GRDC GrowNotes Northern Durum March 2014

DURUM -

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DurumKnow more Grow more

planningpaddock preparation bull pre-planting bull planting bull

plant growth and physiology bull nutrition and fertiliser bull weed control bull

insect control bull nematode control bull diseases bull plant growth

regulators and canopy management bull harvest bull storage bull

environmental issues bull marketing bull current research

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The GRDC GrowNotes are an entirely new initiative for GRDC and for the first time provide

a one-stop shop for northern region trial results and best practice recommendations

Having said that the GrowNotes build on extension media of past and present from crop

notes to YouTube

The GrowNotes are digital documents available online so they are able to use the very

best e-publishing technology available to make the information easy to find and navigate

The GrowNotes constantly link to further information In the wheat GrowNotes alone there

are 900 hypertext links

We hope ready access to information will help growers adopt best practices and increase

production and profit

The notes are a dynamic document that will be regularly updated as new research and

agronomic information come to light and growers and agronomists provide feedback

The three modules wheat barley and durum are effectively pilot

projects for the entire 17 crops grown in the northern region

We urge you to test them and give us your feedback There is a

feedback button on every page that sends your comments good

or bad directly back to GRDC

Access the GRDC GrowNotes via wwwgrdccomaugrownotes

James Clark

GRDC Northern Panel Chair

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Foreword

It is my pleasure to welcome you to the GRDC GrowNotes a new and exciting information

product range providing you with regional trial results and best practice recommendations on

the crops you grow A good example of your levy at work

The GRDC has been investing in grains RDampE for more than 20 years During this time together

with our partners we have generated a mass of information from research outputs and findings

most of which remains relevant today

Typically this research has been communicated to industry through GRDC Grower Updates

GRDC Adviser Updates Ground Cover fact sheets media releases communication

campaigns and the GRDC website While these remain important communication channels

new information technologies such as digital publishing and mobile device applications provide

an opportunity to communicate the results of GRDC-funded research more effectively

The Regional Grower Services business group was established within GRDC to actively listen

service and deliver results to growers Through Regional Grower Services we have heard your

feedback loud and clear Our Regional Cropping Solutions networks and Grower Solutions

Groups have told us that growers now need more specific information tailored to their

environment and in a format they can access when they need it most Having this all in one

location so they donrsquot have to go trawling through the internet is another critical feature

So whatrsquos special about GRDC GrowNotes It really comes down to actively listening to

growers and the intense collaboration between our Regional Grower Services group and our

science writers Comments and observations from growers about GRDC publications and

products and what theyrsquod like to see improved and the feedback received from the growers and

advisers who first tested GrowNotes have come together in a very unique blend

The GRDCrsquos GrowNotes are a direct result of your GRDC listening to what you need and

presenting it in a way that best informs the cropping decisions you make

Yoursquoll see a feedback button at the top of every page I encourage you to use this to provide us

with any comments or feedback so we can continue to improve and extend the

GRDC GrowNotes I want to thank all of those who have already provided

input and feedback on the various beta versions Theyrsquove given us insights

that have allowed us to develop GrowNotes to a whole new level

We will continue to make improvements to GrowNotes so stay tuned as

other crop modules are progressively rolled out

I hope you find the GRDC GrowNotes useful

Stuart Kearns

GRDC Executive Manager Regional Grower Services

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SECTION A

Introduction

A1 Crop overview

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L var durum) or pasta wheat (Photo 1) is known for its

hardness protein intense yellow colour nutty flavour and excellent cooking qualities In

2005ndash06 production was ~500000 tonnes (t) with New South Wales (NSW) accounting

for around 56 and South Australia (SA) 41 of current production The balance is

produced in Queensland Victoria and Western Australia (WA) 1

Durum wheat should only be grown on highly fertile soils where high-protein grain can be

produced as protein levels gt13 are required to meet premium market grades Protein

levels below 10 can be marketed only as feed 2

A2 Keywords

Durum northern grains region winter cereals crop rotation fallow weed control cereal

diseases root-lesion nematodes water use efficiency nitrogen use efficiency soil testing

crown rot Fusarium head blight protein pasta crop nutrition and fertiliser

Photo 1 Durum wheat

1 J Kneipp (2008) Durum wheat production NSW Department of Primary Industries httpwwwnvtonlinecomauwp-contentuploads201303Crop-Guide-NSW-Durum-Wheat-Productionpdf

2 DAFF (2012) Durum wheat in Queensland Queensland Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry httpwwwdaffqldgovauplantsfield-crops-and-pasturesbroadacre-field-cropswheatdurum-wheat

Section A DURUM - Introduction

Section 1 DURUM - Planning and paddock preparation

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SECTION 1

Planning and paddock preparation

For more information see the GRDC GrowNotes WHEAT (Northern region) Section 1

11 Paddock selection

Select paddocks that are fertile and store good levels of stored water or receive reliable in-

crop rainfall or have access to supplementary irrigation Durum wheat must only be grown

where a reliable harvest of high protein (13+) plump hard vitreous grain can be produced

The highest grade of durum (ADR1) must have a minimum protein level of 13 and ADR2

gt115 Careful management of soil nitrogen (N) is essential to achieve this 1

Durum wheats and bread wheats should not be sown into paddocks known to carry high

levels of crown rot inoculum Ground preparation is the same as that for bread wheat

Adequate weed control should eliminate all weeds and volunteer plants of bread wheat

barley or other crop species 2

12 Paddock rotation and history

Photo 1 Rotations with non-cereal species including canola are important for durum paddocks

1 R Hare (2006) Agronomy of the durum wheats Kamilaroi Yallaroi Wollaroi and EGA Bellaroi Primefacts 140 NSW Department of Primary Industries httpwwwdpinswgovau__dataassetspdf_file000763646Agronomy-of-the-durum-wheats---Primefact-140-finalpdf

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Crop rotations using pulses canola sorghum sunflower and pasture legumes are essential

to control disease and also to provide opportunities for weed control A robust crop

rotation must be planned over a number of seasons if successful crops of durum wheat are

to be produced 3

Rotations with non-cereal species including pulses canola sorghum pasture legumes

(especially lucerne) and sunflowers are essential in order to

bull control root disease especially crown rot

bull provide for the biological fixation of N2 through legumes

bull control weeds and contaminant crop species and aid in herbicide group rotation

Durum should be the first cereal crop after a non-cereal species Avoid successive durum

crops 4

13 Benefits of crop as a rotation crop

Generally durums are relatively resistant to the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei

compared with other winter cereal crops

14 Disadvantages of crop as a rotation crop

Durum will more rapidly build up crown rot inoculum that can negatively affect subsequent

winter cereal crops

15 Fallow weed control

Good weed control can be achieved effectively by controlling weeds in preceding crops

and fallow rotating crops growing competitive durum crops and the judicious use of

herbicides It is important to control weeds such as New Zealand spinach climbing

buckwheat (black bindweed) and Mexican poppy as their small black seeds can be difficult

to remove from the grain affecting consumer acceptance 5 Controlling these winter weeds

in both preceding crops and winter fallows is important for subsequent durum crop quality

16 Seedbed requirements

Quality seed for planting is essential Only use seed that has a high germination is large

and plump is genetically pure and is free of all contaminants such as weed seeds and

impurities of other winter cereals in particular bread wheat and barley Seed must be

treated with an appropriate fungicide to avoid head disease (smuts and bunts) and leaf

diseases (stripe rust)

Plant seed into a cultivated or chemically prepared seedbed at around 4ndash6 cm depth

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and preferably use minimum disturbance equipment with a press wheel adjusted to soil

and moisture conditions Seeding rates and sowing times will vary from state to state so

consult local information 6

17 Soil moisture

171 DrylandIn NSW the major production is in the north and in Queensland it is the Darling Downs

and central Queensland Northern NSW and southern Queensland share similar summer-

dominant rainfall conditions The Vertosol soils of both the Darling Downs and the Liverpool

Plains are typically deep friable black clays capable of storing plant-available water to the

depth of 1 m+ Most fallows are no-tilled to maximise the storage of summer rainfall 7

172 IrrigationDurum wheat is grown successfully under irrigated conditions in most of the production

areas using both surface and overhead irrigation systems Both water and N management

are crucial if high-yielding crops of high-quality grain are to be achieved In northern NSW

irrigated crops have yielded 8ndash10 tha with ~35 megalitres (ML) waterha 8

18 Yield and targets

Eight commercial durum crops were monitored in 1999 in the Liverpool Plains (northern

NSW) to identify the factors limiting durum wheat yields and the levels for target yields

WHEATMAN-generated values for critical plant and soil parameters for durum production

were used as benchmarks Low plant population (42ndash91 plantsm2) resulting from poor

seed quality (60ndash95) combined with insufficient nitrate supply (3ndash27 kg Nha at harvest

at four of five sites) appeared to be major factors limiting durum yields in the monitored

crops (range 43ndash53 tha) Disease management was also likely to be a contributing factor

as crown rot levels in the wheat paddocks were lt5 following sorghum and 15ndash30

following wheat 9

181 Water-use efficiencyResearchers at CSIRO Plant Industry in Canberra are developing water-use-efficient and

salt-tolerant durum wheats to increase durum yields in current production areas as well as

new environments

Researchers are improving water-use efficiency by trying to combine several traits high

9 GJ Butler PT Hayman DF Herridge T Christian (2001) Working with farmers to benchmark high-yielding durum wheat on the Liverpool Plains 10th Australian Agronomy Conference Australian Society of AgronomyThe Regional Institute Ltd httpwwwregionalorgauauasa20014bbutlerhtm

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transpiration efficiency long coleoptiles and early vigour They have found using 50 years of

climate data and computer simulation that combining high transpiration efficiency and early

vigour is likely to make durum wheat much more suitable for growing in both southern and

northern cropping areas

Elite durum varieties have low transpiration efficiency but the research team has found a

highly transpiration-efficient durum to cross with them This will give the plants a water-use

efficiency trait similar to that of the new bread wheats Drysdale and Rees

The team is also introducing alternative dwarfing genes from European durum wheats into

commercial varieties These genes restrict plant height but allow the expression of long

coleoptiles (about 15 cm compared with 9cm for Tamaroi )

Longer coleoptiles provide insurance that the shoot will reach the soil surface even when

deep sowing is required because of receding topsoil moisture or when there is uneven

sowing depth due to stubble or direct drilling Durum lines combining the high transpiration

efficiency and long coleoptiles may be available within 4ndash5 years

CSIRO is developing salt-tolerant durum wheats to allow durum to be grown in areas

affected by subsoil salinity This follows a search of the Australian Winter Cereal Collection in

Tamworth that revealed ancient Persian durum wheats with the ability to exclude salt from

their roots Elite lines derived from crosses between Tamaroi and the sodium-excluding

ancestors were grown in saline and non-saline soils for the first time in the 2004 season

The team has identified two major genes that confer the salt tolerance and a molecular

marker has been found for one There is ongoing research to find a marker for the

other The research is being conducted through the AUSGRAINZ joint venture between

CSIRO and NZ Crop and Food Research (GRDC Research Codes CSP344 CSP298

CSP00058)10

182 Nitrogen-use efficiencyNitrogen-use efficiency is a term that is rarely understood It aims to quantify the amount of

N fertiliser applied that is available to the crop In GRDC-funded benchmarking trials carried

out by NSW Department of Primary Industries (DPI) in 2009 this value ranged from 25 to

95 in the benchmarked crops which varies dramatically from the figure of 50 commonly

used for N-budgeting purposes

The major reason for the variation is the level of N that is tied up by trash and the amount

released by mineralisation In the crops benchmarked crops following cotton tended to

have lower N-use efficiency as the cotton trash that is incorporated into the soil requires

large amounts of N to feed the bugs that break the trash down In addition there is minimal

short-term in-crop mineralisation Crops following maize or fallow however had very little

