146

HIDROLOŠKI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE

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Raspored voda na Zemlji

1,4 mrd. km3 u oceanima i morima

• ledenjaci i polarni led 43,4 mil. km3

• podzemne vode 15,4 mil. km3• jezera i rijeke 127.000 km3• atmosfera 15.000 km3• biosfera 2.000 km3

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Hidrološki ciklus

• kružni tok vode u prirodi–slijed prolaženja vode iz atmosfere na Zemlju kroz oborine, te njeno ponovno vraćanje u atmosferu isparavanjem

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147

Hidrološki ciklus

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vjetrovi nose vlagu prema obali

Postanak pustinja u sjeni kiše

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Moisture laden winds come

onshore.

količine vlage rastu i hlade se, uzrokujući precipitaciju ...

Postanak pustinja u sjeni kiše

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Moisture laden winds come

onshore

Moist airmass rise and cool,

causing precipitation…

... formirajući kišnu padinu okrenutu prema vjetru

Postanak pustinja u sjeni kiše

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Moisture laden winds come

onshore

Moist airmass rise and cool,

causing precipitation…

…resulting in a rainy windward

slope

zračne mase s izgubljenom vodom tonu i zagrijavaju se, reducirajući relativnu vlažnost ...

Postanak pustinja u sjeni kiše

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Postanak pustinja u sjeni kiše

Moisture laden winds come

onshore

Moist airmass rise and cool,

causing precipitation…

…resulting in a rainy windward

slope

Moisture-depleted airmass sink and warm,

reducing relative humidity…

... formirajući sjenu kiše na stražnjoj strani planine.

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149

Prosječni protok većih rijeka u svijetu

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Poroznost

•omjer volumena pora i ukupnog volumena stijene

– postotak stijene ili sedimenta koji se sastoji od šupljina

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Propusnost

• kapacitet stijene da propusti fluid, kao što je voda ili nafta, kroz pore i frakture

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150

Vodonosnik

• tijelo saturirane stijene ili sedimenta kroz kojeg se voda polako kreće

– vrlo propusni i saturirani vodom

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Poroznost• varira s:

– % cementa

– sortiranjem

– frakturiranjem

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Poroznost i propusnost različitih

tipova vodonosnika

Vrsta vodonosnika Poroznost Propusnost

Šljunak Vrlo visoka Vrlo visokaKrupno do sitnozrnasti pijesak VisokaVisokaSitnoszrnasti pijesak i silt Umjerena Umj. - niskaPješčenjak, umj. cementiran Umj. - niska NiskaFrakturirani šejl Niska NiskaMetamorfne stijene Niska Vrlo niskaNefrakturirani šejl Vrlo niska Vrlo niska

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151

Vrste vodonosnika

• otvoreni:

• zatvoreni:

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nesaturirana zona:

Otvoreni vodonosnik

saturirana zona:

vodno lice

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Vodno lice

• vrh saturirane zone podzemne vode

• razina do koje će voda narasti u zdencu i u otvorenom vodonosniku

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152

Dinamika otvorenog vodonosnika u uvjetima umjerene klime

Voda ulazi u podzemlje infiltracijom zbog kišenja ili otapanja snijega, i otječe putem izvora i rijeka. Nesaturirana zona varira u debljini kako pada vodno lice tijekom suhe sezone i raste u vlažnoj sezoni.

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U vrijeme vlažne sezone ...

Dubina vodnog lica oscilira između vode dodane precipitacijom (obnavljanjem) i ...

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U vrijeme suhe sezone …

... vode izgubljene evaporacijom uz otjecanje zbog bunara, izvora i tokova.

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Zatvoreni vodonosnik

područje obnavljanja

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Zatvoreni vodonosnik

piezometarska razinapodručje obnavljanja

nepropusnisloj

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• područje obnavljanja

• piezometarska razina

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Važne razlike:

• vodno lice: razina do koje će narasti voda u otvorenom vodonosniku

• piezometarska razina: razina do koje će narasti voda u zatvorenomvodonosniku

– arteški izvori

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Zatvoreni vodonosnik

piezometarska razinapodručje obnavljanja

arteški izvornepropusnisloj

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piezometarska razinapovršina tla

arteški izvor

nepropusnisloj

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155

Postanak konusne depresije

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Dinamika međudjelovanja slane

i slatke vode

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Darcyjev zakon

Q = A ( K x i)

Q = istjecanje (m3/dan)A = površina poprečnog presjeka (m2)K = hidraulička vodljivost (m/dan)i = hidraulički gradijent = h/l (bezdimenzijska veličina)

h - pad potencijala (m) na promatranom putu l (m)

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Darcyjev zakon

A=površina poprečnog presjeka

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Ogallalavodonosnik:

“Rudarenjepodzemne

vode”

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Površinski krški oblici• škrape• ponikve (vrtače) • jame• ponori• uvale• polje• estavela• posebno: vrulja

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Potpovršinski oblici krških područja

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škrape

vrtače (ponikve)

ponor

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Antropogena aktivnost koja može zagaditi podzemne vode

Industrija

Septičke jame

Pesticidi i navodnjavanjeOnečišćene lagune i bazeni

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Voda u kontinentalnoj kori

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Hidrotermalni sustavi

Voda ulazi u tlo infiltracijom

Zagrijana voda se izdiže

• topli izvori:

• gejziri:

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Hidrotermalni sustaviVoda ulazi u tlo

infiltracijom

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Hidrotermalni sustaviVoda ulazi u tlo

infiltracijom

Zagrijana voda se izdiže

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Topli izvori: nastaju na mjestima gdje zagrijana podzemna voda izlazi na

površinu

Voda ulazi u tlo infiltracijom

Zagrijana voda se izdiže

Hidrotermalni sustavi

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