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Heart & Circulatory System

Heart & Circulatory System Heart (1): structure made of c musclec surrounded by the pericardium (Herzbeutel) pericardium _ supply the heart muscle 2

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Page 1: Heart & Circulatory System Heart (1): structure made of c musclec surrounded by the pericardium (Herzbeutel) pericardium _ supply the heart muscle 2

Heart & Circulatory System

Page 2: Heart & Circulatory System Heart (1): structure made of c musclec surrounded by the pericardium (Herzbeutel) pericardium _ supply the heart muscle 2

Heart (1): structuremade of c

musclesurrounded by the

pericardium (Herzbeutel)_

supply the heart muscle2 sides - La-rve (!) each side consists of 2

chambers: an a and a v

heart v prevent back flow during contraction

Page 3: Heart & Circulatory System Heart (1): structure made of c musclec surrounded by the pericardium (Herzbeutel) pericardium _ supply the heart muscle 2

Valves of the heart

Atrio-ventricular valves

(Segelklappen)

Mitralklappe (I)Tricuspidalklappe(C)

Between atrium and ventricle

Semilunar valves

(Taschenklappen)

Aortenklappe (K)Pulmonalklappe (E)

Where blood exits (=leaves) the heart

Page 4: Heart & Circulatory System Heart (1): structure made of c musclec surrounded by the pericardium (Herzbeutel) pericardium _ supply the heart muscle 2

Die Herzteile

Page 5: Heart & Circulatory System Heart (1): structure made of c musclec surrounded by the pericardium (Herzbeutel) pericardium _ supply the heart muscle 2

Heart(2): Activity

Atria and ventricles always contract alternately: S :

period when atrium relaxes & ventricles contract

D : period whenatrium contracts & ventricles relax

S : to hear the heart beats

http://pediatriccardiology.uchicago.edu/PP/heart_murmur.htm

Atrium

Ventricle

Page 6: Heart & Circulatory System Heart (1): structure made of c musclec surrounded by the pericardium (Herzbeutel) pericardium _ supply the heart muscle 2

Heart (3): Activity

Page 7: Heart & Circulatory System Heart (1): structure made of c musclec surrounded by the pericardium (Herzbeutel) pericardium _ supply the heart muscle 2

The cardiac pacemaker

Control of the heartbeat electrical impulses are sent

from the SA (sinoatrial) node (“Sinusknoten”) and AV-node (=Vorhofknoten) and.

through the

(sympathetic NS/

parasympathetic NS )

These impulses first cause the atria to contract and then they cause the ventricles to contract. They control and coordinate the beating exactly . The cardiac pacemaker sends

out electrical impulses.

Page 8: Heart & Circulatory System Heart (1): structure made of c musclec surrounded by the pericardium (Herzbeutel) pericardium _ supply the heart muscle 2

“Heartfacts”

An adult’s heart beats about ___ times a minute. That means when you are 70 years old your heart would have beaten 3 billion times.

It has the power of about 580 PS a day and weighs of about ___ g.

It pumps about __ litres of blood a minute.

The blood needs about __ minute to circulate through the body.

Page 9: Heart & Circulatory System Heart (1): structure made of c musclec surrounded by the pericardium (Herzbeutel) pericardium _ supply the heart muscle 2

Types of blood vessels (1)

Arteries (sg. artery): Take blood from the heart, their walls are and (blood pulses through them with high pressure). A can lead to an imain artery: aorta

Page 10: Heart & Circulatory System Heart (1): structure made of c musclec surrounded by the pericardium (Herzbeutel) pericardium _ supply the heart muscle 2

capillariesartery vein

arteriole venu

le

tissue fluid

tissuecells

capillary wall

O2 glucose CO2 wastes

Page 11: Heart & Circulatory System Heart (1): structure made of c musclec surrounded by the pericardium (Herzbeutel) pericardium _ supply the heart muscle 2

Types of blood vessels (2)Veins (sg. vein):Blood flows to the heart, the walls are thin and not muscular. They have to prevent backflow of blood. This is also done by the arteries which are next to them (a. & v. are mostly grouped together), sometimes through the contraction of striated muscles („Muskelpumpe“) main vein: vena cava (Hohlvene)

Capillaries (sg. capillary):

„Haargefäße“ , can only be seen under a microscope (diameter about 8/1000 mm), their functions are the exchange of materials (through ) between blood and cells and the regulation of the body temperature.