N tied up and released much more N through mineralisation and hence had higher N-use

efficiency

The amount of N removed was calculated by N in grain (kgha) = yield (tha) x 175 x protein

10 GRDC (2005) Tracking water-use efficiency GRDC Groundcover Issue 54 Feb 2005 httpwwwgrdccomauMedia-CentreGround-CoverGround-Cover-Issue-54Tracking-wateruse-efficiency

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() and crop N requirement = N in grain (kgha) x N uptake efficiency factor So if we know

the starting soil N the yield and the protein percentage we can then estimate the N uptake

efficiency factor 11

For more information download lsquoGrowing wheat after cottonmdashDurum benchmarking 2009rsquo

httpwwwgrdccomauResearch-and-DevelopmentGRDC-Update-Papers201108

Growing-wheat-after-cotton-Durum-benchmarking-2009

19 Disease status of paddock

Paddocks that carry even moderate levels of the crown rot fungus (Fusarium

pseudograminearum) must be carefully managed The crown rot fungus enters the plant

through the roots disrupting plant water supply and hence grain yield Moisture stress will

exacerbate these conditions resulting in the appearance of lsquowhiteheadsrsquo in the crop which

produce small shrivelled grain It is therefore recommended that durum crops not be grown

following a previous wheat crop or maize which is also a carrier of the Fusarium head blight

(FHB) fungus (F graminearum)12

191 Crown rotThe ground should contain very little crown rot inoculum The most conspicuous broadacre

symptom of crown rot is the appearance of lsquowhiteheadsrsquo in the crop However not all

whiteheads are due to crown rot infection Insect attack on stem tissues frost and moisture

stress damage can lead to whiteheads

Stems that exhibit a brown (honey) discoloration on the lower internodes are a good

indicator of crown rot infection and a more reliable indicator of inoculum than whiteheads

which may not always be expressed in the crop On severely affected plants pink fungal

growth is often present on the lower part of the stem and crown New ground out of natural

pasture should not be used as the native grass species harbour the crown rot fungus

These precautions are the same as those observed in bread wheat cultivation Ground

known to carry high levels of crown rot inoculum should be sown to an alternative crop

such as sorghum or the broadleaf crops (eg chickpea faba bean mungbean canola

sunflower) over a period of 2 years before replanting durum The sowing of a durum

crop following bread wheat is not recommended as inoculum will be increased by both

susceptible species 13

192 Fusarium head blightMaize should not be planted in the rotation prior to durum as maize is a susceptible host of

the FHB fungus Inoculum carried by the maize trash may pass the disease to the following

11 B Haskins M Sissons (2011) Growing wheat after cottonmdashDurum benchmarking 2009 GRDC Update Papers 10 August 2011 httpwwwgrdccomauResearch-and-DevelopmentGRDC-Update-Papers201108Growing-wheat-after-cotton-Durum-benchmarking-2009

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durum crop if suitable weather conditions for infection such as an extended wet period

prevail during and following flowering Significant FHB infection can lead to serious losses of

grain yield and downgrading of grain quality 14

193 Soil testing for diseaseA survey to detect and quantify a range of important cereal pathogens of central and

northern NSW in 2011 was carried out using PreDicta B a soil-based DNA test developed

by the South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI) The results confirmed

that the root-lesion nematode (RLN) Pratylenchus thornei is widespread detected in 70

of paddocks and at populations representing a risk of yield loss in intolerant varieties in 33

of the 248 paddocks surveyed The RLN P neglectus has a more restricted distribution

detected in 38 of paddocks and at populations representing a risk of yield loss in

intolerant varieties in only 5 of the random paddocks surveyed Fungal pathogen Bipolaris

sorokiniana was present in 69 of paddocks and at levels that presented a mediumndashhigh

risk of common root rot in 2011 in 16 of the surveyed paddocks Fungal root pathogen

Pythium was detected in 67 of paddocks but was at low levels presenting a risk of yield

loss in lt2 of paddocks The crown rot pathogen F pseudograminearum was detected in

63 of paddocks and was at high enough levels to present a mediumndashhigh disease risk in

23 of paddocks The FHB pathogen F graminearum was detected in 28 of paddocks

and at high enough levels to present a mediumndashhigh disease risk in 8 of paddocks 15

194 Cropping history effectsIrrigated durum wheat must not follow maize in the rotation as significant outbreaks of

FHB can occur causing both yield and quality losses In severe outbreaks of FHB toxic

fungi or mycotoxins may contaminate the grain making it unfit for human or livestock

consumption16

15 S Simpfendorfer A Alston A McKay G Poole (2011) Cereal pathogen survey of Central and Northern NSWmdash2011 NSW Department of Primary Industries httpwwwdpinswgovau__dataassetspdf_file0003431265Cereal-pathogen-surveypdf

Section 2 DURUM - Pre-planting

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SECTION 2

Pre-planting

Preplanting

21 Varietal performance and yield ratings

Photo 1 Durum in the paddock

Eight durum wheat cultivars released by NSW Department of Primary Industries continue to

dominate the industry Australia wide (95 market share in 2004) 1

Saintly 2008 Derived from an awnless Kalka sister line crossed twice to Tamori Saintly is

an early-maturing line suited to both short- and medium-season production environments

It is well suited to production zones that are at risk of experiencing a sharp finish to the

growing season Saintly has an APDR classification in SA It produces high-quality semolina

with higher yellow pigment colour than the current dominant SA varieties Tamaroi and

Kalka Saintly offers an excellent disease package with high levels of resistance to stem

stripe and leaf rust

Hyperno 2008 High yield potential mid-season variety with excellent potential in northern

NSW Queensland and SA It has a good resistance to stem rust leaf rust and stripe rust

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but is moderately susceptible to yellow spot Hyperno is moderately resistantndashmoderately

susceptible to black point and shattering It may lodge under irrigation or high-yielding

conditions

Caparoi 2008 High-yielding (similar to Jandaroi) mid-season semi-dwarf variety suitable

for production across Australia with high yield performance noted in southern Queensland

Grain quality is similar to EGA Jandaroi and superior to Wollaroi but slightly lower than EGA

Bellaroi Caparoi has improved dough strength relative to EGA Bellaroi It has a high level

of resistance to stem rust stripe rust and yellow leaf spot Caparoi is moderately resistantndash

moderately susceptible to leaf rust It is moderately tolerant to root lesion nematodes and

very susceptible to crown rot Caparoi has good resistance to lodging and shattering

Jandaroi 2007 Jandaroi has superior semolina and pasta quality with bright clean yellow

appearance and no discoloration It has a high level of resistance to stem rust leaf rust

and stripe rust It is moderately resistantndashmoderately susceptible to yellow spot but is

very susceptible to crown rot It is expected to replace Yallaroi and Wollaroi in NSW and

Queensland and also to suit central Queensland SA and possibly WA

Kalka 2003 Developed by the University of Adelaide and released by Australian Grain

Technologies Kalka is derived from Yallaroi with improved tolerance to high levels of soil

boron During 2000 and 2001 seasons generally free of boron toxicity its yields were on

average 2ndash3 above Tamaroi but in recent seasons this margin has narrowed The grain

of Kalka is slightly lighter but has less screenings than Tamaroi and features improved

semolina colour and hence better marketability

Bellaroi 2003 Grain yield similar to or better than Yallaroi and Wollaroi in northern NSW

Grain protein is consistently higher than other current commercial varieties Bellaroi has

exceptional pasta-making quality Bellaroi is resistantndashmoderately resistant to stem and leaf

rust It is resistant to yellow leaf spot and common root rot Bellaroi is moderately tolerant to

root lesion nematodes but very susceptible to crown rot It has very good black point and

lodging resistance Current major market shareholder

Gundaroi 1999 Another cultivar having more specific adaption to SA Gundaroi id

slightly better yielding than Yallaroi in SA but similar to Tamaroi Wollaroi and Yallaroi in

NSW Gundaroi offers the SA durum wheat industry a cultivar with specific superior site

adaptation while maintaining the pasta quality and disease resistance characteristics of

Yallaroi and Tamaroi

Tamaroi 1998 Released as being a better adapted cultivar in the SA environment Tamaroi

yields ~15 higher than Yallaroi and is marginally quicker to maturity This variety has also

produced higher protein levels than Wollaroi and Yallaroi

Wollaroi 1993 Medium height strong straw with good lodging resistance Grain protein

content is ~05 higher than Yallaroi Pasta made from Wollaroi has a superior bright

clean yellow appearance and has been popular with manufacturers Wollaroi has good

resistance to black point but is only moderately tolerant to root lesion nematodes and is

not recommended for nematode infested soils Wollaroi has largely been superseded by

new varieties

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Yallaroi 1987 Released to complement Kamilaroi and should be sown slightly earlier

Yallaroi consistently outyields Kamilaroi but may produce grain of lower protein content It

has excellent colour dough strength and resistance to black point Yallaroi is slightly less

tolerant of weather damage than Kamilaroi but still satisfactory by current standards

Kamilaroi 1982 The first significant breakthrough in improved quality and yield Kamilaroi

set the benchmark for what was to follow possessing good dough properties high protein

and good tolerances to all of the then-current rust strains

The durum breeding program has now restructured to create one national program

between GRDC NSW DPI and the University of Adelaide called the Australian Durum

Wheat Improvement Program (ADWIP) 2 See Table 1 for resistance ratings of some durum

cultivars Information about varieties is also available at National Variety Trials on http

wwwnvtonlinecomaunvt-results-reports

The following additional varieties are included in SARDIrsquos 2014 wheat variety sowing guide3

Tjilkuri Tjilkuri (WID801) has a similar maturity adaptation and disease resistance profile to

Tamaroi but generally offers greater yields like Hyperno together with improved semolina

colour Tjilkuri is eligible for APDR grade in SA and was released from the University of

Adelaide in 2010 with seed available from the Durum Growers Association

WID802 WID802 has just been released from the University of Adelaide with seed available

from the Durum Growers Association WID802 is targeted for the South-East of SA (Tatiara

districts) and has a similar maturity adaptation and diseas- resistance profile to Tamaroi but

offers high yields albeit with sometimes small grain size WID802 is eligible for APDR grade

3 R Wheeler (2014) Wheat variety sowing guide 2014 South Australian Research and Development Institute httpwwwsardisagovau__dataassetspdf_file001045955Wheat_variety_sowing_guide_2014pdf

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Table 1 Levels of resistance to diseases and other conditions 4

Durum wheats Bread wheat

Jandaroi Wollaroi Caparoi Hyperno EGA Bellaroi

Kennedy

Disease

Yellow spot MRndashMS MRndashMS MR MS MR MR

Crown rot VS SndashVS VS VS VS MSndashS

Common root rot MR RndashMR RndashMR RndashMR MR MS

RLN toleranceA MI MI MTndashMI MTndashMI MI MI

RLN resistanceA MSndashS MRndashMS MS MR MRndashMS SndashVS

Stem rust R RndashMR RndashMR R RndashMR MS

Leaf rust MR RndashMR MRndashMS RndashMR MRndashMS MS

Stripe rust MR RndashMR MR MR MR MS

Agronomy

Resistance to black pointB

MRndashR MR MRndashMS MRndashMS RndashMR R

Resistance to lodging

MR MR MR MRndashMS R MR

Resistance to shattering

MR RndashMR RndashMR RndashMR R RndashMR

Resistance to sprouting

RndashMR MS MRndashMS MRndashMS MS S

R Resistant MR moderately resistant MS moderately susceptible S susceptible VS very susceptible T tolerant MT moderately tolerant MI moderately intolerant I intolerant VI very intolerant

ARoot-lesion nematode (RLN) tolerance applies to Pratylenchus thornei and not P neglectus tolerant varieties yield well in the presence of RLN resistant varieties prevent RLN reproduction

BBlack point will not cause a reduction in yield but may result in grain receiving a lower quality classification

