli-otekara Hrvatske god. II, br. 1/4 (1951): 167. 8 Zakon o bibliotekama, Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske god. VI, br. 1/2 (1960): 76.9 Biblioteni zakon skandinavskih drava, pogotovo onaj iz 1950. godine, uvelike je donio pozitivne promjene narodnim knjinicama, a posebice bibliobusnim slubama pa tako pokrajinske knjinice koje se slue bibliobusom od drave dobivaju plaenih 50 % trokova prijevoza., navodi se u Novi zakoni za puke knjinice u skandinavskim dra-vama, Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske god. II, br. 1/4 (1951): 167.


izlobe knjiga, organiziraju predavanja, izdaju strune publikacije, osni-vaju i pomau itaoce i organiziraju pokretne biblioteke, te na drugi na-in ostvaruju ciljeve bibliotene djelatnosti10. lanak 6. Zakona govori da drutvena zajednica osigurava materijalna sredstva za rad knjinice11. Do vremena donoenja prvih hrvatskih Standarda za pokretne knjinice-bibli-obuse 1990. godine primjenjivan je Minimum jugoslavenskih standarda za narodne knjinice12, koji u stavku I. Funkcija narodne knjinice, u lanku 3. govori o bibliobusnoj slubi.

3. Koncept pokretnih knjinica u Hrvatskoj

Knjinica je nezamjenjiva drutvena, kulturna i obrazovna institucije, ija je civilizacijska vrijednost dokazana tijekom povijesti ovjeanstva, a (...) pridonosi sveukupnoj komunikaciji u drutvu (...). Iako je knjinica sred-stvo koje je nastalo da bi se maksimalno iskoristili grafiki zapisi na ko-rist drutva, taj cilj se postie radei s pojedincima i putem pojedinaca dopire do drutva13.

Javne narodne/gradske knjinice veinom su utemeljene na tradicijskim vrijednostima (naroito onih vezanih uz takozvani koncept community librarianship) i otvorenosti zahtjevima globalnog informacijskog dru-tva. Njihova se djelatnost veim dijelom oslanja na preporuke IFLA-e i UNESCO-a, sadrane u stratekom razvojnom dokumentu The Public Library Service: IFLA/UNESCO Guidelines for Development, kojima je definirana uloga i cilj suvremenih narodnih knjinica:

javne ustanove u slubi razvoja drutva (an agency for change); ustanove koje osiguravaju univerzalni pristup izvorima informacija

bez obzira jesu li one pohranjene u knjinici ili izvan nje (access for all);

10 Zakon o bibliotenoj djelatnosti i bibliotekama, Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske god. XIX, br. 1/4(1973): 156.11 Isto, 155.12 Minimum jugoslavenskih standarda za narodne knjinice, Vjesnik Bibliotekara Hr-vatske god. XXII, br. 1/4 (1976): 109.13 Shera Jesse Hauk, The foundations of education for librarianship (New York: Wi-ley,1972), 48.

101

ustanove koje se aktivno zalau za slobodu (pristupa) informacija-ma;

ustanove koje osiguravaju mjesne informacijske, ali i druge (kul-turne, obrazovne, rekreacijske, drutvene i slino) potrebe (local needs);

ustanove koje su uvari i promicatelji mjesne kulture u digitalnom svijetu (local culture);

ustanove kulturnih korijena na bogatoj tradiciji grade uspjene nove usluge i slube otvorene sadanjim i buduim potrebama svo-jih korisnika;

knjinice bez zidova koje se preoblikuju u najvanija socijalna mjesta svojih lokalnih zajednica i mostove ukljuenosti ovih za-jednica u suvremeno globalno drutvo u cjelini (libraries without walls)14.

Pokretne knjinice u Hrvatskoj javljaju se jo davne 1911. godine kada su se u sela karlovake okolice koijom iz Karlovca dostavljali kovezi s knji-gama za posudbu lokalnom stanovnitvu15. Ovaj princip distribucije knjiga nastavio se razvijati i uinkovito djelovati u nekoliko hrvatskih gradova (Zagreb, Varadin, Karlovac, Osijek, Rijeka, Vinkovci...) i zadrao se sve do kraja ezdesetih godina 20. stoljea, unato tome to su ove knjinice bile premalo pokretne i pruale ogranienu mogunost posudbe knjiga.