Page 12: Heart & Circulatory System Heart (1): structure made of c musclec surrounded by the pericardium (Herzbeutel) pericardium _ supply the heart muscle 2

Valves allow bloodto go forward...

…but notbackward

valveopen

musclescontracted

valveclosed

valveopen

musclesrelaxed

valveclosed

Page 13: Heart & Circulatory System Heart (1): structure made of c musclec surrounded by the pericardium (Herzbeutel) pericardium _ supply the heart muscle 2

Varicose veins

Varicose veins arise when there are weaknesses in

the vein walls

Page 14: Heart & Circulatory System Heart (1): structure made of c musclec surrounded by the pericardium (Herzbeutel) pericardium _ supply the heart muscle 2

Der Blutkreislauf (2)

Page 15: Heart & Circulatory System Heart (1): structure made of c musclec surrounded by the pericardium (Herzbeutel) pericardium _ supply the heart muscle 2

Circulatory System (1)

The Heart pumps the blood through a double circulatory system.

The “journey of the blood”: systemic circulation (Körperkreislauf): blood

from left ventricle > aorta > arteries > capillaries > exchange with cells > veins > vena cava > right atrium

pulmonary circulation (Lungenkreislauf): blood from right ventricle >deoxygenated blood over pulmonary artery > lungs > becomes oxygenated > oxygenated blood pulmonary vein > left atrium

Page 16: Heart & Circulatory System Heart (1): structure made of c musclec surrounded by the pericardium (Herzbeutel) pericardium _ supply the heart muscle 2

Circulatory System (2) The blood flows

permanently through blood vessels, which are more than 1000 kilometres long.

About 13% of the blood is always in the pulmonary circulatory, about 15% in arteries & 59% in veins of the systemic circulation. 5% in capillaries and about 9% in the heart.

hepatic portal vein brings blood with nutrients from digestive system to the liver.

Page 17: Heart & Circulatory System Heart (1): structure made of c musclec surrounded by the pericardium (Herzbeutel) pericardium _ supply the heart muscle 2

Der embryonale Blutkreislauf

Der embryonale Kreislauf besitzt „Kurzschlussver-bindungen“: das Foramen ovale und den Ver-bindungsgang zwischen Lungen- und Hauptschlag-ader. Beide sorgen dafür, dass die noch nicht entfaltete Lunge umgangen werden kann.

Page 18: Heart & Circulatory System Heart (1): structure made of c musclec surrounded by the pericardium (Herzbeutel) pericardium _ supply the heart muscle 2

Blood vessels

Page 19: Heart & Circulatory System Heart (1): structure made of c musclec surrounded by the pericardium (Herzbeutel) pericardium _ supply the heart muscle 2

Terminology

What is an artery? What is a vein? What is deoxygenated blood?

(=“venöses Blut”) What is oxygenated blood?

(=arterielles Blut”) Gibt es Venen mit arteriellem Blut

und Arterien mit venösem? (=Are there veins with deoxygenated blood and arteries with oxygenated blood?)

On which side of the heart is the blood oxygenated/deoxygenated?