211 Quality traitsGrain quality is very important for obtaining premium prices with durum wheat Downgrading

may occur if grain contains mottling black point or weather damage (see Table 2)

Table 2 Major durum wheat quality classes5

Protein Vitreous kernels

Falling number Screenings Stained grainsA

ADR1 130 gt90 gt300 lt5 lt3

ADR2 115ndash129 gt80 gt300 lt5 lt5

Feed lt 100

AIncludes black point

212 MaturityThere is currently a relatively small range in maturity length in durum varieties compared

with bread wheat varieties Durums are generally similar in maturity to the quickest bread

wheat varieties This is an important consideration when managing frost risk and can limit

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opportunities to exploit early-planting opportunities

Extended flowering could reduce the risk of pollination failure caused by frost or extended

moist weather The time difference in reaching full maturity between the early-flowering and

late-flowering tillers is normally fairly small therefore the early heads are not likely to be ripe

for many days ahead of the later heads Harvesting should not be delayed significantly

The maturity ranking of the current durum varieties is as follows sow EGA Bellaroi first

(longer season) followed by Yallaroi then the quick-maturing Kamilaroi and Wollaroi

Durum wheats will perform well if sown later but grain yields will depend on seasonal

conditions especially during the flowering and grain-filling stages 6

22 Planting-seed quality

221 Seed sizeDurum seed is on average 20 larger than bread wheat seed The usual planting rate

is 40ndash50 kgha however a higher planting rate may be beneficial in some situations (eg

seed with a low germination irrigated crops or earlylate sowings) Conventional sowing

equipment can be used but the larger seed size may necessitate adjustments

222 Seed germination and vigourUse sound seed that is true to type (varietal purity)mdashfree of diseased seed and weed seeds

cracked and small grain and barley and bread wheat grain Ensure that the initial seed of a

purchased variety is of high quality preferably from certified seed stocks with a germination

percentage gt80 Before harvesting seed stocks for the following season rogue all off-

types and contaminant crop and weed plants 7

Seed grain kept for sowing in subsequent seasons must be stored in clean silos capable

of aeration sealing for insect control and keeping grain dry and as cool as possible Such

storage conditions will assist the maintenance of high-viability seed for the following season

Treat seed with an appropriately registered product just prior to sowing if required Some

chemical constituents can reduce viability and seedling vigour if they remain in contact with

the seed for any length of time All current durum varieties are highly resistant to loose smut

flag smut and stinking bunt

Seed treatment will offer protection to the establishing seedlings from damping-off diseases

and insect attack such as armyworms cutworms false wireworms and wireworms Ground

preparation is the same as for bread wheat Adequate cultivation andor spraying should

eliminate all volunteer plants of bread wheat barley and other cropweed species 8

Section 3 DURUM - Planting

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SECTION 3

Planting

31 Seed treatments

Research is under way to establish whether it is of economic benefit to use seed treatments

(such as imidacloprid) to prevent aphids in durum The cost of around AU$33ha was

considered worthwhile during times of high grain prices Northern Grower Alliance (NGA)

research over two seasons found yield increases averaged ~11 in barley and durum and

5 in wheat One of the challenges of electing to use a prophylactic treatment such as a

seed dressing is that aphids are a sporadic pest and will not reach damaging levels every

year 1

For more information download httpwwwgrdccomauuploadsdocumentsGRDC_FS_

CerealAphids1pdf

For details of registered seed treatments visit wwwapvmagovau

32 Time of sowing

The optimum sowing date will depend on the maturity rank of the variety latitude of the

sowing site and topographic aspect (eg northsouth facing slope elevation) Durum wheats

will perform well if sown later but grain yields will depend on seasonal conditions especially

during the flowering and grain-filling stages

The sowing time of a variety is a critical factor in crop risk management Growers should aim

for a balanced minimisation of the combined risks of frost damage around floweringgrain-

filling moisture stress at this time and rain or storm damage just prior to harvest

Crops sown earlier than optimal will be exposed to an elevated frost risk whereas those sown

later than the optimal period could encounter high moisture stress and harvest spoilage None

of these risks can be eliminated but minimisation is possible

The sowing of several varieties of different maturity ranks over several weeks should spread

the risks associated with flowering grain-filling and harvest Given differing rates of growth

development each variety should not be exposed to the same degree of risk at any specific

1 GRDC (2010) Cereal aphidsmdashaphid control in cereals can pay GRDC Fact Sheet Northern Region July 2010 httpwwwgrdccomauuploadsdocumentsGRDC_FS_CerealAphids1pdf

i More information

Winter Cereal Planting

Guides

httpwwwdpinswgov

auagriculturebroadacre

guideswinter-crop-

variety-sowing-guide

httpwwwgrdc

comauResources

Bookshop201302

NVT-Queensland-Wheat-

Variety-Guide-2013

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critical stage eg at flowering 2

33 Targeted plant population

Commonly used seeding rates are 45ndash50 kgha (northern NSW) and the standard planting

times are MayndashJune Planting should be adjusted to suit the local seasonal conditions to

avoid frost damage to the heads and stems at head emergence and during flowering 3

Durum wheat remains the most susceptible of the winter cereal crops to crown rot infection

and yield loss Management strategies such as rotation fallowstubble management

inter-row sowing and planting time have been investigated with demonstrated benefits

However little work has focused on the effect of varying plant population and the carryover

effect on soil water available for the critical crop development stages of flowering and grain-

fill which dictates the extent of yield loss to crown rot

In 2009 five replicated trials were conducted across northern NSW using the four

main durum varieties in the region to assess whether the impact of crown rot could be

minimised by varying plant populations and using different varieties

Varying plant populations at sowing did not reduce the impact of crown rot in the four

durum varieties examined In fact at lower plant populations there appeared to be a higher

risk of lodging associated with crown rot infection which usually results in lower yields

High loads of crown rot reduced plant establishment as well as reducing tiller and head

production However there were significant varietal differences in yield and tiller production

(see Figure 1)

Figure 1

Bellaro

Caparo

Capari

aroi -

aroi +

Yield loss due to crown rot in northern NSW

The greatest impact on durum yield remains crown rot inoculum level with the disease

having a greater impact on yield in the more western environments which tend to have

hotterdrier conditions during grain-fill Analysis of the soil water and plant pathology data

should provide additional insight into the impact of crown rot on soil water use However

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it is clear that under high crown rot pressure yield losses in durum cannot be managed

by manipulating the plant population at sowing Given the extreme susceptibility of durum

wheat to crown rot it remains critical to target durum production only in paddocks known

to have low levels of inoculum 4

For more information download the GRDC Update paper lsquoImpact of plant population on

crown rot in durum wheatrsquo httpwwwgrdccomauResearch-and-DevelopmentGRDC-

Update-Papers201009IMPACT-OF-PLANT-POPULATION-ON-CROWN-ROT-IN-DURUM-

34 Calculating seed requirements

A sowing rate of 45 kgha is given as a general guide However growers may consider a

variation higher or lower to benefit their situation A reduced germination percentage or a

late sowing will make it necessary to increase this rate 5

35 Sowing depth

In a well-prepared seedbed the sowing depth should be about 3ndash6 cm and not exceed

8 cm As the current durum cultivars are semi-dwarf cultivars the length of the coleoptile

is reduced and so it cannot penetrate greater soil depths Sowing rate can be considered

a risk-management tool Dense stands of plants tend to produce few tillers per plant (ie

the primary and a few secondary) whereas stands at a reduced density have plants that

produce a larger number of tillers per plant Such reduced-density stands have greater

flexibility in response to changing growing conditions For example if moisture is limiting

fewer tillers are initiated however if seasonal conditions improve additional tillers may

develop 6

36 Sowing equipment

Use conventional sowing equipment the larger grain size may need appropriate

adjustments A sowing rate of 45 kgha is given as a general guide However growers

may consider a variation higher or lower to benefit their situation A reduced germination

percentage or a late sowing will make it necessary to increase this rate 7

4 GRDC (2010) Impact of plant population on crown rot in durum wheat GRDC Update Papers 24 Sept 2010 httpwwwgrdccomauResearch-and-DevelopmentGRDC-Update-Papers201009IMPACT-OF-PLANT-POPULATION-ON-CROWN-ROT-IN-DURUM-WHEAT

Section 4 DURUM - Plant growth and physiology

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SECTION 4

Plant growth and physiology

For more information see the GRDC GrowNotes WHEAT (Northern region) Section 4 Plant

growth and physiology

41 Germination and emergence

Durum crops grow to about 80 cm at maturity (15ndash20 cm shorter than bread wheat)

Low-density crops tend to have heads flowering over a longer interval Such a prolonged

flowering period may reduce the impact of a frost around flowering Protracted moist

weather at flowering can have an adverse effect on pollination by inhibiting the release of

pollen from the anthers If the female part of the flower (the stigma and ovule) is not fertilised

while in its receptive phase a grain will not develop

Low-density crops are likely to use available soil moisture reserves at a slower rate than the

higher density crops

Avoidance of moisture stress before and at flowering is critical for satisfactory grain set

as pollen will abort during periods of stress as part of a natural survival mechanism of the

plant Extended flowering could reduce the risk of pollination failure caused by frost or

extended moist weather

The time difference in reaching full maturity between early-flowering and late-flowering tillers

is usually small therefore the early heads are not likely to be ripe for many days ahead of

the later heads Harvesting should not be delayed significantly 1

Photo 1 Early durum heads are not likely to ripen well ahead of later heads

Section 5 DURUM - Nutrition and fertiliser

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SECTION 5

Nutrition and fertiliser

51 Current general pre-plant nutritional levels for nitrogen

Paddocks with deep soil and high natural N fertility would be suitable for growing dryland

durum wheat Soil sampling to the full depth of root exploration prior to sowing should be

a good guide to the available soil N supply For the production of a 30 tha crop with 13

protein access to 140 kg Nha is necessary 1

Crop nutrition is critical to the durum crop to achieve a high-quality product To obtain high

protein levels (13+) soil N management requires careful planning Ideally durum should be

planted into a rotation following a grain or pasture legume phase Alternatively use cropping

history in conjunction with soil tests to calculate an N budget It is important to soil-test for N to

the effective rooting depth of the crop Nitrogen fertiliser is now an expensive input in our farming

systems and so it pays dividends to get the critical levels correct Depending on location other

nutrients such as phosphorus (P) sulfur (S) and on highly alkaline soils zinc (Zn) requirements

should be met The variety Kalka in SA shows some tolerance to boron toxic soils 2

As durum wheat is a high-quality product appropriate nutrient management will help to

reduce the risk of producing grain that does not meet the strict quality receival standards

for durum grain including low grain-protein content mottled grain and small grain Ideally

durum should be placed in a rotation following a legume after a significant break from a

cereal crop to avoid problems of crown rot A well-nodulated legume croppasture ley

will provide an adjunct source of biologically fixed N while the break period following the

previous cereal crop will allow for the remineralisation of stubble-bound N 3

Fertiliser rates should be aimed at producing a finished protein level at ADR1 (ge13) This

may necessitate soil tests to establish base N levels As a rule of thumb for every tonne

per hectare of high-protein grain harvested about 50 kg of N is removed in the grain This

amount of N must be replaced together with other N losses such as from leaching and de-