Od pedesetih do sedamdesetih godina 20. stoljea u hrvatskoj knjiniar-skoj zajednici su vidljive promjene u promiljanju i knjininom poslova-nju. Intenzivno pratei razvoj europskog i svjetskog knjiniarstva, ali i organizirajui strune posjete razliitim tipovima svjetskih knjinica, hr-vatska knjiniarska zajednica prenosi i promovira svoja saznanja te se zalae za unaprjeenje knjiniarstva u Hrvatskoj i proirenje knjininog poslovanja novim oblicima djelovanja pokretnih knjinica.

14 IFLA, Section of Public Libraries, prir., The Public Library Service: IFLA/UNESCO Guidelines for Development, http://archive.ifla.org/VII/s8/proj/publ97.pdf (preuzeto 18.9.2011.) 15 Deset bibliobusa na susretu putujuih knjinica u Karlovcu, Glas Podravine, 22. travnja 2011, http://glaspodravine.hr/2011/04/22/deset-bibliobusa-na-susretu-putujucih-knjiznica-u-karlovcu/ (preuzeto18.8.2011.)


Vrhunac djelovanja pokretne knjinice, s obzirom na broj slubi i njihovu rasprostranjenost, bio je osamdesetih godina 20. stoljea kada je u Hrvat-skoj djelovalo 16 slubi sa 17 vozila16 Zagreb (2 vozila), Rijeka, Split, Pula, Karlovac, Slavonski Brod, Koprivnica, Bjelovar, akovec, Duga Resa, akovo, Glina, Knin, Samobor, Delnice (kombi vozilo), ibenik (kombi vozilo). Tada, odnosno 1981. godine, Matina sluba Knjinica grada Zagreba je provela anketu na razini cijele Jugoslavije o bibliobusnim slubama, a rezultati ankete su prezentirani na Okruglom stolu IFLA-e za pokretne biblioteke. Ova anketa posluila je i kao temelj anketi provede-noj 1986. godine, a odnosila se na stanje i rezultate postignute tijekom 1985. godine.17

Iz tih podataka18 je vidljivo da je tada bilo 59 bibliobusa u SFRJ, pravih namjenskih bibliobusnih vozila 22, od toga u Hrvatskoj 15.

4. Razvoj bibliobusne slube

U periodu kada je u Hrvatskoj poeo djelovati prvi bibliobus kao oblik pokretne knjinice (Rijeka, 1969., Karlovac 1964.- kombi vozilo), hrvat-skoj knjiniarskoj zajednici postaje dostupna knjiga The bookmobile a new look19 (Bibliobus novi pogled) koja problematizira rezultate bogate prakse i iskustva amerikih i kanadskih strunjaka bibliobusnih slubi, u kojima je poslovanje ovih slubi na visokoj razini i s najduom tradicijom. Ameriki i kanadski autori izraavaju jednoobrazni stav, da je bibliobusna sluba integrirani dio bibliotene slube. Etape razvoja bibliotene slu-be i njezinih dostignua od prvih oformljenih i organiziranih bibliobusa pa sve do programirane, informativne, mobilne i ekspeditivne bibliobusne slube, jasno nam kazuju sve etape razvoja ove slube kao i kljune odred-nice, primjerice razvoja koje je hrvatsko narodno knjiniarstvo usvoji-lo i poelo u cijelosti primjenjivati krajem 20. i poetkom 21. stoljea.

16 Dubravko tigli Bibliobusne slube u SRH, Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske god. XXIX, br. 1/4 (1986): 45. 17 Isto, 43.18 Isto, 4356.19 Vinko Zidari The bookmobile a new look, Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske god. XVII, br. 1/2 (1971): 137139.

103

S pravom se moe rei, da su novi pogled na bibliobus amerikih i kanad-skih strunjaka, kao i pozitivna europska iskustva, bili viestruko korisni za hrvatsku knjiniarsku zajednicu jer se poelo promiljati o pokretnim knjinicama kao o neophodnoj vrsti poslovanja, a te su se ideje poele provoditi i u praksi.