Page 20: Heart & Circulatory System Heart (1): structure made of c musclec surrounded by the pericardium (Herzbeutel) pericardium _ supply the heart muscle 2

Each organ has its own blood supply

it depends on: their need for oxygen their amount of

supporting blood vessels

their function

Individual Organs require different amounts of blood

Page 21: Heart & Circulatory System Heart (1): structure made of c musclec surrounded by the pericardium (Herzbeutel) pericardium _ supply the heart muscle 2

Der Blutdruck – „blood pressure“

Der Blutdruck - die Kraft, die das Blut auf die Gefäßwand ausübt - wird in Millimeter Quecksilber-säule angegeben, also z.B. 140/90 mm Hg. Beide Werte werden für die Beurteilung herangezogen, allerdings ist der untere der wichtigere Wert.

Der obere Wert ist mit 100 plus Lebensalter in der Norm (allerdings nicht bei älteren Personen!).

Der obere Wert ist der systolische, der untere der diastolische Wert.

Page 22: Heart & Circulatory System Heart (1): structure made of c musclec surrounded by the pericardium (Herzbeutel) pericardium _ supply the heart muscle 2

Bluthochdruck und niederer Blutdruck

Niederer Blutdruck (Hypotonie) ist nicht immer spürbar, denn nicht immer macht er Probleme. Häufig treten aber folgende Beschwerden auf: Schwindel, Kollapsneigung, Wetterfühligkeit, morgendliche Antriebsschwäche, Schlafstörungen, Kältegefühl usw.

Niedriger Blutdruck ist fast immer ungefährlich, bei älteren Leuten besteht jedoch Sturzgefahr durch den Schwindel.

Bluthochdruck (Hypertonie, engl: hypertension)obere Werte, die höher als 160 und untere Werte, die höher als 95 sind, werden als erhöht angesehen.

Ist der Blutdruck über längere Zeit erhöht, steigt das Risiko, Gefäßschäden, Augen-, Nieren- oder Herzerkrankungen bzw. einen Gehirnschlag zu bekommen.

Page 23: Heart & Circulatory System Heart (1): structure made of c musclec surrounded by the pericardium (Herzbeutel) pericardium _ supply the heart muscle 2

Das Elektrokardiogramm (EKG)

Die P-Zacke beschreibt die Erregung im Vorhofgebiet, QRS- Zacken entstehen als Folge der Ausbreitung der Erregung über die Kammern. Die T- Kurve beschreibt den Erregungsrückgang.

Die im Herzen ablaufende elektrische Aktivität wird registriert. Dabei entstehen charakteristische Kurven und Zacken.

Durch die Messung der Herzströme kann festgestellt werden, ob Entzündungen oder ein Infarkt den Herzmuskel bereits geschädigt haben und ob die Durchblutung ausreichend ist.

Zur sicheren Diagnose sollte ein Belastungs- EKG gemacht werden (Ergometer).

Page 24: Heart & Circulatory System Heart (1): structure made of c musclec surrounded by the pericardium (Herzbeutel) pericardium _ supply the heart muscle 2

The heart lung machine

Page 25: Heart & Circulatory System Heart (1): structure made of c musclec surrounded by the pericardium (Herzbeutel) pericardium _ supply the heart muscle 2

Herz und Lunge im Verbund

Page 26: Heart & Circulatory System Heart (1): structure made of c musclec surrounded by the pericardium (Herzbeutel) pericardium _ supply the heart muscle 2

Quellen

Timm, Michael: „Gesundheit in Frage und Antwort“, Midena- Verlag, Augsburg 1997

Natur und Wissen3: „Der Mensch“, Bertelsmann international, München 1984

de Bernabe, Dr. E. G., „Schülerwissen aktuell“, Tosa- Verlag, Wien 1998

Brenner, Klaus- Ulrich: „Der Körper des Menschen“, Weltbild- Verlag, Augsburg 1996

www.mallig.de Atlas der Anatomie, Buch und Zeit Verlagsgesellschaft,

Köln 1990 Unger, Hödl, Kalnoky u.a., „Biologie und Ökologie“ Band II

WB, Trauner Verlag, Linz 1997 Animationen:

http://www.le.ac.uk/pathology/teach/va/titlpag1.html