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nitrification The amount of N fertiliser required can be calculated when the percentage of

elemental N is known for the fertiliser product eg urea N 46 anhydrous NH3 82 4

For general information on N crop nutrition and application see httpwwwdaffqldgovau

plantsfield-crops-and-pasturesbroadacre-field-cropsnutrition-managementnitrogen

52 Current general pre-plant nutritional levels for phosphorus

Phosphorus is important in growing tissue where cells are actively dividing ie seedling

root development flowering and seed formation Use a soil test to determine phosphorus

status Long fallows due to crop rotation or drought may accentuate P deficiency through

absence of mycorrhizae P fertiliser should be used in this situation Where needed apply P

with the seed at planting 5

53 Current general pre-plant nutritional levels for micronutrients

Compared with bread wheats durums can be sensitive to low Zn levels Elongated necrotic

lesions (small dead patches) on the lower leaves may indicate the onset of Zn deficiency If

the soil is known to be low in Zn a 1 aqueous solution of zinc sulfate heptahydrate should

be applied as a foliar spray 2ndash4 weeks after emergence at about 1 kgha Zinc sulfate

monohydrate applications can provide 4ndash5 years supply of this essential micronutrient Apply

at 15 kgha on sandy and sandy-loam soils or 30 kgha for clay and clay-loam soils and

incorporate some months before sowing Where P fertilisers are required products that are

coated with Zn provide a very efficient method of increasing crop recovery of applied Zn

Several Zn-fortified fertilisers are now available 6

Kamilaroi Yallaroi Wollaroi and EGA Bellaroi are usually not sensitive to low Zn levels

when grown on very heavy self-mulching black earth (pH 8ndash85) When a crop is growing in

a very wet high-phosphate soil for several weeks Zn deficiency symptoms may be evident

Note that zinc oxide (5 kg Znha) applications can be spread with N fertilisers but not with

phosphate fertilisers as the phosphate can bind with the Zn and could render it unavailable7

54 Paddock nutrition

Where possible ground should be selected that consistently produces high-protein grain of

ge130 It is recommended that soil tests be conducted to establish N availability and that an

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N budget for the crop be calculated

Nitrogen-budgeting packages are available from NSW DPI other state departments of

agriculture or your local agronomist When the requirements and levels available are known

an application of nitrogenous fertiliser will most likely be needed Highest premiums are paid for

plump hard vitreous grain that is free from mottling

A small percentage of mottled grains can be tolerated in top grades but a greater proportion

of mottled grain is undesirable and it will result in downgrading and a reduced premium Top-

grade ADR1 must have ge130 protein (minimum 90 vitreous kernels) while ADR2 must

have ge115 protein (minimum 80 vitreous kernels) Vitreous grain contains sufficient protein

to combine all of the starch granules and a shortage of protein will give a mottled grain Grain

protein is a function of available soil N hence adequate soil N is essential to produce vitreous

grain The application of nitrogenous fertiliser may be necessary but this cost should be offset by

the higher premium payments and yield 8

Photo 1 As durum wheat is a high-quality product appropriate nutrient management will help to reduce the risk of producing grain that does not meet the strict quality receival standards

Section 6 DURUM - Weed control

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SECTION 6

Weed control

61 Pre-emergent herbicides

Durum wheats can compete well with weeds but strong weed competition reduces yield

Good weed control is essential to make full use of stored summer rainfall minimise yield

losses and prevent weed seed contamination at harvest This can be achieved effectively

by controlling weeds well in preceding crops and fallow rotating crops growing competitive

durum crops and the judicious use of herbicides It is important to control weeds such

as New Zealand spinach climbing buckwheat (black bindweed) and Mexican poppy

as their small black seeds can be difficult to remove from the grain affecting consumer

acceptance1

62 Post-plant pre-emergent herbicides

When selecting a herbicide it is important to know the weeds present the crop growth

stage the recommended growth stage for herbicide application and the herbicide history

of the paddock Weeds should be sprayed while they are small and actively growing It

is important to rotate between herbicide groups to prevent weeds developing herbicide

resistance Herbicide labels should be read carefully before use Research has found that

durum cultivars differ in their tolerance to herbicides registered for use in durum wheats 2

63 Herbicide tolerance ratings National Variety Trials (NVT)

Durum wheats can be more sensitive to some herbicides commonly used safely in bread

wheat Refer to the latest information on varietal tolerances and the product label

i More information

wwwapvmagovau

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64 Potential herbicide damage effect

Timely and correct application of herbicides is essential Seek local advice from advisers

agronomists and follow label directions Good weed control is essential as strong weed

growth will compete with the crop for available moisture and nutrients causing yield

reduction3

A range of broadleaf and grass herbicides is available for weed control in durum wheat

crops as are listed in the recent publication from NSW DPI lsquoWeed control in winter cropsrsquo

This publication together with advice from your agronomistadviser will assist the choice

of the most appropriate and safe products and their respective application procedures

The law requires that all chemical labels be read carefully before the product is used New

products and product formulations may have changed safety margins Manufacturers

or their representatives should be consulted for the latest usage information especially

if mixing chemicals or other products (eg zinc sulfate heptahydrate) The effectiveness

of certain chemicals can be adversely affected when mixed with other compounds Zinc

sulfate heptahydrate can coagulate certain chemicals with the coagulant causing major

blockages in spray equipment which can be difficult to clear 4

Section 7 DURUM - Insect control

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SECTION 7

Insect control

See GRDC GrowNotes WHEAT (Northern region) Section 7 Insect control

Section 8 DURUM - Nematode control

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SECTION 8

Nematode control

See GRDC GrowNotes WHEAT (Northern region) Section 8 Nematode control

Section 9 DURUM - Diseases

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SECTION 9

Diseases

The major diseases of durum wheat are controlled by genetic traits that have been crossed

into current varieties These include tolerance to the major diseases such as stem leaf and

stripe rust The changing pattern of behaviour of leaf and stem diseases of all cereal crops

requires careful monitoring It is most important to report any irregularities in the behaviour

of these diseases to an adviseragronomist or plant breeder Yellow leaf spot another

significant disease of winter crops is largely avoided by not planting cereal crops into

previous cereal crop residues hence crop rotation is important Currently the five major

wheat diseases in the northern region based on loss estimates are yellow spot ($52 million)

stripe rust ($47 million) root lesion nematode ($38 million) crown rot ($37 million) and

Fusarium head blight (FHB) ($9 million) 1

91 Crown rot

Crown rot caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum is a major constraint to winter cereal

production in Australia Although it is generally more common in the northern cropping belt

it can occur throughout all mainland cereal-growing areas Infection of winter cereals can

occur through the crown sub-crown internode basal internode andor lower leaf sheaths

This can occur at any growth stage from seedling emergence through to maturity Crown

rot infection is characterised by a light honey-brown to dark brown discoloration of the base

of infected tillers The fungus survives in cereal and grass weed residues while yield loss

from the production of whiteheads is related to moisture stress post-flowering (see Figure

Rotation to non-host pulses (chickpea faba bean) oilseeds (canola mustard) or

summer crops (sorghum sunflower mungbean cotton) essentially reduces crown rot

inoculum levels by starving the fungus of a suitable host and allowing natural decline of

cereal residues that harbour the pathogen The length of rotation needed for effective

management of crown rot depends on the rate of decomposition of the infested residues

In particular canola and mustard provide an effective break crop for crown rot in northern

1 Primary Industries Science and Research Tamworth Agricultural InstitutemdashResearch projects Australian durum wheat improvement Program (ADWIP) NSW Department of Primary Industries httpwwwdpinswgovauresearchcentrestamworthresearch-projects

2 S SimpfendorferJ Kirkegaard J Holland A Verrell R Bambach K Moore (2004) Managing soil-borne and stubble-borne cereal pathogens in the northern grains belt In Proceedings Soil Biology in Agriculture Workshop pp 112ndash119 NSW Department of Primary Industries httpwwwdpinswgovau__dataassetspdf_file0005166919soil-biology-agriculturepdf

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NSW Furthermore brassicas would provide an excellent alternative rotation crop to

chickpea in areas where adapted varieties are available as they appear to have an

improved capacity to reduce the severity of crown rot in subsequent wheat crops 3

Resistance to crown rot must continue to be a major breeding objective if the industry is to

expand There appears very little genetic tolerance to crown rot within the tetraploid (durum)

population This means that durable resistance will most likely have to be bred into durum

from the hexaploid (bread wheat) population as a matter of high priority 4 In 2012 crosses

of bread and durum wheat lines were produced showing partial resistance equal to or

better than the bread wheat parent 5 Work is under way to boost crown rot resistance in

durum wheat

Figure 1 lsquoWhiteheadsrsquo (left) associated with crown rot infection in a highly susceptible durum variety and a breeding line with partial resistance to the disease (right)

92 Common root rot

Common root rot caused by the fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana is often found in association

with crown rot Symptoms are a dark brown to black discoloration of whole or part of the

sub-crown internode Severely affected plants are stunted have fewer tillers and produce

smaller heads Rotation to non-host break crops is essential to the successful management

of both of these diseases

5 R Bowman (2012) Durum to partially resist crown rot GRDC Ground Cover Issue 96 httpwwwgrdccomauMedia-CentreGround-CoverGround-Cover-Issue-96-January-February-2012Durum-to-partially-resist-crown-rotsthash2xvPfsnBdpuf

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93 Fusarium head blight

Fusarium head blight is a fungal disease that can occur on many grass species including

both crop and weeds Where it occurs in crops it is most commonly in wheat durum and

barley Durum is more susceptible to the disease than bread wheat and barley

Durum crops should be avoided in areas where there is a likelihood of the disease

developing While FHB can be caused by several species of Fusarium the most common

species causing the disease is Fusarium graminearum It can cause significant yield losses

and quality reductions Major yield losses occur mainly from floret sterility

Additional yield and quality losses can occur when damaged and shrivelled lightweight

grains are produced as a result of infection Quality reductions may also occur from seed

discoloration varying from whitish-grey and pink to brown Fungal infection can sometimes

be associated with the production of a toxin (mycotoxins)

If fungal toxins are produced in infected seed the grain is often unacceptable for certain

end uses and downgraded in the marketplace depending on the concentration of toxin

present Toxin levels and fungal infection cannot be accurately estimated from visual

appearance

Crop rotation is effective in reducing levels of FHB Corn is a major alternative host for F

graminearum and planting durum in and around corn residues will increase the risk of head

blight The best rotational crops for reducing the inoculum level include any non-grass

species (eg sunflower cotton soybean chickpea mungbean faba bean canola field

peas) Currently no seed dressings are registered for control of seedling blight caused by

the FHB pathogens 6

94 Varietal resistance or tolerance

New wheat lines are offering hope for providing partial resistance to crown rot disease in

durum wheat The finding is important because durum wheat is particularly susceptible to

crown rot The pathogen causes annual crop losses in Australia estimated at $79 million or

$663ha

Research funded by the Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC) shows

that partial crown rot resistance in bread wheat lines could be transferred into durum

wheats Crosses of bread (hexaploid) and durum wheat lines have been produced that

show levels of partial resistance equal to or better than the bread wheat parent Sunco

Development of new durum varieties with partial resistance to crown rot could increase

yields and quality and ultimately allow for expansion of Australiarsquos durum industry

Partial resistance needs to be coupled with an integrated approach to managing the

disease as there is no total resistance to crown rot fungus infection in durum or other

cereals The genes involved provide partial resistance which appears to slow the rate of it

6 DAFF (2012) Fusarium head blight or head scab Queensland Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry httpwwwdaffqldgovauplantshealth-pests-diseasesa-z-significantfusarium-head-blight

i More information

httpwwwdaffqldgov

auplantshealth-pests-

diseasesa-z-significant

fusarium-head-blight

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spreading through tissue 7

Stem rust

Caparoi exhibits an excellent foliar disease resistance package It has also been observed

to be genetically diverse from EGA Bellaroi and Jandaroi This broadening of the genetic

base of durum varieties is important for long-term sustainable crop production Kamilaroi

Yallaroi Wollaroi and EGA Bellaroi are fully resistant to all existing field strains of stem rust