Nakon poetka u Rijeci, bibliobusi pokretne knjinice u Hrvatskoj poe-le su intenzivno djelovati sedamdesetih godina 20. stoljea. Prvi zagreba-ki bibliobus s radom je poeo 1976. godine, koja je ujedno i prijelomna jer tada zapravo poinje izgradnja svih ostalih suvremenih pokretnih knjini-ca u Hrvatskoj20. Zagrebaki bibliobus je zahvaljujui elaboratu Matine slube Knjinica Grada Zagreba u suradnji ss strunjacima Tvornice au-tomobila Maribor izgraen po svim standardima suvremenih bibliobusa, tako da je automatski posluio kao prototip za izgradnju svih koji su ka-snije izgraeni21.

Savjetovanja koja su zajedniki organizirale Sekcija za narodne knjini-ce Hrvatskoga bibliotekarskog drutva i Knjinice grada Zagreba bila su prvi pokuaji u stvaranju, razvijanju, suradnji i razmjeni iskustava slube pokretnih knjinica. Iz ankete, provedene meu ovim bibliobusnim slu-bama, moe se zakljuiti da je postojao kronini nedostatak sredstava za nabavu knjiga, knjini je fond siromaan, slab, iitan, to je zasigurno utjecalo na posudbu grae.

Neovisno o fondu jasno je iz podataka da u veini bibliobusa rade po dva lana posade, dok u Karlovcu i Slavonskom Brodu rade po tri lana, a Zagreb je ekipiran s etiri smjene i 15 djelatnika. Iako je u tadanjoj su-vremenoj bibliobusnoj slubi trebao raditi jedan bibliotekar/informator, taj se princip nije primjenjivao jer je nedostajalo visokoobrazovanih strunih djelatnika. Materijalna sredstva za pokretne knjinice nisu se spominjala, ali je iz pojedinanih pokazatelja vidljiv nedostatak financijskih sredstava. Nabava novih vozila i rad bibliobusa financirali su se iz tadanjih samou-pravnih interesnih zajednica (SIZ) republike, opine, grada Zagreba.

Ostvarene aktivnosti i postignua u radu hrvatskih bibliobusnih slu-bi rezultirale su 1990. godine izradom Standarda za pokretne knjinice

20 Dubravko tigli Bibliobusne slube u SRH, Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske god. XXIX, br. 1/4 (1986): 46.21 Isto.


bibliobuse u Republici Hrvatskoj22. Iako ima zemalja s mnogo duom tradicijom pokretnih knjinica, Hrvatska je meu prvim i rijetkim drava-ma koje imaju Standarde za pokretne knjinice jo od 1990. godine, dakle, donijela ih je godinu dana prije izlaska prvog izdanja IFLA-inih Smjerni-ca za pokretne knjinice, koje su objavljene 1991. godine.23

Nakon izrade prvih Standarda za pokretne knjinice-bibliobuse u Republi-ci Hrvatskoj, Sekcija za narodne knjinice Hrvatskoga knjininog dru-tva (HKD) provela je 1996. godine anketu o organizaciji i radu bibliobu-snih slubi. Prema prikupljenim podatcima je vidljivo kako je u Hrvatskoj ostalo svega est aktivnih bibliobusnih slubi: u Bjelovaru, akovcu, Kar-lovcu, Koprivnici, Rijeci i Zagrebu, s ukupno sedam vozila. ak se deset bibliobusnih slubi vremenom ugasilo (u Dugoj Resi, akovu, Glini, Kni-nu, Puli, Samoboru, Slavonskom Brodu, Splitu, ibeniku i Vinkovcima)24. Razlozi tome su bili zastarjelost vozila i ratna zbivanja na prostorima Hr-vatske.

Posljedino tome hrvatska javnost, kako knjiniarska, tako i knjinini korisnici, uspjela je na lokalnim razinama pa i na dravnoj, apelirati za obnovu rada pokretnih knjinica koje