While stem rust infection is not expected a new virulent strain may occur 8

Leaf rust

Kamilaroi Yallaroi Wollaroi and EGA Bellaroi possess slow rusting resistance to all field

strains of leaf rust A small level of infection may be evident as the plant approaches

maturity however this disease level will not affect yield 9

Stripe rust

The current durum varieties all express adequate resistance to field strains of this disease

at present The breeding program endeavours to predict virulence changes in all three

rust organisms and incorporate appropriate resistance genes into future varietal releases

to remain one or two virulence changes ahead of the rust The earliest possible detection

of new virulent strains in the unlikely event that they arise will greatly assist disease-

resistance breeding activities When such a strain is found steps can be taken to warn

growers of a new virulence change and suggest changes to variety recommendations It is

crucial to maintain effective resistance to all field strains of each rust organism in each of the

released varieties Such a comprehensive effective resistance will significantly reduce the

build-up of inoculum leading to less disease both within and between growing seasons

In addition and more importantly the likelihood that a new virulent strain will arise is greatly

reduced By reducing the chance of the development of a new virulence the life of the

current resistances is greatly prolonged This amounts to effective conservation of our

valuable genetic resources If breeders are not required to spend considerable breeding

resources on developing improved resistant varieties those resources can be redirected to

the improvement of other economically important traits 10

Yellow leaf spot

Yallaroi and Wollaroi are moderately resistant to yellow leaf spot (caused by the fungus

Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) however Kamilaroi is susceptible EGA Bellaroi shows high

levels of adult resistance to yellow leaf spot As yellow leaf spot inoculum is carried over

on wheat straw Yallaroi Wollaroi and particularly EGA Bellaroi are a better proposition in

7 R Bowman (2012) Durum to partially resist crown rot GRDC Ground Cover Issue 96 httpwwwgrdccomauMedia-CentreGround-CoverGround-Cover-Issue-96-January-February-2012Durum-to-partially-resist-crown-rot

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stubble-retained situations 11

95 Management of disease

951 In-crop fungicides and timingA NSW DPI study into fungicide use in durum to control FHB shows that timing of fungicide

application is critical to efficacy Although Folicurreg still provided measurable suppression

of FHB Prosaroreg clearly provided superior levels of control Prosaro application at GS61

reduced FHB severity by 81 compared with only 56 control with the application of

Folicur at the same timing This translated into a 130 yield benefit (237 tha) with Prosaro and 66 (120 tha) with Folicur compared with the nil fungicide control treatment

The timing of fungicide application was critical to the efficacy of both fungicides Spraying

7 days before flowering (flowering GS61) reduced control levels and the associated yield

benefit compared with application at GS61 (+0 days) The anthers (flowers) are the primary

infection site for F graminearum so spraying before flowering provides reduced protection

of these plant structures

Although not examined in that study overseas research has demonstrated the importance

of spray coverage in FHB control with twin nozzles (forward and backward facing) angled

to cover both sides of a wheat head and high volumes of water (ge100 Lha) being critical

to efficacy Aerial application has reduced efficacy for FHB control based on overseas

studies12

12 S Simpfendorfer (2013) Control of Fusarium head blight in durum wheat using the fungicide Prosaroreg In Northern grains region trial results pp 132ndash136 NSW Department of Primary Industries httpwwwdpinswgovau__dataassetspdf_file0004468328Northern-grains-region-trial-results-autumn-2013pdf

i More information

See the NSW DPI

publication lsquoNorthern

grains region trial results

2013rsquo pp 132ndash136

httpwwwdpinsw

govau__dataassets

pdf_file0004468328

Northern-grains-

region-trial-results-

autumn-2013pdf

wwwapvmagovau

Section 10 DURUM - Plant growth regulators and canopy management

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SECTION 10

Plant growth regulators and canopy management

Section 11 DURUM - Crop desiccationspray out

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SECTION 11

Crop desiccationspray out

Not applicable to this crop

Section 12 DURUM - Harvest

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SECTION 12

Harvest

121 Dry harvest issues and management

Attention to detail at harvest is required for durum wheat Premiums are only paid when

grain is large and undamaged not mottled or bleached and most importantly not

contaminated by other grains and meets all other delivery specifications Therefore

issues of grain-harvester machine settings careful segregation and clean insect-free grain

storage must receive attention Damaged contaminated or insect-infested grain will be

downgraded Durum wheat is a high-quality product trading into a high-quality food market

and attention to detail at harvest is critical 1

Kamilaroi Yallaroi Wollaroi and EGA Bellaroi are marginally more difficult to thresh

than Hartog and Sunco but easier than Sunlin consequently concave adjustments may

be necessary These durum varieties are not prone to shelling a factor of significance when

wind and rain prevail at harvest All grain should be retained in the head despite these

weather conditions Care needs to be exercised when threshing the crop as the very hard

grain has a greater tendency to fracture than grain of bread wheats The crop should be

stripped as soon as the grain reaches dead ripe maturity Buyers of durum grain consider

grain appearance important and pay premiums for large well-filled hard vitreous grain with

a low percentage of mottled and bleached seeds 2

Black point is a dark discoloration at the germ end of otherwise healthy grain In wheat

the discoloration occurs in the outer portions of the seed and in some severe cases may

extend along the groove on the underside of the grain 3 Kamilaroi is moderately susceptible

to black point Small percentages of infected discoloured seeds will be present following

a wet pre-harvest when the problem is most severe This level of incidence should be

below minimum dockage limits in most seasons however prolonged wet weather during

grain-filling will increase the incidence of black point Bread wheat varieties will be similarly

affected depending on their level of resistance Yallaroi Wollaroi Jandaroi Tamaroi

and EGA Bellaroi are significantly more resistant to the problem than Kamilaroi but this

2 Hare R (2006) Agronomy of the durum wheats Kamilaroi Yallaroi Wollaroi and EGA Bellaroi Primefacts 140 NSW Department of Primary Industries httpwwwdpinswgovau__dataassetspdf_file000763646Agronomy-of-the-durum-wheats---Primefact-140-finalpdf

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resistance may not offer sufficient protection in prolonged wet seasons Ensure that all grain

handling equipment eg headers bins augers silos etc are free of contaminant grain as

the presence of foreign seeds (maximum 3 bread wheat seed) can downgrade the crop

grain 4

Although durums have slightly better resistance to pre-harvest sprouting than current bread

wheats they may be downgraded to feed due to bleaching and softening of the grain 5

122 Receival standards

Six aspects of grain and pasta quality are considered at receival

1 Grain size and shape

2 Pre-harvest sprouting resistance

3 Black point

4 Weed seed contamination

5 Protein

6 Colour

The endosperm section of the grain is the important part as it is this fraction that is

processed into semolina (a coarse flour) and in turn mixed with a little water to form a stiff

dough under vacuum and extruded under pressure into pasta forming various shapesmdash

both long and short goods The endosperm is the food supply or life-support system for

the developing embryo The endosperm and embryo are lsquowrapped uprsquo in several layers

of tissue called the aleurone pericarp and testa The embryo and outer grain layers are

removed during milling into the bran and pollard fractions while the endosperm is reduced

to semolina The endosperm is composed of numerous constituents including starch

sugars proteins amino acids minerals fats vitamins enzymes pigments and fibre A

large well-filled grain with bright amber colour and oval shape with minimal crease length is

required at receival 6

Kamilaroi Yallaroi Wollaroi and EGA Bellaroi express a satisfactory level of resistance

to pre-harvest sprouting compared with current bread wheat varieties Weather-affected

grain is soft which reduces the semolina extraction in the mill Weathered semolina gives

weak pasta-dough strength due to the partial enzymatic breakdown of starches and

proteins These small protein and starch molecules have reduced cohesive properties

Weak doughs make inferior pasta High-protein durum grain with a bright amber bloom is

certain to attract the best available premium price It is not advisable to leave your durum

harvest until last relying on its weathering resistance Its resistance is only relative to other

varieties and will eventually fail Weathered durum is not valuable and may be received as

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feed grain 7

Black point is a discoloration of sections of the external layers of the grain (ie pericarp

testa) A small percentage of discoloured seeds will be present following a wet pre-harvest

period when the problem is most active This level of incidence should be below the

minimum dockage limits in most seasons Black point tolerances are 3 for ADR1 and

3ndash5 for ADR2 and ADR3 Because small fragments of bran are included in semolina

discoloured grain will leave small black specks which can be seen in the vitreous

(translucent) pasta The overall appearance of pasta with black specks is diminished

and there is some consumer reluctance to purchase the product Black specks can be

perceived as contaminants (eg soil insect parts) If sown grain with black point will

germinate satisfactorily Yallaroi Wollaroi and EGA Bellaroi are significantly more

resistant to black point than Kamilaroi and many of the current bread wheats Research

findings suggest that black point is not a disease caused by fungi but a physiological

character resulting from the formation of dark compounds in the outer layers of the grain

Some varieties are more prone to develop these dark compounds when appropriate

conditions prevail eg warm and moist 8

Protein content is an important factor in grain classification at receival with classifications

and premiums as follows

bull ADR1 gt130 protein on an 11 moisture basis

bull ADR2 gt115

bull ADR3 gt100

bull Below 100 received into feed usually

bull ADR1 attracts a premium around APH or better

bull ADR2 attracts a premium around AH or better 9

Grain with adequate protein is very hard vitreous and free from mottling For milling a small

percentage of mottled grains can be tolerated in top grades but a greater proportion will

result in downgrading and a reduced premium Vitreous grain contains sufficient protein to

combine all the starch granules however a shortage of protein will give a mottled softer

grain Protein can be envisaged as the equivalent of cement which binds the starch granules

or the aggregate together With insufficient cement the aggregate will not all bind and thus

the concrete will be weak and break down readily The same is the case with mottled sectors

in grain The degree of mottling in individual grains together with the percentage of mottled

grains in the seed lot both contribute to the lsquoflourrsquo formation and consequent milling losses

lsquoFlourrsquo or lsquofinesrsquo has a lower economic value than that of semolina Hard vitreous grains

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shatter into rough aggregates and produce a high semolina yield 10

For pasta making the canning industry specifies high-protein semolina for canned pasta

High-protein pasta withstands the high pressuretemperature cooking and retorting

processes in acidic tomato pasta Further this pasta retains its consistency on warming

and serving by the consumer Dry pasta manufacturers require acceptable levels of

protein but not as high as those required by the canning industry Low-protein semolina

is unsuitable for pasta making as it has insufficient protein to give the product acceptable

keeping cooking and eating consistency The pasta quality of EGA Bellaroi exceeds that

of Wollaroi which is regarded by many Italian manufacturers as equivalent to the best in

the world EGA Bellaroi is suitable for pasta and couscous production 11

The protein content of grain is largely under environmental control Plants growing in soils

with adequate nitrogenous fertility will lay down acceptable protein levels in the grain

Kamilaroi and Wollaroi usually yield grain with a higher protein content than Yallaroi

EGA Bellaroi has the genetic capability to achieve higher protein content (up to 1) at a

grain yield similar to or slightly higher than Wollaroi 12

The grain protein comprises a large number and complex range of protein types The

proteins range from short molecules to long folding molecules The long molecules adhere

to each other and form an interlocking network which prevents the starch and other

components from moving freely The degree of interlocking (chemical bonds) between

these long-chained proteins determines the mobility of the pasta dough which is called

the lsquodough strengthrsquo Pasta dough strength or the resistance of the dough to move under

work (force) is mainly under genetic control Cultivars that offer strong to very strong

pasta doughs have been released EGA Bellaroi Yallaroi and Wollaroi have a stronger

protein than Kamilaroi The dough strength which is equivalent to protein strength is a

key determinant of pasta quality through its effect on the internal consistency of extruded

products Pastas made from strong protein doughs retain their shape and consistency

on cooking and eating Weaker pastas tend to break down during cooking to a rather

unpalatable mess Bread wheat pastas are of this undesirable type 13

The colour of pasta is a factor in consumer acceptance Pale to white or brown pastas

do not have a pleasing appearance and they are passed over for the bright clear yellow

pasta by the consumer Only durum wheat can provide this colour without the addition of

expensive synthetic pigments or egg products The addition of artificial colours is banned

in Italy and France Law dictates that durum wheat must be used for dry pasta in these

countries Pasta colour is principally under genetic control therefore only highly coloured

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varieties are released ie EGA Bellaroi Kamilaroi Yallaroi and Wollaroi EGA

Bellaroi is able to achieve a higher yellow pigment colour than the other released durum

varieties in particular Wollaroi 14

123 Harvest weed-seed management

It is most important to control weeds in the crop as some weed species such as

bindweed and New Zealand spinach have small black seeds that can be difficult to remove

from the grain These seeds have the same effect on consumer acceptance as black

point contamination The black seeds shatter during milling to leave numerous small black

fragments mixed in the semolina 15

For more information about the growing area of weed seed control see the GRDC

GrowNotes WHEAT (Northern region) Section 12 Harvest

14 R Hare (2006Agronomy of the durum wheats Kamilaroi Yallaroi Wollaroi and EGA Bellaroi Primefacts 140 NSW Department of Primary Industries httpwwwdpinswgovau__dataassetspdf_file000763646Agronomy-of-the-durum-wheats---Primefact-140-finalpdf

Section 13 DURUM - Storage

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SECTION 13

Storage

Section 14 DURUM - Environmental issues

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SECTION 14

Environmental issues

See GRDC GrowNotes WHEAT (Northern region) Section 14 Environmental issues

Section 15 DURUM - Marketing

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SECTION 15

Marketing

The Australian durum wheat industry is highly competitive internationally and Italian durum

millers and processors regard Australian durum quality as amongst the worldrsquos best NSW

produces ~55 of national production and SA 40 Domestic durum requirement is

~300000 t

Marketers would like a consistent supply of 1 million t for export This will require

considerable expansion in area andor productivity There is potential for production

expansion in NSW and Queensland 1

151 Links to industry boards

In order to protect their sales durum growers should look to organisations such as

the National Agricultural Commodities Marketing Association Ltd (NACMA) which was

formed in 1991 with the aim to standardise grain criteria and trade rulescontracts across

the Australian grain industry Over 95 of the Australian grain crop is stored in facilities

operated by NACMA members with 90 of the grain contracts executed in Australia each

year referring to NACMA grain standards andor trade rules NACMA has gt300 member

organisations from grain producers to domestic end users and grain exporters 2

152 How to plan marketing for your crop

All durum growers are advised to become members of their local grower association as the

group provides a forum for the exchange of information such as marketing prices of mutual

benefit to growers of this crop Meetings are held regularly and grower associations are

active in northern NSW SA and WA

153 Other relevant marketing issues

Due to a combination of strong international prices very high-quality grain and improved

export marketing facilities Australian durum wheat production has made impressive

growth from around 8000 t produced in northern NSW and SA in the late 1970s to

current domestic production of ~500000 t The Australian durum wheat industry is highly

competitive with the leading overseas producers (ie Canada USA EU Turkey and Syria)

Australian durum quality is now regarded by Italian millersproducers as the best in the

1 GRDC Australian Durum Wheat Improvement Project DAN00118 GRDC Research amp Development Meeting Market Requirements httpwwwgrdccomauResearch-and-DevelopmentMeeting-market-requirements

2 JKneipp (2008) Durum wheat production NSW Department of Primary Industries httpwwwnvtonlinecomauwp-contentuploads201303Crop-Guide-NSW-Durum-Wheat-Productionpdf

March 2014

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world especially grain shipped from the port of Newcastle Italy is the main and most

discerning export market for Australian durum (50 of exports) Australia has displaced

Canada in this high-quality high-value market When the lsquosingle deskrsquo was in place the

Australian Wheat Board actively pursued sales in a range of diverse markets (eg North

Africa South Africa South America Middle East and East Asia) to reduce Australian

reliance on the Italian market This has continued since the deregulation of the market in

Australia 3

The Australian Durum Industry Association is advocating a production increase to provide

for a reliable supply of 1 million t for export in the next 5 years A considerable expansion in

production would be required to achieve this outcome There is potential for expansion of

production in the traditional areas of NSW Qld SA and WA as well as other areas such as

southern NSW and Victoria 4

Section 16 DURUM - 16Current research

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SECTION 16

Current research

Soon to be populated

Section 17 DURUM - 18Key contacts

March 2014

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SECTION 17

Key contacts

James Clark - Chair

Hunter Valley grower James brings extensive knowledge and

experience in dryland and irrigated farming systems to the

Northern Panel He has been a member of the panel since 2005

and chairman since 2008 James says the panelrsquos role is to

capture and invest in growersrsquo priorities and empower them to

adopt new production gain opportunities He strongly believes

the grains industry needs to continue building RDampE capacity to

ensure growers remain competitive

M 0427 545 212

E colanebigpondcom

Loretta Serafin - Deputy Chair

Loretta has more than 12 yearsrsquo experience as an agronomist

in north-west NSW and currently works with the NSW DPI in

Tamworth She is a technical specialist for northern farming

systems and provides expertise and support to growers industry

and agronomists in the production of summer crops She has a

passion for helping growers improve farm efficiency and sees her

role as a conduit between advisers growers and the GRDC to

ensure that growersrsquo needs are being met

M 0427 311 819

E lorettaserafindpinswgovau

John Sheppard

John a panel member since 2006 has a wealth of practical

farming experience and brings a wheat breederrsquos perspective

to the panel He views the panel as an opportunity for growers

and professionals to work together to shape the future of the

industry and develop best management practices as well as new

varieties and products He is particularly interested in genotype-by-

environment interaction and the preservation of genetic resources

M 0418 746 628

E moorkullagmailcom

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Jack Williamson

Jack a private agricultural consultant runs a broadacre commodity

production farm in Goondiwindi Previous roles as a territory sales

manager for Nufarm and as a commercial agronomist for McGregor

Gourlay Agricultural Services have given Jack extensive farming

systems knowledge and diverse crop management and field work

experience Jack is a member of the Northern Grower Alliance

(NGA) local consultative committe and Crop Consultants Australia

and was previously president of the MacIntyre Valley Cotton Field

Day Committee

M 0438 907 820

E jackwilliamson1bigpondcom

Julianne Dixon

Jules is manager of AMPS Research and a passionate agronomy

consultant communicator and industry advocate Her role

involves the development and expansion of self-funded privatised

research development and extension Her experience in project

management and strategic development extends across all facets

of an integrated grains business She has an established network

in eastern Australia and Western Australia including researchers

leading growers agronomy consultants and commercial industry

M 0429 494 067

E juliannedixonbigpondcom

Keith Harris

Keith has served on the Northern Panel since 2011 and brings

more than 30 yearsrsquo experience in property management Keith

based on the Liverpool Plains NSW consults to Romani Pastoral

Company on the management of its historic holdings lsquoWindy

Stationrsquo and lsquoWarrahrsquo near Quirindi He sees the main aim of

the panel as representing growers and conducting research that

provides growers with the tools they need to maximise property

performance and minimise risk

M 0428 157 754

E kharrisromanipastcocomau

March 2014

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Kelly Becker

Based at Theodore Queensland Kelly is a certified mungbean and

chickpea agronomist and also advises growers on wheat corn

and sorghum crop production She has been involved with variety

trials on a commercial basis and industry farm practice trials as

an agronomist She strives to be proactive within the industry and

aims to assist growers to improve farming operations by ensuring

that they are up to date with new practices and technology

M 0409 974 007

E kbecker19bluemaxxcomau

Penny Heuston

Penny brings extensive experience to her second term on the

Northern Panel She is committed to maximising the profitability of

grain production in a low-rainfall environment through increased

productivity and good risk management practices She was

principal in a farm advisory business in centralwest NSW and

worked with growers across north-west NSW before joining

Delta Agribusiness where her main focus is the Warren Nyngan

Tottenham and Gilgandra areas

M 0428 474 845

E pennyheustondeltaagcomau

Rob Taylor

Rob is a grain grower at Macalister on Queenslandrsquos Darling

Downs and farms 2300 hectares of maize sorghum wheat barley

and chickpeas on the Jimbour Plain Rob is currently chair of the

Agrifood Skills Initiative for the Western Downs Regional Council

area Rob views his role on the panel as taking information and

feedback from growers advisers and researchers to the GRDC to

ensure research is targeted

M 0427 622 203

E currfarmozxpresscomau

Will Martel

Central NSW grower Will has served on the Northern Panel since

2011 Previously he worked in a Quirindi grain trading company

and with Brisbane-based Resource Consulting Services (RCS)

where he benchmarked more than 400 growers across Australia

on their performance focusing on whole-farm profitability rather

than individual enterprise gross margins His main role on the panel

is identifying investment areas that will enable growers to remain

economic and environmentally sustainable

M 0427 466 245

E wandgmartelbigpondcomau

March 2014

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Dr Stephen Thomas - GRDC Executive Manager Commercial

Before joining the GRDC Steve held a senior position with the NSW

Department of Primary Industries at Orange In early 2009 he was

appointed executive manager practices at the GRDC and in 2011

was appointed executive manager research programs Currently

Steve holds the position of executive manager commercial He

sees the GRDCrsquos role is to interact with growers regularly to

determine their needs and focus on the big picture across entire

farming systems

T 02 6166 4500

E stevethomasgrdccomau

Sharon OrsquoKeeffe - GRDC Northern Regional Manager

Sharon is the Northern Regional Manager for the Grains

Research Development Corporation (GRDC) based in Boggabri

NSW Sharonrsquos role is to identify and oversee regional research

development and extension (RDampE) needs manage the regional

delivery of information and promote the GRDCrsquos products and

services Her role strengthens links between GRDC panels

researchers industry advisors and growers Sharon holds a

Masters in Agriculture and a Bachelor of Rural Science (hons)

M 0409 279 328

E sharonokeeffegrdccomau

David Lord - Panel Support Officer

David operates agricultural consultancy Lord Ag Consulting For the

past four years he has worked as a project officer for Independent

Consultants Australia Network (ICAN) which has given him a good

understanding of the issues growers are facing in the northern

grains region Davidrsquos new role is Northern Panel and Regional

Grower Services support officer

M 0422 082 105

E northernpanelgmailcom

Section 18 DURUM - 1References

March 2014

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SECTION 18

References

A IntroductionDAFF (2012) Durum wheat in Queensland Queensland Department of Agriculture Fisheries and

Forestry httpwwwdaffqldgovauplantsfield-crops-and-pasturesbroadacre-field-cropswheatdurum-wheat

J Kneipp (2008) Durum wheat production NSW Department of Primary Industries httpwwwnvtonlinecomauwp-contentuploads201303Crop-Guide-NSW-Durum-Wheat-Productionpdf

Section 1 Planning and paddock preparationGJ Butler PT Hayman DF Herridge T Christian (2001) Working with farmers to benchmark high-

yielding durumwheat on the Liverpool Plains 10th Australian Agronomy Conference Australian Society of AgronomyThe Regional Institute Ltd httpwwwregionalorgauauasa20014bbutlerhtm

DAFF (2012) Durum wheat in Queensland Queensland Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry httpwwwdaffqldgovauplantsfield-crops-and-pasturesbroadacre-field-cropswheatdurum-wheat

GRDC (2005) Tracking water-use efficiency GRDC Groundcover Issue 54 Feb 2005 httpwwwgrdccomauMedia-CentreGround-CoverGround-Cover-Issue-54Tracking-wateruse-efficiency

R Hare (2006) Agronomy of the durum wheats Kamilaroi Yallaroi Wollaroi and EGA Bellaroi Primefacts 140 NSW Department of Primary Industries httpwwwdpinswgovau__dataassetspdf_file000763646Agronomy-of-the-durum-wheats---Primefact-140-finalpdf

B Haskins M Sissons (2011) Growing wheat after cottonmdashDurum benchmarking 2009 GRDC Update Papers 10 August 2011 httpwwwgrdccomauResearch-and-DevelopmentGRDC-Update-Papers201108Growing-wheat-after-cotton-Durum-benchmarking-2009

S Simpfendorfer A Alston A McKay G Poole (2011) Cereal pathogen survey of Central and Northern NSWmdash2011 NSW Department of Primary Industries httpwwwdpinswgovau__dataassetspdf_file0003431265Cereal-pathogen-surveypdf

DR Woodruff (1992) lsquoWHEATMANrsquo a decision support system for wheat management in tropical Australia Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 43 1483ndash1499

Section 2 Pre-plantingDAFF (2012) Durum wheat in Queensland Queensland Department of Agriculture Fisheries and

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

R Wheeler (2014) Wheat variety sowing guide 2014 South Australian Research and Development Institute httpwwwsardisagovau__dataassetspdf_file001045955Wheat_variety_sowing_guide_2014pdf

Section 3 PlantingGRDC (2010) Cereal aphidsmdashaphid control in cereals can pay GRDC Fact Sheet Northern Region July

2010 httpwwwgrdccomauuploadsdocumentsGRDC_FS_CerealAphids1pdf

GRDC (2010) Impact of plant population on crown rot in durum wheat GRDC Update Papers 24 Sept 2010 httpwwwgrdccomauResearch-and-DevelopmentGRDC-Update-Papers201009IMPACT-OF-PLANTPOPULATION-ON-CROWN-ROT-IN-DURUM-WHEAT

Section 4 Plant growth and physiologyR Hare (2006) Agronomy of the durum wheats Kamilaroi Yallaroi Wollaroi and EGA Bellaroi Primefacts

140 NSW Department of Primary Industries httpwwwdpinswgovau__dataassetspdf_file000763646Agronomy-of-the-durum-wheats---Primefact-140-finalpdf

Section 5 NutritionDAFF (2012) Durum wheat in Queensland Queensland Department of Agriculture Fisheries and

Section 6 Weed controlDAFF (2012) Durum wheat in Queensland Queensland Department of Agriculture Fisheries and

March 2014

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Feedback

Section 9 DiseasesPrimary Industries Science and Research Tamworth Agricultural InstitutemdashResearch projects

Australian durum wheat improvement Program (ADWIP) NSW Department of Primary Industries httpwwwdpinswgovauresearchcentrestamworthresearch-projects

S SimpfendorferJ Kirkegaard J Holland A Verrell R Bambach K Moore (2004) Managing soil-borne and stubble-borne cereal pathogens in the northern grains belt In Proceedings Soil Biology in Agriculture Workshop pp 112ndash119 NSW Department of Primary Industries httpwwwdpinswgovau__dataassetspdf_file0005166919soil-biology-agriculturepdf

R Bowman (2012) Durum to partially resist crown rot GRDC Ground Cover Issue 96 httpwwwgrdccomauMedia-CentreGround-CoverGround-Cover-Issue-96-January-February-2012Durum-to-partially-resist-crownrotsthash2xvPfsnBdpuf

DAFF (2012) Fusarium head blight or head scab Queensland Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry httpwwwdaffqldgovauplantshealth-pests-diseasesa-z-significantfusarium-head-blight

R Bowman (2012) Durum to partially resist crown rot GRDC Ground Cover Issue 96 httpwwwgrdccomauMedia-CentreGround-CoverGround-Cover-Issue-96-January-February-2012Durum-to-partially-resist-crownrot

S Simpfendorfer (2013) Control of Fusarium head blight in durum wheat using the fungicide Prosaroreg In Northern grains region trial results pp 132ndash136 NSW Department of Primary Industries httpwwwdpinswgovau__dataassetspdf_file0004468328Northern-grains-region-trial-results-autumn-2013pdf

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Section 12 HarvestDAFF (2012) Durum wheat in Queensland Queensland Department of Agriculture Fisheries and

Hare R (2006) Agronomy of the durum wheats Kamilaroi Yallaroi Wollaroi and EGA Bellaroi Primefacts 140 NSW Department of Primary Industries httpwwwdpinswgovau__dataassetspdf_file000763646Agronomy-of-the-durum-wheats---Primefact-140-finalpdf

Section 15 Marketing GRDC Australian Durum Wheat Improvement Project DAN00118 GRDC Research amp Development Meeting Market Requirements httpwwwgrdccomauResearch-and-DevelopmentMeeting-market-requirements

JKneipp (2008) Durum wheat production NSW Department of Primary Industries httpwwwnvtonlinecomauwp-contentuploads201303Crop-Guide-NSW-Durum-Wheat-Productionpdf

Foreword

A Introduction

1 Planning and paddock preparation

2 Pre-planting

3 Planting

4 Plant growth and physiology

5 Nutrition and fertiliser

6 Weed control

7 Insect control

8 Nematode control

9 Diseases

10 Plant growth regulators and canopy management

11 Crop desiccationspray out

12 Harvest

13 Storage

14 Environmental issues

15 Marketing

16 Current research

17 Key contacts

18 References

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

The GRDC GrowNotes are an entirely new initiative for GRDC and for the first time provide

a one-stop shop for northern region trial results and best practice recommendations

Having said that the GrowNotes build on extension media of past and present from crop

notes to YouTube

The GrowNotes are digital documents available online so they are able to use the very

best e-publishing technology available to make the information easy to find and navigate

The GrowNotes constantly link to further information In the wheat GrowNotes alone there

are 900 hypertext links

We hope ready access to information will help growers adopt best practices and increase

production and profit

The notes are a dynamic document that will be regularly updated as new research and

agronomic information come to light and growers and agronomists provide feedback

The three modules wheat barley and durum are effectively pilot

projects for the entire 17 crops grown in the northern region

We urge you to test them and give us your feedback There is a

feedback button on every page that sends your comments good

or bad directly back to GRDC

Access the GRDC GrowNotes via wwwgrdccomaugrownotes

James Clark

GRDC Northern Panel Chair

Know more Grow more

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Foreword

Stuart Kearns

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION A

Introduction

A1 Crop overview

A2 Keywords

Photo 1 Durum wheat

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 1

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

to be produced 3

crops 4

winter cereal crops

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

17 Soil moisture

following wheat 9

new environments

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

CSP00058)10

efficiency

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

consumption16

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 2

Pre-planting

Preplanting

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

conditions

new varieties

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Kennedy

Disease

Agronomy

Feed lt 100

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 3

Planting

31 Seed treatments

year 1

CerealAphids1pdf

32 Time of sowing

i More information

Guides

httpwwwdpinswgov

guideswinter-crop-

httpwwwgrdc

comauResources

Bookshop201302

Variety-Guide-2013

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

(see Figure 1)

Figure 1

Bellaro

Caparo

Capari

aroi -

aroi +

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

35 Sowing depth

develop 6

36 Sowing equipment

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 4

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 5

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 6

Weed control

acceptance1

i More information

wwwapvmagovau

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

reduction3

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 7

Insect control

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 8

Nematode control

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 9

Diseases

91 Crown rot

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

durum wheat

92 Common root rot

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

appearance

the FHB pathogens 6

$663ha

i More information

httpwwwdaffqldgov

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Stem rust

Leaf rust

Stripe rust

Yellow leaf spot

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

studies12

i More information

See the NSW DPI

httpwwwdpinsw

govau__dataassets

pdf_file0004468328

Northern-grains-

autumn-2013pdf

wwwapvmagovau

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 10

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 11

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 12

Harvest

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

grain 4

3 Black point

5 Protein

6 Colour

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

feed grain 7

bull ADR2 gt115

bull ADR3 gt100

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 13

Storage

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 14

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 15

Marketing

~300000 t

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Australia 3

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 16

Current research

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 17

Key contacts

James Clark - Chair

M 0427 545 212

E colanebigpondcom

M 0427 311 819

John Sheppard

M 0418 746 628

E moorkullagmailcom

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Jack Williamson

Day Committee

M 0438 907 820

Julianne Dixon

M 0429 494 067

Keith Harris

M 0428 157 754

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Kelly Becker

M 0409 974 007

Penny Heuston

M 0428 474 845

Rob Taylor

M 0427 622 203

Will Martel

M 0427 466 245

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

farming systems

T 02 6166 4500

M 0409 279 328

M 0422 082 105

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 18

References

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Foreword

A Introduction

2 Pre-planting

3 Planting

6 Weed control

7 Insect control

8 Nematode control

9 Diseases

12 Harvest

13 Storage

15 Marketing

16 Current research

17 Key contacts

18 References

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Foreword

Stuart Kearns

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION A

Introduction

A1 Crop overview

A2 Keywords

Photo 1 Durum wheat

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 1

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

to be produced 3

crops 4

winter cereal crops

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

17 Soil moisture

following wheat 9

new environments

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

CSP00058)10

efficiency

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

consumption16

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 2

Pre-planting

Preplanting

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

conditions

new varieties

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Kennedy

Disease

Agronomy

Feed lt 100

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 3

Planting

31 Seed treatments

year 1

CerealAphids1pdf

32 Time of sowing

i More information

Guides

httpwwwdpinswgov

guideswinter-crop-

httpwwwgrdc

comauResources

Bookshop201302

Variety-Guide-2013

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

(see Figure 1)

Figure 1

Bellaro

Caparo

Capari

aroi -

aroi +

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

35 Sowing depth

develop 6

36 Sowing equipment

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 4

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 5

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 6

Weed control

acceptance1

i More information

wwwapvmagovau

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

reduction3

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 7

Insect control

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 8

Nematode control

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 9

Diseases

91 Crown rot

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

durum wheat

92 Common root rot

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

appearance

the FHB pathogens 6

$663ha

i More information

httpwwwdaffqldgov

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Stem rust

Leaf rust

Stripe rust

Yellow leaf spot

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

studies12

i More information

See the NSW DPI

httpwwwdpinsw

govau__dataassets

pdf_file0004468328

Northern-grains-

autumn-2013pdf

wwwapvmagovau

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 10

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 11

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 12

Harvest

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

grain 4

3 Black point

5 Protein

6 Colour

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

feed grain 7

bull ADR2 gt115

bull ADR3 gt100

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 13

Storage

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 14

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 15

Marketing

~300000 t

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Australia 3

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 16

Current research

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 17

Key contacts

James Clark - Chair

M 0427 545 212

E colanebigpondcom

M 0427 311 819

John Sheppard

M 0418 746 628

E moorkullagmailcom

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Jack Williamson

Day Committee

M 0438 907 820

Julianne Dixon

M 0429 494 067

Keith Harris

M 0428 157 754

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Kelly Becker

M 0409 974 007

Penny Heuston

M 0428 474 845

Rob Taylor

M 0427 622 203

Will Martel

M 0427 466 245

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

farming systems

T 02 6166 4500

M 0409 279 328

M 0422 082 105

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 18

References

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Foreword

A Introduction

2 Pre-planting

3 Planting

6 Weed control

7 Insect control

8 Nematode control

9 Diseases

12 Harvest

13 Storage

15 Marketing

16 Current research

17 Key contacts

18 References

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION A

Introduction

A1 Crop overview

A2 Keywords

Photo 1 Durum wheat

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 1

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

to be produced 3

crops 4

winter cereal crops

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

17 Soil moisture

following wheat 9

new environments

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

CSP00058)10

efficiency

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

consumption16

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 2

Pre-planting

Preplanting

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

conditions

new varieties

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Kennedy

Disease

Agronomy

Feed lt 100

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 3

Planting

31 Seed treatments

year 1

CerealAphids1pdf

32 Time of sowing

i More information

Guides

httpwwwdpinswgov

guideswinter-crop-

httpwwwgrdc

comauResources

Bookshop201302

Variety-Guide-2013

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

(see Figure 1)

Figure 1

Bellaro

Caparo

Capari

aroi -

aroi +

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

35 Sowing depth

develop 6

36 Sowing equipment

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 4

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 5

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 6

Weed control

acceptance1

i More information

wwwapvmagovau

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

reduction3

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 7

Insect control

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 8

Nematode control

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 9

Diseases

91 Crown rot

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

durum wheat

92 Common root rot

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

appearance

the FHB pathogens 6

$663ha

i More information

httpwwwdaffqldgov

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Stem rust

Leaf rust

Stripe rust

Yellow leaf spot

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

studies12

i More information

See the NSW DPI

httpwwwdpinsw

govau__dataassets

pdf_file0004468328

Northern-grains-

autumn-2013pdf

wwwapvmagovau

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 10

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 11

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 12

Harvest

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

grain 4

3 Black point

5 Protein

6 Colour

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

feed grain 7

bull ADR2 gt115

bull ADR3 gt100

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 13

Storage

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 14

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 15

Marketing

~300000 t

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Australia 3

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 16

Current research

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 17

Key contacts

James Clark - Chair

M 0427 545 212

E colanebigpondcom

M 0427 311 819

John Sheppard

M 0418 746 628

E moorkullagmailcom

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Jack Williamson

Day Committee

M 0438 907 820

Julianne Dixon

M 0429 494 067

Keith Harris

M 0428 157 754

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Kelly Becker

M 0409 974 007

Penny Heuston

M 0428 474 845

Rob Taylor

M 0427 622 203

Will Martel

M 0427 466 245

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

farming systems

T 02 6166 4500

M 0409 279 328

M 0422 082 105

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 18

References

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Foreword

A Introduction

2 Pre-planting

3 Planting

6 Weed control

7 Insect control

8 Nematode control

9 Diseases

12 Harvest

13 Storage

15 Marketing

16 Current research

17 Key contacts

18 References

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 1

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

to be produced 3

crops 4

winter cereal crops

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

17 Soil moisture

following wheat 9

new environments

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

CSP00058)10

efficiency

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

consumption16

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 2

Pre-planting

Preplanting

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

conditions

new varieties

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Kennedy

Disease

Agronomy

Feed lt 100

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 3

Planting

31 Seed treatments

year 1

CerealAphids1pdf

32 Time of sowing

i More information

Guides

httpwwwdpinswgov

guideswinter-crop-

httpwwwgrdc

comauResources

Bookshop201302

Variety-Guide-2013

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

(see Figure 1)

Figure 1

Bellaro

Caparo

Capari

aroi -

aroi +

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

35 Sowing depth

develop 6

36 Sowing equipment

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 4

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 5

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 6

Weed control

acceptance1

i More information

wwwapvmagovau

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

reduction3

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 7

Insect control

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 8

Nematode control

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 9

Diseases

91 Crown rot

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

durum wheat

92 Common root rot

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

appearance

the FHB pathogens 6

$663ha

i More information

httpwwwdaffqldgov

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Stem rust

Leaf rust

Stripe rust

Yellow leaf spot

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

studies12

i More information

See the NSW DPI

httpwwwdpinsw

govau__dataassets

pdf_file0004468328

Northern-grains-

autumn-2013pdf

wwwapvmagovau

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 10

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 11

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 12

Harvest

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

grain 4

3 Black point

5 Protein

6 Colour

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

feed grain 7

bull ADR2 gt115

bull ADR3 gt100

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 13

Storage

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 14

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 15

Marketing

~300000 t

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Australia 3

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 16

Current research

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 17

Key contacts

James Clark - Chair

M 0427 545 212

E colanebigpondcom

M 0427 311 819

John Sheppard

M 0418 746 628

E moorkullagmailcom

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Jack Williamson

Day Committee

M 0438 907 820

Julianne Dixon

M 0429 494 067

Keith Harris

M 0428 157 754

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Kelly Becker

M 0409 974 007

Penny Heuston

M 0428 474 845

Rob Taylor

M 0427 622 203

Will Martel

M 0427 466 245

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

farming systems

T 02 6166 4500

M 0409 279 328

M 0422 082 105

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 18

References

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Foreword

A Introduction

2 Pre-planting

3 Planting

6 Weed control

7 Insect control

8 Nematode control

9 Diseases

12 Harvest

13 Storage

15 Marketing

16 Current research

17 Key contacts

18 References

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

to be produced 3

crops 4

winter cereal crops

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

17 Soil moisture

following wheat 9

new environments

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

CSP00058)10

efficiency

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

consumption16

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 2

Pre-planting

Preplanting

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

conditions

new varieties

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Kennedy

Disease

Agronomy

Feed lt 100

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 3

Planting

31 Seed treatments

year 1

CerealAphids1pdf

32 Time of sowing

i More information

Guides

httpwwwdpinswgov

guideswinter-crop-

httpwwwgrdc

comauResources

Bookshop201302

Variety-Guide-2013

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

(see Figure 1)

Figure 1

Bellaro

Caparo

Capari

aroi -

aroi +

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

35 Sowing depth

develop 6

36 Sowing equipment

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 4

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 5

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 6

Weed control

acceptance1

i More information

wwwapvmagovau

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

reduction3

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 7

Insect control

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 8

Nematode control

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 9

Diseases

91 Crown rot

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

durum wheat

92 Common root rot

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

appearance

the FHB pathogens 6

$663ha

i More information

httpwwwdaffqldgov

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Stem rust

Leaf rust

Stripe rust

Yellow leaf spot

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

studies12

i More information

See the NSW DPI

httpwwwdpinsw

govau__dataassets

pdf_file0004468328

Northern-grains-

autumn-2013pdf

wwwapvmagovau

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 10

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 11

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 12

Harvest

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

grain 4

3 Black point

5 Protein

6 Colour

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

feed grain 7

bull ADR2 gt115

bull ADR3 gt100

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 13

Storage

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 14

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 15

Marketing

~300000 t

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Australia 3

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 16

Current research

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 17

Key contacts

James Clark - Chair

M 0427 545 212

E colanebigpondcom

M 0427 311 819

John Sheppard

M 0418 746 628

E moorkullagmailcom

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Jack Williamson

Day Committee

M 0438 907 820

Julianne Dixon

M 0429 494 067

Keith Harris

M 0428 157 754

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Kelly Becker

M 0409 974 007

Penny Heuston

M 0428 474 845

Rob Taylor

M 0427 622 203

Will Martel

M 0427 466 245

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

farming systems

T 02 6166 4500

M 0409 279 328

M 0422 082 105

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 18

References

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Foreword

A Introduction

2 Pre-planting

3 Planting

6 Weed control

7 Insect control

8 Nematode control

9 Diseases

12 Harvest

13 Storage

15 Marketing

16 Current research

17 Key contacts

18 References

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

17 Soil moisture

following wheat 9

new environments

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

CSP00058)10

efficiency

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

consumption16

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 2

Pre-planting

Preplanting

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

conditions

new varieties

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Kennedy

Disease

Agronomy

Feed lt 100

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 3

Planting

31 Seed treatments

year 1

CerealAphids1pdf

32 Time of sowing

i More information

Guides

httpwwwdpinswgov

guideswinter-crop-

httpwwwgrdc

comauResources

Bookshop201302

Variety-Guide-2013

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

(see Figure 1)

Figure 1

Bellaro

Caparo

Capari

aroi -

aroi +

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

35 Sowing depth

develop 6

36 Sowing equipment

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 4

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 5

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 6

Weed control

acceptance1

i More information

wwwapvmagovau

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

reduction3

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 7

Insect control

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 8

Nematode control

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 9

Diseases

91 Crown rot

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

durum wheat

92 Common root rot

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

appearance

the FHB pathogens 6

$663ha

i More information

httpwwwdaffqldgov

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Stem rust

Leaf rust

Stripe rust

Yellow leaf spot

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

studies12

i More information

See the NSW DPI

httpwwwdpinsw

govau__dataassets

pdf_file0004468328

Northern-grains-

autumn-2013pdf

wwwapvmagovau

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 10

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 11

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 12

Harvest

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

grain 4

3 Black point

5 Protein

6 Colour

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

feed grain 7

bull ADR2 gt115

bull ADR3 gt100

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 13

Storage

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 14

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 15

Marketing

~300000 t

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Australia 3

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 16

Current research

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 17

Key contacts

James Clark - Chair

M 0427 545 212

E colanebigpondcom

M 0427 311 819

John Sheppard

M 0418 746 628

E moorkullagmailcom

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Jack Williamson

Day Committee

M 0438 907 820

Julianne Dixon

M 0429 494 067

Keith Harris

M 0428 157 754

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Kelly Becker

M 0409 974 007

Penny Heuston

M 0428 474 845

Rob Taylor

M 0427 622 203

Will Martel

M 0427 466 245

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

farming systems

T 02 6166 4500

M 0409 279 328

M 0422 082 105

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 18

References

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Foreword

A Introduction

2 Pre-planting

3 Planting

6 Weed control

7 Insect control

8 Nematode control

9 Diseases

12 Harvest

13 Storage

15 Marketing

16 Current research

17 Key contacts

18 References

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

CSP00058)10

efficiency

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

consumption16

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 2

Pre-planting

Preplanting

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

conditions

new varieties

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Kennedy

Disease

Agronomy

Feed lt 100

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 3

Planting

31 Seed treatments

year 1

CerealAphids1pdf

32 Time of sowing

i More information

Guides

httpwwwdpinswgov

guideswinter-crop-

httpwwwgrdc

comauResources

Bookshop201302

Variety-Guide-2013

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

(see Figure 1)

Figure 1

Bellaro

Caparo

Capari

aroi -

aroi +

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

35 Sowing depth

develop 6

36 Sowing equipment

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 4

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 5

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 6

Weed control

acceptance1

i More information

wwwapvmagovau

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

reduction3

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 7

Insect control

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 8

Nematode control

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 9

Diseases

91 Crown rot

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

durum wheat

92 Common root rot

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

appearance

the FHB pathogens 6

$663ha

i More information

httpwwwdaffqldgov

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Stem rust

Leaf rust

Stripe rust

Yellow leaf spot

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

studies12

i More information

See the NSW DPI

httpwwwdpinsw

govau__dataassets

pdf_file0004468328

Northern-grains-

autumn-2013pdf

wwwapvmagovau

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 10

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 11

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 12

Harvest

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

grain 4

3 Black point

5 Protein

6 Colour

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

feed grain 7

bull ADR2 gt115

bull ADR3 gt100

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 13

Storage

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 14

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 15

Marketing

~300000 t

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Australia 3

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 16

Current research

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 17

Key contacts

James Clark - Chair

M 0427 545 212

E colanebigpondcom

M 0427 311 819

John Sheppard

M 0418 746 628

E moorkullagmailcom

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Jack Williamson

Day Committee

M 0438 907 820

Julianne Dixon

M 0429 494 067

Keith Harris

M 0428 157 754

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Kelly Becker

M 0409 974 007

Penny Heuston

M 0428 474 845

Rob Taylor

M 0427 622 203

Will Martel

M 0427 466 245

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

farming systems

T 02 6166 4500

M 0409 279 328

M 0422 082 105

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 18

References

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Foreword

A Introduction

2 Pre-planting

3 Planting

6 Weed control

7 Insect control

8 Nematode control

9 Diseases

12 Harvest

13 Storage

15 Marketing

16 Current research

17 Key contacts

18 References

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

consumption16

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 2

Pre-planting

Preplanting

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

conditions

new varieties

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

Kennedy

Disease

Agronomy

Feed lt 100

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 3

Planting

31 Seed treatments

year 1

CerealAphids1pdf

32 Time of sowing

i More information

Guides

httpwwwdpinswgov

guideswinter-crop-

httpwwwgrdc

comauResources

Bookshop201302

Variety-Guide-2013

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

(see Figure 1)

Figure 1

Bellaro

Caparo

Capari

aroi -

aroi +

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

35 Sowing depth

develop 6

36 Sowing equipment

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 4

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

SECTION 5

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

March 2014

Know more Grow more

Feedback

to combine all of the st

Documents

GRDC GrowNotes Northern Durum March 2014

Text of GRDC GrowNotes Northern Durum March 2014